1.

SWACHH BHARAT MISSION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) or Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Clean India Mission in
English is a campaign in India that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of
India's cities, smaller towns, and rural areas. The objectives of Swachh Bharat include
eliminating open defecation through the construction of household-owned and community-
owned toilets and establishing an accountable mechanism of monitoring toilet use. Run by
the Government of India, the mission aims to achieve an Open-Defecation Free (ODF) India
by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing
90 million toilets in rural India at a projected cost of ₹1.96 lakh crore (US$30 billion).

Swachh Bharat Campaign: The Abhiyan was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
on 2nd of October, 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi with an aim to make India clean. Aim is to
provide sanitation facilities to every family, including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal
systems, village cleanliness, and safe and adequate drinking water supply by 2nd October,
2019. It will be a befitting tribute to the Father of the Nation on his 150th birth anniversary.
It is significant that the PM himself is taking very proactive role in making the campaign a
success; at Rajghat he started the campaign by cleaning the street himself.

1.2 HISTORY OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN:

The campaign of clean India movement is the biggest step taken ever as a cleanliness drive
till date. On the day of launch of campaign around 3 million government employees
including students from schools and colleges had participated in the event to make it
popularize globally and make common public aware of it. This event was organized at
Rashtrapati Bhavan on 2nd of October in 2014 in the presence of 1500 people. This event
was flagged off by the Indian President, Pranab Mukherjee.

Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, had nominated the name of nine famous personalities from
business industries, sports and Bollywood to drive the clean India campaign. He also had
requested from all nine personalities to invite another nine personalities individually and
requested to continue the chain nine people to take this campaign to every Indian living in
any corner all around the country.

Other programme of the cleanliness in India such as Central Rural Sanitation Programme
(CRSP) was started in 1986 all over the country which had focusedto construct the individual
sanitary latrines for the personal use of the people living below the poverty line. It had
focused to convert the dry latrines to the low cost sanitary latrines, to construct latrines
especially for rural women with other facilities ofhand pump, bathing room, sanitation,

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 washing hands, etc. It was targeted that all the provided facilitiesshould be
properlymaintained by the village Panchayats. Proper sanitation of the village such as drain
systems, soakage pits, disposal of solid and liquid wastes, awareness of health education,
awareness for social, personal, household and environmental sanitation etc.

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) of cleanliness in India was started in 1999 by the
Government of India in order to restructure the Rural Sanitation Programme. Nirmal Gram
Puraskar was started in the month of June in 2003 as a sanitation programme to boost the
Total Sanitation Campaign. It was a an incentive scheme launched by the Government of
India in 2003 to award people for total sanitation coverage, maintaining clean environment
as well as making villages open defecation-free villages by the Panchayats, Blocks and
Districts.

NirmalBharat Abhiyan (NBA) was started in 2012 and then Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in 2014
on 2nd of October. However, all the sanitation and cleanliness programmes run by the
Indian government earlier were not as effective as the current Swachh Bharat Abhiyan of
2014.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN:

The campaign of Swachh Bharat launched by the government of India is aimed to

accomplish various goals and fulfil the vision and mission of “Clean India” by 2 nd of October
2019 which is 150th birth anniversary of the great Mahatma Gandhi. It has been expected
that the investment to cost would be over 62000 crore of Indian rupee (means US$ of 9.7
billion). It has been declared by the government that this campaign is taken as “beyond
politics” and “inspired by patriotism”. Following are the some important objectives of the
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:

 To eradicate the system of open defecation in India.

 To convert the insanitary toilets into pour flush toilets.

 To remove the system of manual scavenging.

 To make people aware of healthy sanitation practices by bringing behavioural changes in

people.

 To link people with the programmes of sanitation and public health in order to generate
public awareness.

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 To build up the urban local bodies strong in order to design, execute and operate all systems
related to cleanliness.

 To completely start the scientific processing, disposals reuse and recycling the Municipal
Solid Waste.

 To provide required environment for the private sectors to get participated in the Capital
Expenditure for all the operations and maintenance costs related to the clean campaign.

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2. O & M OF COMMUNITY TOILET

2.1WHAT IS COMMUNITY TOILET?

