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Title : Rate Transient Analysis for Variable Rate Variable Pressure Gas Unconventional reservoirs.

Authors:
Engineer: Ibrahim Salahudin Mohamed .
Prof. Dr. Hamid M. Khattab.
Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmed A. Gawish.
Dr. Mazher H. Ibrahim.

Abstract:

The variable rate variable pressure data is analyzed by converting it to its equivalent
constant boundary condition using the superposition principle .The classical way to perform
super position is using the time function called superposition time which converts the data to its
equivalent constant rate boundary condition. After manipulation the data, the resulting time will
be shuffled back and forth, this makes the data's sequence difficult to be identified and resulting
in misleading results. Superposition principle called superposition pressure which converts the
data to its equivalent constant pressure boundary condition is developed. Superposition pressure
maintains the data in its occurrence time by shifting it along y-axis. Superposition pressure is
validated and compared with superposition time and superposition rate using different simulation
cases.

Introduction

Rate transient analysis (RTA) is performed under constant bottom hole flowing pressur𝑒 [1] but
when analyzing real production data neither the flow rate nor the bottom hole flowing pressure
may be constant. When variable rate variable pressure data is analyzed using the specialized
plots, straight line doesn't appear. The usual technique used for analyzing the variable rate
variable pressure data is using the super position principle to convert this data into its equivalent
constant boundary conditions.

Superposition principle.

Superposition principle simply stated that for any linear homogeneous system, the total effect
due to two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that can be caused by each stimulus
individually.[2] In other words the total effect at any point at any time is the sum of the histories
of each of the effects that are considered to affect the solution.
Mathematically if G(X) is a general solution to a homogeneous linear system and each of g(𝑥1 )
and g(𝑥2 ) are particular solutions to this linear system then the general solution G(X )is :

G(X )=(𝑚1 g(𝑥1 ) + 𝑏1 ) +(𝑚2 g(𝑥2 ) + 𝑏2 ) +………...……………….……..………….…….Eq.1

where 𝑚1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑚2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏2 are the constants used to satisfy the required initial and boundary
condition.

Superposition time and superposition rate.


Superposition time and superposition rate are the two classical techniques used to
perform RTA for gas unconventional reservoirs producing under variable rate variable pressure .
The pressure response from a well operating under variable rate variable pressure can be
modeled by assuming constant rate during the time interval between different rates and then
combining the pressure response of each time interval.

If the well-produced under 𝑞1 , for a time 𝑡1 , and 𝑞2 , for a time 𝑡2 , and 𝑞3 , for a time
𝑡3 , as shown in Fig. 1 so that the total pressure drop at the time 𝑡3 , ∆𝑝𝑡3as shown can be obtained
as :

∆𝑝𝑡3=the pressure drop due to 𝑞1 , for a time 𝑡3 + the pressure drop due to( 𝑞2 − 𝑞1 )for a
time (𝑡3 − 𝑡1 ) +the pressure drop due to ( 𝑞3 − 𝑞2 ) for a time (𝑡3 − 𝑡2 )……..……..Eq.2

Fig. 1- Step rate change for example superposing pressure.


Both superposition time and rate convert the data to its equivalent constant rate boundary
condition but in two different ways . Superposition time shifts the data back and forth along x-
axis in the horizontal direction till they all fall on the straight line by assuming the flow rate at
each time step is equal to the flow rate at the final time step and calculating the time needed to
obtain the same pressure dropas the whole system as shown in Fig.2.

Fig. 2-Superposition time, the well-produced under 𝒒𝟑 for a time 𝒕𝒔𝒖𝒑 .

On the other hand super position rate shifts the data along y-axis up and down till they form a
straight line by calculating the rate required to obtain the same pressure drop in the same
production period for the system as shown in Fig. 𝟑.[𝟑]

Fig. 3-Superposition rate, the well-produced under 𝒒𝒔𝒖𝒑 for a time 𝒕𝟑 .


