MODELLING OF HIGH FREQUENCY EXCITATION SYSTEM FOR POWER

SYSTEM STABILITY STUDIES

Audrius JONAITIS
Kaunas University of Technology
Department of Electric Power System

Summary: The paper presents modeling technique of generating units are not investigated. Parameters used in
high frequency excitation system which is equipped in stability and transient studies are estimated from
Lithuanian power plant. The exciter design differs from certificates or typical values are used. The paper
ones that are described in most literature. Operation and presents analysis of high frequency excitation system
design of excitation system is shown and new dynamic equipped in Lithuanian power plant. This power plant
model suitable for large system studies is presented. has one of the largest generating capacities in Lithuanian
power system and strongly affects on its operation. The
Keywords: Excitation control, power systems, transient exciter design differs from ones that are described in
stability analysis. most literature and suggested dynamic models [1] may
not give good results. A new model is presented and
1. Introduction parameters estimation technique is described in this
study.
Precision of power system transient processes analysis
depends on usable dynamic models accuracy.
2. High frequency excitation system design
Emergency operation conditions may occur in power
system due to wrong study results. Static and dynamic Excitation system simplified circuit diagram is shown in
stability limits depends at most on operation of figure 1. The exciter is inductor type three-phase 500 Hz
generating units excitation systems. synchronous generator all windings of which are fitted
Excitation systems of Lithuanian power system’s on stator. The main field winding L1 is consequently
R1
R3 R2
uE
G TA
L3 L2 L1 u1 uRect
eFD
i1
i3 i2
eR3 eR2 TV
OEL
ATV
MA2

MA3

Fig. 1. High frequency excitation system circuit diagram

connected with the main generator field winding. The
windings L2 and L3 are regulating windings and currents U
i2 and i3 are fed by magnetic amplifiers MA2 and MA3. Rg
Exciter output is three-phase 500 Hz voltage uE which is UE
converted to DC voltage uRect by rectifier bridge. The
OEL block represents over excitation limiter which does
not allow exciter output voltage to rise above two times
Δi
nominal (UEN). Magnetic amplifiers are fed by exciter
output voltage and the main input is generator voltage
and reference voltage difference.

3. Modeling of high frequency excitation system

3.1. The exciter model
Excitation system output voltage eFD may be expressed
0 N1i1+ N2i2– N3i3 F
as a difference of rectifiers’ output voltage uRect and
exciter main field voltage u1:
Fig. 2. Exciter saturation characteristic
eFD = uRect − u1 . (1)
If exciter rotor rotation speed is constant, exciter output
voltage RMS value is proportional to exciter field flux
Exciter main field voltage u1 and regulating voltages eR2 RMS value:
and eR3 equals
U E = K XΦ . (10)
dΨ1
u1 = R1i1 + ; (2)
dt The relationship between excitation system output eFD
dΨ 2 and regulating signals eR2, eR3 can be expressed by
eR2 = R2i2 + ; (3)
dt following operations. Assuming that two regulating
dΨ 3 circuits are identical and R2=R3=RR, N2=N3=NR, from (6)
eR3 = R3i3 + ; (4) and (7) equations we have:
dt
dΦ
where Ψ1, Ψ2 and Ψ3 – flux linkages intersecting the e R2 − e R3 = RR (i 2 − i3 ) + 2 N R . (11)
main and regulating field windings of the exciter: dt
Ψ1=N1Φ1, Ψ2=N2Φ2, Ψ3=N3Φ3; N1, N2 and N3 – turns
number of main and regulating field windings; Φ1, Φ2 From equations (8) and (9), i2-i3 equals
and Φ3 – magnetic fluxes, intersecting the main and
regulating field windings. UE S (U ) N
i 2 − i3 = + E E U E − 1 i1 . (12)
If leakage flux is neglected, equations (2) – (4) may be N R Rg NR NR
rewritten as
Then, from equations (10) to (12), we have:
dΦ
u1 = R1i1 + N1 ; (5)
dt RR N 1 RR
e R2 − e R3 + i1 − (1 + Rg S E (U E ))U E =
dΦ NR N R Rg
eR2 = R2i2 + N 2 ; (6)
dt 2N R d U E
dΦ = . (13)
eR3 = R3 i3 − N 3 . (7) KX d t
dt
Exciter field voltage u1 can be expressed from equations
According to [2], exciter output voltage is a nonlinear
(5), (10) and (13):
function of exciter field currents due to saturation of
exciter iron:
N1  R N
u1 = R1i1 +  e R2 − e R3 + R 1 i1 −
UE
= N1i1 + N 2i2 − N 3i3 − ∆i ; (8)
2N R  NR
Rg RR 
− (1 + Rg S E (U E ))U E  . (14)
∆i = S E (U E ) U E ; (9) N R Rg 