Community toilet blocks are used primarily in low-income and informal settlement / slums,
where space and land are constraints in providing a household toilet. It is used, owned and
maintained by community members or local government. A community toilet may also have
other utilities such as a bathing facility or a place for washing clothes, depending upon the
needs of the community. It is mostly located within the community, where people reside.

2.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE:

Many community toilets maintained by local bodies are rarely used due to poor up keep and
appalling insanitary conditions. By comparison those maintained by community-based
organisation (CBOs) or non-government organisations (NGOs), are generally in better
conditions. Operation and maintenance (O&M) schedules, responsibilities of O&M staff and
other requirements for good un-keep and effective performance of community toilets are
discussed below.

2.1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SCHEDULES:

 DAILY SCHEDULES:
To ensure proper up-keep of a community toilet, the following daily operation and
maintenance schedule is recommended.

a. UP-KEEP &CLEANLINESS:
The toilet block should be kept clean and tidy. Toilet pans, urinals, wash hand
basin, through and tiles should be cleaned daily twice or thrice a day with
cleaning powder. Other areas inside such as circulating areas and waiting
facilities should be cleaned once or twice a day.

b. WATER SUPPLY :
Adequate round the clock water supply should be ensured. All the strong tanks
should be kept full to ensure that the use of the toilet block is not affected, even
when there is a breakdown in power or municipal water supply.

c. LIGHTING :
All light points should be kept in working order to allow the use of the toilet
block during the night.

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 d. CHOKAGE :
As soon as chokage in a squatting pan, trap, drain or sewer is noticed, it should
be removed promptly.

e. MINOR REPAIRS :
Minor civil, electrical, plumbing and mechanical faults should be repaired as and
when they occur.

 WEEKLY SCHEDULE:
The entire toilet complex should be cleaned thoroughly once a week, on a fixed day.
Diluted hydrochloric acid may be used for removal of yellow stains on squatting
pans, tiles etc.

 HALF YEARLY AND ANNUAL SCHEDULES:

a. CLEANING OF WATER STORAGE TANKS:

Water tanks should be cleaned at least once a year.

b. PAINTING AND REPAIRS:

White / colour washing, painting and repairs should be carried out once a year. If
found necessary, these may be needed more frequently. Toilet blocks which are
used 24 hours per day by a large number of users need white washing, painting
and repairs at least twice a year.

c. SEPTIC TANK DE-SLUDGING:

Half-yearly or yearly de- sludging is desirable, as frequent de-sludging inhibits
anaerobic digestion. However, a septic tank should be emptied when the depth
of the scum and sludge exceeds two-thirds of its total depth. Since the septic
tank contains fresh human excreta and undigested sludge at the time of de-
sludging, the contents are heavily loaded with pathogens and are not safe for
handling. Hence if cleaning and disposal are not done carefully, they may lead to
problems like foul smell, fly nuisance and health hazards. Manual handling of
sludge should be avoided. Portable vacuumpumps with tankers should be used
for emptying. Of the two tanks, one should be emptied at a time so that the
toilet use remains uninterrupted. A portion of the sludge, not less than 25 mm in
depth, should be left behind in the tank bottom to act as the seed material for
fresh deposits. When removal of the sludge is carried out, the scum should be
disturbed as little as possible in order to ensure efficient operation of the septic
tank.

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 d. SLUDGE DISPOSAL:
Septic tank sludge should not be spread on the ground in the vicinity of the toilet
block or residential area. It should be disposed of in a running sewer of at least
400 mm dia, if available. Otherwise, it should be dried in pits which should be
located at a safe distance from any habitation to prevent a health hazard.

 GENERAL UP-KEEP MEASURES:

In addition to the above routine O&M schedules, the following general up-keep
measure should be carried out to ensure uninterrupted operation and use of the
facilities.

MONTHLY REQUIRMENTS OF CLEANING MATERIALS FOR A COMMUNITY TOILET

Sl DESCRIPTION QUANTITY
1 Bleaching Powder 10kg
2 Vim or any other cleaning material 10kg
3 Phenol or any other disinfectant liquid 4liters
4 Naphthalene balls 8kg
5 Floor wipers 2nos
6 Tools to remove chokage 1set
7 Brushes 4nos
8 Brooms 4nos
9 Buckets 2nos
10 Dusters 6nos
11 Gum boots 1pair
12 Hand gloves 1pair
13 Hydrochloric Acid(diluted) 1liter
14 Soap powder to wash hands 25kg
2.3 O & M STAFF AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. For effective implementation of the recommended O&M schedules and general up
keep measures, the following categories of O&M staff should be appointed.

a. Attendant will be responsible for keeping the community toilet clean by carrying
out most of the day-to-day activities. At least one attendant should be available
during the usage hours.