For transient linear flow regimes superposition time and the straight line analysis equations are
defined by Eqs.3 and 4 respectively

𝑛 (𝑞𝑖 −𝑞𝑖−1 )√(𝑡𝑛 −𝑡𝑖−1 )


√𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 =∑𝑖=1 …………………………..……………………....……….Eq.3
𝑞𝑛

[𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )] 200.8107 𝑇


𝑞𝑔
= 𝑓𝑐 ℎ
√𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 ………………….…………………….…………..Eq.4
√(∅𝜇𝑔 𝑐𝑡 )𝑖 √𝑘𝑥𝑒

The superposition rate and the straight line analysis equations for transient linear flow regime are
defined by Eqs.5 and 6 respectively.

(𝑞𝑖 −𝑞𝑖−1 )√(𝑡𝑛 −𝑡𝑖−1 )


𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑝 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 ………………..…………..…………...……..………….Eq.5
√𝑡𝑛

[𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )] 200.8107 𝑇


= 𝑓𝑐 √𝑡……………….…………..………….………………..Eq.6
𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑝 ℎ
√(∅𝜇𝑔 𝑐𝑡 )𝑖 √𝑘𝑥𝑒

Modified technique to prevent the time shuffle effect associated with superposition time.

As we mentioned earlier that superposition time shifts the data back and forth along x-axis to
form a straight line. In actual data analysis where there are outliers time shuffle can affect the
quality of the data during analysis process using straight line specialized plots .In this section a
modified technique will be developed to overcome and eliminate this shuffle effect.

Defining anew bottom hole pseudo pressure m(𝑝𝑤𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑑 ) 𝑎𝑠 ∶

𝑡
m(𝑝𝑤𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑑 ) = 𝑚(𝑝𝑖 ) − √𝑡 [𝑚(𝑝𝑖 ) − 𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )] …………………….….……………..Eq.7
𝑠𝑢𝑝

[𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑑 )]
Then using specialized plot of 𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑐 √𝑡 . This technique will prevent the
𝑞𝑔

time shuffle effect and make the data still maintain its quality.

A simulation case with input data summarized in Table 1 is run to show the importance of the
modified m(𝑝𝑤𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑑 ) in preventing the time shuffle .
[𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )]
The production profile and the straight line specialized plot using 𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑐 √𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 and
𝑞𝑔

[𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑖𝑑 )]
𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑐 √𝑡 is shown in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively. As it is shown in Fig. 5,
𝑞𝑔

the classical superposition time and the modified technique of superposition time overlap each
other so that they have the same slop and giving the same results if it is used to perform RTA as
the classical superposition time. The modified superposition time ends at the end of the
production period with no time shuffle so that the data maintains its quality in their occurrence
time.

Table 1-The input used for comparing between superposition time and modified
superposition time .
Fig. 4 -The production profile for variable rate variable pressure gas unconventional
reservoir.

Fig. 5- The straight line specialized plot of both superposition time and modified
superposition time for the profile shown in Fig.4.
Superposition pressure
As we mentioned earlier in previous sections that both superposition time and rate convert the
data to its equivalent constant rate boundary condition by superposing the pressure. In this
section, we will develop a technique called superposition pressure to convert the data to its
equivalent constant pressure boundary condition by superposing the rate.

Superposing rate assumes that the well is producing under constant pressure boundary condition
as shown in Fig. 6.

Rate

Fig. 6- Step pressure change for example superposing rates.

Superposition pressure manipulate the data to form astraight line by calculating the pressure
required to obtain the same rate at the end of the production period as the whole system as shown
in Fig.7

Fig. 7- The rate due to 𝒑𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟑 is equal to the rate at 𝒕𝟑 for the total pressure change at 𝒕𝟑 .
For transient linear flow regime superposition pressure formula and the straight line analysis
equations re defined by Eqs.8 and 9

[𝑚(𝑝𝑖−1 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )]
𝑚(𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 ) = 𝑚(𝑝𝑜 ) − √𝑡𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 ………..........................…..…………...…Eq.8
√(𝑡𝑛 −𝑡𝑖−1 )