Rectifier bridge output voltage uRect is nonlinear function
where UE – RMS value of exciter output voltage; SE(UE) of exciter voltage UE and depends on load current. The
– the saturation function of UE (see figure 2); Rg – air analytical expressions of this function will be published
gap line slope. in section 3.2.
Equations (1), (13) and (14) can be written in per unit the relationship between excitation system output eFD
system. Assuming that base quantities are Ub = eFDN, and regulating signals eR2, eR3 in per unit is described
Rb = Rg and Ib = Ub/Rb = eFDN/Rg, equations (1), (13) and following:
(14) are divided by Ub = RbIb:
eFD* = u Rect* − u1* ; (22)
eFD u Rect u1
= − ; (15) e R2* − e R3* + K D i1* − ( K E + S E (U E* ))U E* =
Ub Ub Ub d U E*
= TE ; (23)
e R2 − e R3 RR N 1 i1 dt
+ −
Ub N R I b Rg u1* = K I i1* + K N (e R2* − e R3* + K D i1* −
RR U 2NR d U E −( K E + S E (U E* ))U E ) . (24)
− (1 + Rg SE (U E )) E = ; (16)
N R Rg Ub KX d t U b
u1 i N  e R2 − e R3 3.2. Non-linear rectifier bridge characteristic
= R1 1 + 1  +
 U
Ub I b Rg 2 N R  b Rectifier bridge output voltage depends on load current
RR N 1 i1 RR U  and is described by static characteristics. Supposing that
+ − (1 + Rg S E (U E )) E  . (17) inductance of main generator rotor winding is infinite,
N R I b Rg N R Rg Ub 
 neglecting voltage drop in rectifier valves and in feeding
source and feeding current waveform distortion, the
The saturation function of the exciter in per unit system rectifier output voltage uRect is expressed as follows:
equals
3 6
S E* (U E* ) = Rg S E (U E ) . (18) u Rect = FRectU E ; (25)
π

Then, where FRect – static rectifier characteristics:

eFD* = u Rect* − u1* ; (19) 1.0 − 0.577iN , if i ≤ 0.433,

R N RR  N

e R2* − e R3* + R 1 i1* − (1 + S E* (U E* ))U E* = FRect =  0.75 − iN2 , if 0.433 < iN < 0.75, (26)
Rg N R Rg N R 
2 N R d U E* 1.732(1.0 − iN ), if 0.75 ≤ iN ≤ 1.0;
= ; (20)
KX d t
and
R1 N 
u1* = i1* + 1  eR2* − eR3* +
Rg 2N R  K C i1
iN = ; (27)
R N RR  UE
+ R 1 i1* − (1 + S E* (U E* ))U E*  . (21)
Rg N R Rg N R 
 where parameter KC depends on the commutating
reactance. More detailed description of rectifier
Marking expressions in equations (20) and (21) as operation is presented in [3]. Graphical representation of
rectifier static characteristic is shown in figure 3.
RR
KE = ;
Rg N R FRect
2NR
TE = ;
KX 1 A
RR
S E (U E * ) = S E * (U E * ) ; B
Rg N R 0,75
RR N1
KD = ;
Rg N R
0,433 C
R
KI = 1 ;
Rg
N1
KN = ; D
2N R
0 0,433 0,75 1 iN

Fig. 3. Static rectifier bridge characteristic

 KN

eR2-eR3 –
uC – KA 1 UE uRect eFD
Σ Σ Π Σ
1 + sTA + sTE +
+ + – UFE –
uREF 3 6
Σ KE π
+
+ FRect

S E (U E ) FRect = f (i N )
KD iN KI
K Ci1
iN =
UE
i1

Fig. 4. Block diagram of high frequency excitation system model

3.3. Magnetic amplifiers model 4. Conclusions

The magnetic amplifiers are modeled according to
methodic presented in [1,2]:
d(eR2* − eR3* )
K A u in* − (eR2* − eR3* ) = TA
dt
where KA and TA – a gain and a time constant of
magnetic amplifier, uin* – input signal.
A new model of high frequency excitation system is
proposed to model power system transients. The model
can be included into power system transients and
stability simulation software libraries. A passive
; (28) experiment was performed in Lithuanian power plant to
investigate high frequency excitation system dynamics.
The parameters estimation technique is developing
based on analysis of sampled data.

3.4. Complete excitation system model 5. References

The excitation system model, based on (22) to (28)
equations, is shown in figure 4. The model input signals
are reference voltage uREF and generator terminal
voltage uC difference and field current i1, and the output
is main generator field voltage eFD.
The suggested model does not include overexcitation
and underexcitation limiters and power system
stabilizer. It is supposed that magnetic amplifiers are fed
by constant voltage and magnetic characteristics are not
accounted in the model, too. The model differs from
ones presented in [1]. The structure of the new model is
most similar to standard model AC1A, if feed back loop
in the AC1A is neglected. The new loops in presented
model are KN and KI. These loops allow to model
sudden initial decrease of field voltage during decrease
of generator terminal voltage. This phenomena can be
observed in the case of short circuit fault and is common
to high frequency excitation systems [4].
1. IEEE Std 421.5-1992. IEEE Recommended Practice
for Excitation System Models for Power System
Stability Studies. N.Y.: IEEE, 1992.
2. Kundur P. Power System Stability and Control. –
N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1993. 1176 p.
3. Bezrukikh, P.P. Ventilnye sistemy vozbuzhdeniya
sinkhronnykh mashin. MEI, Moscow, 1977. 43 p.
4. Solovyov I.I. Avtomatitcheskoe regulirovaniye
vozbuzhdeniya sinkhronnykh generatorov bolshoy
moshshnosti s mashinno – polyprovodnikovymi
sistemami vozbuzhdeniya vypryamlennym tokom
povyshennoy tchastoty. MEI, Moscow, 1975. 47 p.