The following template, including the title page, has been prepared to guide the students for

writing a full lab report for 15FMCE211experiments. It follows the IMRD traditional report
writing standard (i.e.: it contains the following sections in this order: Introduction, Methods,
Results, and Discussion). Introduction provides background and the question addressed, methods
describes how that question was answered, results show the resulting data from the experiment
and discussion is the author’s interpretation of those results. Students are advised to note what is
written under each section and take the listed tips into consideration during the write-up, in
addition to the following general tips for formatting their reports.

General Tips to Write Your Lab Report:

1. Formatting:
o Use this template for writing your report.
o Use Times New Roman font, size 12 pt.
o Use the normal 1” margins, and style the section headings as Heading1.
o Use Harvard style for referencing.

2. Graphics:
o Caption all graphics in your report (i.e: figures, tables, pictures, equations, etc).
o The caption should include a descriptive title and a number.

3. Voice and Checks:

o Write the report in passive voice where the subject is receiving the action, such as, “the
experiment was performed.” instead of “We performed the experiment”.
o Spell and Grammar check your report.

Assigned mark for following the above listed tips is (5 marks)

 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report

Diploma of Mechanical Engineering

Program/Qualification Code
and Title
Unit Code and Title 15FMCE211
Assessment Number and Title Lab worksheet
Assessment Type: written
Location: ACK – Building 4
Assessment date: 14 April 2014
Assessment time/duration: 12 AM
Resources and Materials Material supplied by the Student: Technical Report
required
Student Name: Reeham Manzoor
Student ID: 1618016
Section (s):
Student Declaration By completing and submitting this signed form to my Instructor, I am
stating that:

a. The attached submission is completely my own work

b. I have correctly cited all sources of information used in this work
using Harvard Referencing.

c. I fully understand that my submitted work will be checked

against plagiarism using Turnitin Software.

d. I have fully read and understood all terms under the Code of
Academic Integrity policy ACK.PLR.OD.09

e. I have kept a copy of this assessment (where practicable)

f. I understand a copy of my assessment will be kept by ACK for
their records
g. I understand my assessment may be selected for use in the ACK’s
moderation and audit process to ensure student assessment meets
requirements

Student Signature: ___Reeham_ Date:__14th April 2018_________

Grade: / 100

15FMCE211 Fall 2017 Page 1 of 6

 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to verify the momentum equation using different
vanes and find out the theoretical, experimental force, Vn, Vo and percentage error.

Introduction:
Power can be generated using water turbines. One of the exmples of a water turbine is a
Pelton Wheel, named after an America scientist named L.A. Pelton who invented a
highly efficient wheel containing buckets, fastened to the rim of the turbine disk. When
water flows onto the buckets, a torque is generated causing it to rotate and generate
power. Likewise, when a jet of water strikes onto variously shaped vane, force is
produced which can be used to calculate the momentum rate. Four different shapes of
vanes will be used: Flat, cone, hemisphere and inclined.

Description of apparatus:
Figure 1 shows the impact of jet apparatus connected to a hydraulic bench. This
apparatus consists of a tapered nozzle through which water is shot tangentially onto a
vane. The vane is balanced using a jockey weight which is restrained using a spring. The
weight is adjusted at its balanced zero position and then held tight by tightening the nut
onto the spring. The jockey weight adjusts according to the force impacted onto the vane
by the water. It moves back to its original position after the water stops striking the vane.

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report

Theory of the experiment:

Assume the water enters the nozzle with a mass flow rate of ṁ, velocity of vₒ and hits the
vane with a velocity of vn. The angle with which the vane is considered to be β. The
pressure everywhere in the system is to be taken as atmospheric except the part where the
jet is deflected by the vane. The force with which the water hits the vane can be found
using the formula below.

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report
F = ṁ (vₒ - vn cos β)

Likely, the force on the vane is of equal magnitude but with opposite direction.

F = ṁ (vn cos β- vₒ)

The forces will vary depending on the angle of deflection of the respective vanes. For
example, the angle for the flat vane, the angle is 90. Hence the force is:

F = ṁ vₒ

The angle for a cone is 120. The force becomes:

F = ṁ (vₒ + 0.5Vn)

The angle for hemisphere is 180, hence the force becomes:

F = ṁ (vₒ + vn)

The force for an inclined plane with an angle of 30 is:

F = ṁ (vₒ - 0.866 vn)

In the SI system the units of m and v are (kg/s) and (m/s)

The units of force are [kg m/s2] or [N]

Data and results:

Density of water (ρwater) = 10³ kg/m³

Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm

Cross-sectional area of the nozzle (A) = 78.5 mm2= 7.85 * 10

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report
Mass of weight (mj) = 0.6 kg