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b. CARETAKER WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR:

 Overall operation and maintenance and up-keep of the community toilet

complex.
 Regular the use on a “first come first served” basis.
 Receipt and issue of cleaning materials and equipment.
 Carrying out routine repairs and replacements.
 Collection of user-charges (in case of monthly pass-holders, making the
entry in the card and signing it whenever the payment is received).
 Maintaining the complaint and suggestion book property.
 Educating the users.

c. Supervisor will be responsible for monitoring the performance of attendants and

caretakers and for keeping a record on the status of operation and maintenance
of each toilet complex. The supervisor should plan visits in such a way that
he/she inspects the community toilet at different hours of the day. A few visits
should be during the peak hours.

d. A supervisor’s duties include:

 Ensuring that the toilets are neat and clean, all infrastructural facilities are
available and functioning well and users are fully satisfied.
 Attending the complaints and suggestions recorded in the complaint
book/box.
 Collecting the user service charges from the caretaker and depositing them
daily in the bank or at the instructed place (if collection on any day falls short
of target or the operation and maintenance expenditure is high, he/she
should enquire into it, and
 Bringing to the notice of the concerned person/authority, the difficulties and
problems faced in the operation of the community toilet blocks.

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3. OPERATION& MAINTENANCE:
Sanitation is considered as one of the basic services to be provided by local bodies, free of
cost. Consequently, community toilets in most cities were traditionally built, operated and
maintained by the respective local bodies. However, due to inadequate financial and human
resources and inappropriate institutional incentives, most of the community toilets are very
poorly maintained and in some cases abandoned by users within a few years of
construction. To overcome these limitations, several local bodies have started assigning the
O & M responsibilities to either an external agency (contractor or NGO) or directly to the
communities (CBOS). These agencies operate the toilets on a ‘pay-and-use’ basis, as per the
conditions defined in a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between them and the local
body.

3.1 O & M BY MUNICIPALITY:

As stated above, the municipality operated toilets are very poorly maintained and
abandoned within a few years of construction. The main reasons for this are:

 Normally local bodies do not recruit or assign exclusive staff for operation and
maintenance of community toilets. Municipal scavengers, in addition to their regular
street sweeping job, are generally assigned the responsibility to clean the
community toilets. Similarly, the respective ward sanitary inspectors are responsible
to supervise the scavenger’s job. Consequently, very little attention is paid to the up-
keep of community toilets. Also as scavengers have strong unions, any disciplinary
action may entail legal battles or strikes, leading to a virtual breakdown of the
town’s conservancy system.
 Mostly, these toilets are operated as ‘No-Pay & Use’ type and the cash strapped local
bodies find it difficult to provide sufficient funds for O&M.
 Inadequate staffing for maintenance and supervision, lack of accountability for
performance and lack of a sense of ownership among users are some of the other
factors contributing to poor upkeep.

In view of the above reasons, it is suggested that local bodies should operate
toilets on a ‘pay and use’ basis by collecting user charges to cover full O&M costs and assign
adequate staff, consumables, tools and equipment, etc.

3.2 O & M BY EXTERNAL AGENCIES (CONTRACTORS OR NGOs):

Several local bodies have entrusted the operation and maintenance, on a ‘pay and use’
basis, to private contractors and NGOs. A MOU between the agency and the local body,
defines the terms and conditions of this contract. Typically the local bodies are responsible
for major civil repairs and maintenance, and the external agencies are responsible for day-
to-day operation and maintenance. In some cases instead of carrying out repairs, local

8
bodies pay the agency an agreed fixed amount per toilet seat per year as an annual
maintenance fee. In a few cases, local bodies treat the ‘pay-and-use’ toilets as a profit
making proposition and charge the agencies an annual fees.