By replacing 𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 ) with superposition pressure 𝑚(𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 ) Eq. 5.35 becomes:

[𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 )] 315.4327 𝑇


= 𝑓𝑐 √𝑡…………........................…………………………..Eq.9
𝑞𝑔 ℎ
√(∅𝜇𝑔 𝑐𝑡 )𝑖 √𝑘𝑥𝑒

Validation of superposition pressure


As we mentioned earlier that super position pressure converts the variable rate, variable pressure
data to its equivalent constant pressure boundary condition. In this section we will compare the
superposition pressure for variable rate variable pressure against constant pressure case for the
same reservoir but under different drawdown using the straight line specialize plot of
[𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 )] [𝑚(𝑝𝑖 )−𝑚(𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛 )]
vs 𝑓𝑐 √𝑡 for constant pressure and plotting vs𝑓𝑐√𝑡 for
𝑞𝑔 𝑞𝑔

superposition pressure of variable rate, variable pressure data.

Four simulation cases with input data summarized in Table 2 have been run .The first case is run
to simulate the constant pressure case and the other three cases are run to simulate variable rate
variable, pressure cases the straight line specialized plot is shown in Fig.8 .The three variable
rate variable pressure cases have the same straight line as the constant preesure case .This
indicates that superposition pressure converted the variable rate variable pressure data to its
equivalent constant pressure case.
Table 2- The input data to the simulator to validate the superposition pressure .

Fig. 8-The straight line specialized plots of the previous cases on the same graph with
constant pressure case.
Comparing between superposition time ,superposition rate and superposition
pressure.
Six simulation cases have been run to compare between the superposition pressure, superposition
time and superposition rate. The first three cases are run with zero skin and the other three cases
are run with positive frac face skin . The criteria used for comparison between the superposition
time, superposition rate and superposition pressure is comparing between the input frac half-
length to GASSIM and the calculated frac half-length from the slope of the straight line
specialized plots.The input data to the simulator is summarized in Table 3.

Table 3-The input data used for comparing between superposition time superposition rate and
superposition pressure.
The calculated frac half-length of each case is summarized in Table 4.

Table 4- The calculated frac half-length using superposition pressure, superposition time and
superposition rate .

The average error of each case is shown in Fig. 9. As it is shown in Fig.9 that super- position
pressure is more accurate than superposition time and superposition rate in performing RTA for
the gas unconventional reservoirs.

Fig. 9-The average error in calculated frac half length using superposition pressure
,superposition time and superposition rate .
NOMENCLATURE

𝐵𝑔𝑖 = gas formation volume factor at initial reservoir pressure ,RB/STB

𝑙𝑒 = reservoir extension, ft

𝑝𝑖 = initial reservoir pressure ,psi

𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 =superposition time , Day

𝑚(𝑝𝑤𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 ) = modified pseudo pressure , psi2 /cp

𝑚(𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑝 ) = Superposition pseudo time,psi2 /cp

REFERENCES
(1) Wattenbarger, R.A., El-Banbi, A.H., Villegas, M.E., and Maggard, J.B.: Production
Analysis of Linear Flow Into Fractured Tight Gas Wells. Paper SPE 39931 presented
at the 1998 SPE Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium
and Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, Apr. 5-8.
(2) Liang, P., Mattar, L., and Moghadam, S. 2011. Analyzing Variable Rate/Pressure
Data in Transient Linear Flow in Unconventional Gas Reservoirs. Paper SPE 149472
presented at the Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, 15-17 November.
(3) Liang, P., Thompson, J.M., and Mattar, L. 2012. Importance of the Transition Period
and Compound Linear Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs. Paper SPE 162646
presented at the Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, 30 October - 1 November. Paper SPE 167124 presented at the Canadian
Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 5-7 November.
(4) Liang, P., Rahmanian., and Mattar, L. 2013. Superposition-Rate as An Alternative to
Superposition-Time. 2013. Paper SPE 167124 presented at the Canadian
Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 5-7 November.

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