Distance from center of vane to pivot lever (Y) = 0 .15 m

Height of vane above tip of nozzle (S) = 35 mm

The volumetric flow rate (m³/s) is =

The mass flow rate is (kg/s) is =

vn =

vₒ = √𝒗𝒏 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈 𝑺

Fexperimental =

where: mj = mass of the jet

S = height of vane above tip of nozzle

y= distance measured

Y= distance from center of vane to pivot lever

Data Flat Cone Hemisphere Inclined

Volume (m³) 0.01 m³ 0.01 m³ 0.01 m³ 0.01 m³

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report

Time (s) 19.05 25.62 29.04 19.09

Volumetric flow 5.4x10-4 3.9*10-4 3.4*10-4 5.2*10-4

rate (m³/s)

Mass flow rate 0.0314 0.0234 0.02066 0.0314

kg/s

Distance y 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Vn m/s 6.62 4.96 4.33 6.62

Vo m/s 6.67 5.02 4.41 6.67

F experimental 3.92 3.92 3.92 3.92

F theoretical 3.49 2.90 2.97 0.48

% error 10.9 26 24.3 87.7

Table 2- measurements of the impact of the spring

Sample calculations

Volumetric flow rate

= 5.2*10-4 m3/s

b) For Cone vane =

= m3/s

c) For Hemisphere vane =

=3.4*10-4 m3/s

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report
d) For an inclined vane =

= 5.2*10-4 m3/s
2) Mass flow rate kg/s

a) For the flat vane: 10/19.05 =0.524kg/s

b) For Cone: 10/ 25.62=0.390 kg/s

c) For Hemisphere : 10/29.04 = 0.34kg/s

d) For Inclined: 10/19.09 = 0.52 kg/s

3)Sample calculation

For flat a) Vn =

= 6.62 m/s

Or Cone b) Vn =

= 4.96 m/s

For Hemisphere :

= 4.41 m/s

For Inclined vane:

= 6.67 m/s

4) The formula to calculate Vo is vₒ = √𝒗𝒏 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈 𝑺

For Flat vane vₒ = √(6.62) 𝟐 + 𝟐(9.81)(0.0035)

= 6.67 m/s

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report
For Cone vₒ = √(4.96) 𝟐 + 𝟐(9.81)(0.0035)

= 5.02 m/s

For Hemisphere vₒ = √(4.41) 𝟐 + 0.06867

= 4.408 m/s

For Inclined vₒ = √(6.67) 𝟐 + 0.06867

= 6.67 m/s

5) Fexperimental =

Note needs to be taken that for all the vanes the respecte values for the F is the same.

For all the vanes:

= 22.2N

6) F theoretical= F = ṁ (vₒ - vn cos β)

For flat vane = 0.524(6.67)

= 3.49N

7) Percentage error= (actual-theoretical)/actual *100%

For flat cone : (3.92-3.49)/3.92

0.0109*100%

= 10%

8) the ideal values for Flat cone can be calculated using the formula F = ṁ vₒ (1 - cos β)

For the flat vane F= 0.524(6.67-6.62cos90)

= 3.49N

For cone F=3=2.9N

For Hemisphere F= 2.97N

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report
For Inclined F= 3N

Discussion:

The force is directly proportional to the rate of momentum. The mass flow rate varies
according to the shape of the vane. The flat and the inclined vanes have the same mass
flow rate while the cone and hemisphere have varying mass flow rates. The rate of
momentum is directly proportional to the mass flow rate and the velocity. The errors in
this experiment are mostly due to human errors. The reaction error while noting the time
while measuring the volume. The second cause of error is that some of the water splashes
around the vanes and not onto the vane. This reduces the force on the vane thus
increasing the errors.

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 15FMCE 211 – Lab Report

ASSESSMENT MARKING GUIDE

Task Student is able to … Assessment Assessment

No. Task Task
Maximum Assigned
Marks: Marks to
Student:
1 Format a Technical Lab Report 5
2 Identify Lab Objectives 5
3 Research and Write Introduction on The Covered Theory 15
4 Explain Experimental Methods 15
5 Tabulate and Analyze Lab Data 25
6 Discuss Lab Results 25
7 Write Conclusions 5
8 Reference Using Harvard Style 5
Assessment Weight Assessment Assessment
Total Total Marks
Marks achieved by
Achievable: Student:
100

Student and Assessor sign here to acknowledge the assessment result and any further
noted actions to be taken.

Assessor’s Feedback:

Assessor’s Name:
Signature: Date:
Student’s Name:
Signature: Date:

15FMCE211 Fall 2017 Page 10 of 6