MERITS:
a) The local body is relieved of managerial and financial responsibilities.
b) Users are likely to develop a sense of ownership, as they pay for O&M services, and
demand better services as a matter of right.

DEMERITS:
a) When the contract is for a short period, say one year or so, the contractor has no
incentive to render good and effective services and also to undertake repairs and
maintenance.
b) In the absence of strict supervision and monitoring by local bodies, the contractor is
normally under no pressure to perform as per the terms and conditions stipulated in
the MOU.

3.3 O & M BY COMMUNITY:

In some cases, particularly in slums where the Government of India’s Urban Basic Services
Programme (UBSP) is effective, the users themselves operate and maintain the toilets, on a
‘pay-and-use’ basis through their existing community organizations (CBOs). This third
alternative arrangement has several advantages:

a) Users have real sense of ownership as they are wholly responsible for O&M.
b) Users have total control on the level of service.
c) O&M costs are kept to the community as some of functions are looked after by the
community members on a voluntary basis.
d) Local bodies are relieved of the financial and managerial burden.

NGOs can often serve as an effective intermediary between the local body and the
community in mobilizing the local community and preparing them to render an effective
role. There are instances of community toilets being wholly maintained by the local
communities themselves with minimal financial and technical support from the local body.

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4. CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY TOILET IN PUNE
Two seat community toilets linked to septic tanks were the construction model used for
providing toilets to the slum communities till the 1990s. Post-1999, PMC revised its
sanitation model and launched various initiatives for providing better infrastructure and
access to proper sanitation through community toilets.
These initiatives were –

4.1 Demolition and Reconstruction (D&R):

PMC had launched the D&R Programme i.e. demolition of dilapidated toilet blocks &
reconstruction of the same in 1999-2000. Several older toilet blocks were in a dilapidated
condition and also did not serve the purpose for the slum communities. A model of
developing Community toilets with the participation of the community, an increased
number of seats and connected to the city’s sewerage network was developed. It was
implemented through the participation of NGOs like SPARC, Mashal, Shelter associates, Civic
International Social Service, City clean foundation, GraminbahuddeshiyaShikshanSanstha,
Akhil Bhartiya paryavaranSanstha etc.
A total of 772 toilet blocks were constructed during the period 1999-2007 at an
approximate cost of Rs. 50 Cr. Furthermore, every year a separate amount has been
earmarked for the construction and maintenance of these community toilets.

YEAR TOILET
1999-2001 223
2001-2002 195
2002-2003 100
2003-2004 106
2004-2005 69
2005-2006 43
2006-2007 36

The program was implemented in various phases with the community’s involvement at
every step. Salient Features of the program were -

 Paying the periodic maintenance charges and appointing a caretaker were two key
elements of D and R Program that resulted out of community participation.
 Toilet blocks were reconstructed which included toilets, bathrooms, and urinals for
women.
 Under this innovative scheme, a room for the caretaker was constructed above the
toilet as an incentive to maintain the toilet.
 The Design for the new toilet blocks varied in size from 10 to 80+ seats.

10
  The blocks were connected to a septic tank in places where a municipal sewage
supply wasn’t available.
 The blocks were also provided municipal water supply and electricity as well.
 A user fee of Rs. 10-30/- Per month was charged for this facility. Urinal facility was
also made available at public places and markets.

4.2 Operations and Maintenance:

It was widely accepted that operations and maintenance of the toilet blocks would ensure
its sustainability.
O&M was hence done by -

 A ‘pay and use’ system for new toilet blocks adjacent to existing public roads
 A user fee of Rs. 10-30 per family for new toilet blocks within slums. The caretaker
had the right to restrict access to only those families that paid for the service
provided.
 In case of no appointment of caretakers, maintenance was managed by PMC staff.

4.3 Outcome:

 Over 15000 toilet seats mean reduced cases of open defecation.

 Greater community participation in designing, implementing and maintaining the
toilet blocks.
 Increased participation by women in the whole process ensured their
empowerment.
 The participation of the local communities also made sure that the designs would
suit their needs.

4.4 Projects and Partners:

SHWAAS - CHF INDIA FOUNDATION:
Even after construction of the community toilets and installing a maintenance model, the
maintenance of the toilet was still posing a challenge to the PMC. Thus, to further improve
Sanitation access to the urban poor and to make the city “Open Defecation Free”, PMC
implemented the SHWAAS project. The Project is being funded by the European Union
Delegation to India and is implemented in partnership with local NGO, CHF India
Foundation.
The purpose of this project is -

 Increased access to functional and well-maintained Community Toilets, Use of

Community toilets built by the ULB with ownership and responsibility of O&M by
residents
 Establish a door to door segregated garbage collection system & have an organic
waste management plant.

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5. A CASE OF KANPUR SLUMS
Kanpur, the industrial city of Uttar-Pradesh (UP) State is situated on the banks of the river
Ganges. Several decades ago, an extensive railway network was laid to facilities movement
of raw materials and manufactured goods between several textile mills. A large number of
poor migrant workers settled along the railway tracks and in vacant lands around the
industries. Most of these settlements are currently regarded as unauthorized and are
denied basic civic amenities. It is estimated that about 7,00,000 people (over 20 percent of
Kanpur’s population) live in 300 to 350 slums with little or no access to civic services. The
Kanpur Slums Dwellers Federation (KSDF) a community based organisation (CBO) has
started mobilizing the community to solve its own problems. During the last two years
about 5000 people living in seven slums, started making efforts to build and operate
community toilets.

5.1 OBJECTIVE:
The overall objective of KSDF is to improve the quality of life for poor people living in the
slums of Kanpur. This case study focuses on one of KSDF’s immediate objectives which is to
promote people’s participation in construction, operation and maintenance of community
toilets in Kanpur slums.

5.2 DEMAND REVELATION:

KSDF mobilizes the community by organization study visits for select slum leaders to other
slums within and outside Kanpur, followed by small group meetings within each slum to
assess the needs of its dwellers. Three basic needs: toilets, electricity and drinking water
emerged in almost all the slums. Contrary to the “normal” belief, people prioritized toilets
over drinking water because a few programme exist to install free handpumps in slums. The
residents access the programme through local politicians or a municipal corporator.The
handpumps are normally maintained by community, repair costs are shared by users and
the majority of pumps remain in operation.

5.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE:

The community decided to operate and maintain the toilet on a ‘pay-and-use’ basis. It
employed two persons (one part time caretaker and one a cleaner) from the community.
The part-time caretaker is a community member who runs a shop next to toilet. His job is to
collect money from outsiders and residents, supervise the cleaner’s work and maintain
account. The safaiwala cleans the toilet twice a day. Initially user charges were Rs. 10 per
month per family and Rs. 1 per use for outsiders. About 5% of families are very poor and
they are allowed to pay whenever and whatever they can afford. The poorest of poor

12
therefore gain access to service. However, as the toilet is located close to a commercial are,
income from outsiders use turned out to be significant (about Rs.1800 per month compared
to Rs.500 per month from residents). Total monthly income was more than double the
expenditure (Rs.200 per month paid to the caretaker, Rs.500 per month for safaiwala and
Rs.300 per month on an average for maintenance) and as a result the community decided to
reduce the monthly charges for residents to Rs.5 per month. Even after 50% reduction in
charges, the community was able to earn about Rs.10, 000 during one year. Now the
community plans to use the monthly savings, deposited in a bank to use the monthly
savings, deposited in a bank, to replace the existing asbestos roof with a concrete roof and
construct a community centre.

5.4 GUIDELINES FOR USERS OF THE COMMUNITY TOILET:

1. Stand in queue if other is waiting.
2. Ask the attendant to clean the toilet before use, if it is not clean.
3. Sit in such a position for defecation, that the human waste falls, as far as possible
inside the squatting pan and dose not foul the sides.
4. Fill the mug provided in the latrine with water for ablution and flushing.
5. Before use, pour a little quantity of water to wet the pan so that excreta slide
smoothly in to pit.
6. Use water or toilet paper for anal cleansing. Do not use any other material like stone,
mud, thick paper, grass etc for anal cleansing.
7. Pour water from the mug to flush the excreta after use.
8. Wash hands, using soap after defecation at the assigned place.
9. Do not throw lighted cigarette butts in the pan.
10. Take bath quickly, if others are waiting.
11. Do not wash clothes in the bathroom. Use the washing area.
12. Do not make any scribing on the walls or doors of latrine.
13. If you have any complaints or suggestions, enter them in the complaint register
available with the caretaker or drop them in the complaint box.
14. Wash hands, using soap after defecation at the assigned place.
15. Do not throw lighted cigarette butts in the pan.
16. Take bath quickly, if others are waiting.
17. Do not wash clothes in the bathroom. Use the washing area.
18. Do not make any scribing on the walls or doors of latrine.
19. If you have any complaints or suggestions, enter them in the complaint register
available with the caretaker or drop them in the complaint box.

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6. CASE STUDY OF ANDHRA PRADESH

6.1 INTRODUCTION:
The Government of India has launched flagship program the Swachh Bharat Mission
(SBM), a joint mission of the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and the
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWSS). The vision set forth is to realize
the dream of Mahatma Gandhi that all cities, towns and villages should become
clean, as tribute on his 150th Birth Anniversary to be celebrated on 2nd October 2019.

Government of Andhra Pradesh has launched the Swachh Andhra Missionwith a

goal of achieving “Open Defecation Free Cities” by 2019in line with the above vision.

Elimination of open defecation is one of the key components of the Swachh Andhra
Mission. In order to achieve open defecation free towns, ensuring adequacy through
construction of toilets- individual, community and public toilets and effective
operations and maintenance is the strategic approach which the scheme
emphasizes. Behavioural change communication is equally important to create
demand and ensure sustainability.

The provision of providing sanitation facilities through community toilet

complexes is the most suitable option for those who cannot afford individual toilets
for monetary reasons or due to lack of space and go for open defecation. Community
toilets cognitive development of healthy sanitation practices in the community. The
Swachh Bharat Mission recognizes Community toilets as one of the options to
reduce open defecation and has provision of a maximum unit cost of 65000 per seat
for construction of community toilets with a 40% VGF central government and
remaining from the state/ULB share.

These Guidelines are to help the Local Urban bodies move forward towards
the policy objectives of Swachh Andhra Mission and tohelp them achieve the
physical targets set in it and aimed at providing comprehensive directions to the
implementing agencies.

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6.2 APPROACH:

Action 1: Needs Assessment & Identification of Stakeholders:

Construction of a community toilet shall only be taken up based up the need assessment in
a proposed area; the following activities have to be undertaken as a part of need
identification.
a) An assessment of slums/pockets/localities shall be made in the ULBs where open
defecation practice is going, irrespective of the reason whether due to constraint of
space for IHTs or due poor financial status of the community.
b) Field survey for identification of such households in those slums /localities /pockets
and list out such families.
c) The community shall be sensitized on the need and importance of use of toilets and
the beneficiaries shall be grouped together and User Groups from the community
shall be formed.
d) List out the number of households (beneficiaries) with in their respective slums/
localities/ pockets and arrive at the number people for which community toilets to be
provided.
e) Ideal sites available for construction of the community toilets within a walk able
distance of 200-350 mts to such slims/localities/pockets.
f) Finally, assessment shall be done for the following
1. Name of the slums/localities /pockets
2. No of people for which Community toilets needed
3. Location of probable sites for construction of Community toilet.

ACTION 2: CAPACITY BUILDING AND EMPOWERMENT OF

COMMUNITY:

a. Community awareness programmes on community toilets shall be conducted for

all the identified households involving local public representatives.
b. Special awareness programmes for women, children and physically challenged
on need and usage of community toilets may be conducted.
c. ‘User Groups’ shall be formed for further planning, designing, implementation
and O&M of community toilets.
d. Capacity building programmes for the community on operation and maintenance
of community toilets shall be conducted.
e. Community consultation shall be done on O&M arrangements with all
stockholders.

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ACTION 3: SELECTION OF COMMUNITY TOILET DESIGN:

a. Various models for the community toilets shall be developed based on the number
of users and extent of site in a particular slum/pocket/locality community toilets
considering the following aspects

1. No of toilets to be constructed with location.

2. No of seats/urinals per each toilet men/female/disabled/children required.
3. Category of toilet required Viz. Toilet & urinal /toilet & urinal along with
bathing facility/toilet & urinal along with bathing and washing facility.

b. Toilet model (s) shall be finalized in consultation with the User Groups
slums/pockets/localities.

ACTION 4: INITIATION:

a. Users Groups shall request in writing to the ULB for providing community toilets at
the respective slums/pockets/localities.
b. ULB shall conduct filed visit of the concerned slums/pockets/localities and identify
the suitable site for the construction of the community toilet for the targeted
beneficiaries as per the norms within.

ACTION 5: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE:

a. Work out the modalities for the O&M of community toilets including fixing User
charges.
b. Financial plan for the VGF.
c. MoU shall be entered between the User group and the ULB on operation and
maintenance of community toilet.
d. Caretakers must be selected in consultation with User groups.

ACTION 6: MONITORING AND FOLLOW-UP:

ULB shall monitor the functionality, usage and cleanliness of the toilet blocks at regular
intervals. The following aspects should be considered during monitoring by ULB.

a. Sufficient supply of water to toilet.

b. Lighting to toilet
c. Functionality of the septic tanks, soak well.
d. Cleanliness of the toilet chambers, drains and surrounding.
e. Status of the roof, doors and overall repair & maintenance.
f. Performance of caretakers/ leases.

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6.3 ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
A. URBAN LOCAL BODY:

1. The Town Level Swachh Andhra Committee (TLSC) in the ULB shall initiate the
Community Toilet Programme.
2. The Health officer of the ULB shall identify the slums/pockets/localities where open
defecation practice is going on and he shall submit the list of such
slums/pockets/localities to the commissioner.
3. The Commissioner shall entrust the task of preparing the User Group in such
Slums/Pockets/Localities to the selected COs from UCD wing through TPRO.
4. The Head of the Town planning wing shall finalize the sites for the construction of
community toilets in such slums/pockets/localities.
5. The Municipal Engineer shall develop various models based on the no of users given
by the COs/UDC wing and extent of sites given Town Planning wing.
6. The Town Level Swachha Andhra Committee (TLSC) shall finalize the Models suitable
to such slums/pockets/localities in consultation with the community.
7. The Commissioner shall obtain the approvals from SAC and Municipal Engineer shall
obtain/give the necessary Technical sanction.
8. The Municipal Engineer shall prepare the proposal in coordination with head of the
UCD wing/TPR and submit the proposal to the commissioner.
9. The Commissioner is responsible for completion of the work through the Municipal
Engineer.

a. ULB shall take the following responsibilities for success of the

programme:

 Financial contribution for their share for the construction of Community toilet.
 Providing sufficient Water, Electricity, Sewage disposal and treatment (septic
tank or sewer lines) facilities to the Toilets.
 Identification of other sources or other approaches to meet the financial gaps for
the construction of toilets like PPP/CSR etc.
 Providing supervision and monitoring of the construction work.
 Facilities the User Group Committee in fixing user charges through TLSC in
consultation with the community.
 MoU with user groups on maintenance of the toilets.
 Financial support for maintenance of toilets in case of shortfall of revenues to
meet the expenditure (VGF).
 Installation and maintenance of streetlights in the approach roads to toilet,
maintenance of the approach roads to the toilet.

b. MEPMA(COs/PRPs):

 Facilities the ULBs in identification of slums/pockets/localities and in listing

out the number of users through COs/PRPs.

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  Motivate the community; conduct all awareness and capacity building
programmes on need and usage of Community Toilets.
 Facilitate in arranging stack holder meeting in finalization of Toilet Model
and in finalizing modalities of operation and maintenance of the Community
toilets.
 From the SLF construction committee for monitoring of the construction
work with active and willing members from the nearby SLF to the site of
work.
 From the 3 member User Group Committees through COs and facilitate then
in appointing caretaker.
 User Group Committee of each Community toilet shall be given training on
the following aspects through the sanitation PRPs:

a) Book keeping – financial management and maintenance of minutes of

proceedings of community meetings.
b) Operation and Maintenance issues.
c) Collection of User charges, payment to caretaker maintenance of records.
d) Hygiene communication and motivation.

6.4 COMMUNITY (USER GROUPS):

1. Shall participate in all activities of this programme from planning stage,

construction stage and in utilization.
2. Shall participate in motivation, awareness and capacity building programmes on
need, usage and maintenance of Community toilets.
3. Shall facilities the authority in identification of details of families requires
Community toilets and nearby available sites.
4. Shall participate in fixing of monthly/fortnightly/weekly/daily user charges per
household based on consensus and other modalities in maintenance of Toilets.
5. Identification and appointment of a caretaker and providing in remuneration.
6. Collection of user charges and maintenance of accounts.
7. Ensure proper upkeep and maintaining the toilet neat and clean regularly.
8. Ensure the usage of toilet by all kind of community.
9. Timely repairs and attending to complaints.

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6.5 FUNDING:

The financial assistance by the Government of India and the Government of Andhra Pradesh
for construction of CT & PT units will be as follows:

Sl.No. Component Total Assistant Assistant

(In Rs.) pattern
(In Rs.)
1 Community Toilet per 65,000 GoI – 26,000
Seat GoAP – 39,000

2 Public Toilet 0% Private Funding

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7. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF COMMUNITY TOILET

Operation and maintenance of public / community toilet are closely linked. Maintenance of
a toilet block includes several activities:
• Cleaning, undertaking repairs, replacement or rehabilitation of toilet facilities;
• Provision of consumable items;
• Safety issues in the toilet block
• Staffing in the facility

A. Operations related aspects:

Regular maintenance includes the activities related to cleaning, ensuring safety, opening
and closing of the toilet block and staffing. It is crucial to set service level standards for each
of these activities.

B. Opening and closing:

Opening and closing hours depend on the location of the toilet and should be arrived at
after consultation with the relevant stakeholders / user groups. The consultations must
involve women as most often they are forced to change their body clocks as the toilets are
overcrowded during the morning hours. The opening hours must be adjusted to suit the
needs of the users and must be appropriate to local demand and activity patterns.

Toilets near railway stations, bus depots, fruit and vegetable stock market / mandi may be
kept open for 24 hours as there will be a constant influx of people and the demand for the
facility throughout the day. However, toilets located near markets may be operational from
8 am to 10 pm. Shifts may be incorporated to keep the toilet facility open without any
interruptions.

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C. Cleaning charter:

The term “cleaning” refers to all activities related to the provision of adequate cleaning
equipment and materials and implementation of a predefined cleaning schedule by the
cleaning staffs, which ensures that the toilet block is clean and hygienic at all times. A clean
facility will encourage repeated use by people. Women, who are more susceptible to urinary
tract infections while using poorly maintained WCs, would rather defecate in the open than
use an unclean WC.

Only recommended equipment and disinfectants must be used for cleaning sanitary wares
and fixtures. Maintenance staff should have access to sufficient number of cleaning tools to
aid their cleaning activities. A few essential supplies are mentioned below.
 Pre-mixed glass/ ceramic cleaner with spray bottle
 Pre-mixed disinfectant cleaner
 Scouring powder
 Stainless steel cleaner
 Toilet bowl swab and container
 Broom
 Dust pan corner brush
 Mop/ bucket/ wringer
 Signage such as ‘wet floor’ and ‘closed for cleaning’.

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  Dusters
 Paper towels/ toilet paper
 Soap/ cleansing agent
 Gloves
 Bin liner

D. Staffing:

Each toilet block must have a caretaker and two attendants, one male and one female for
their respective blocks. Presence of a women attendant would ensure that the women feel
comfortable and safe while using the facility.

Caretaker will be responsible for:

 Overall O&M and upkeep of the facilities
 Regulate the use of a “first come first serve basis”
 Receipt and issue of cleaning materials and equipment
 Collection of user charges
 Maintaining the complaint register

The attendants / cleaners will be responsible for keeping the public toilet clean by carrying
out the day-to-day cleaning activities. Since users of public and community toilet blocks may
be prone to incidents of sexual harassment and assault, women attendants should be
enabled by the managing company/ ULB to handle such incidents and ensure their safety
while using the facility.
In addition, there should be an in-charge / finance office who will be responsible for more
than one public toilet located within the same geographical area. The in-charge will be
responsible for overall maintenance of the system and also for keeping accounts,
maintaining financial records, receiving user fees from the collectors and preparing periodic
financial statements for review.

Cost of operation and maintenance:

Cost of operation and maintenance can be grouped into the following four heads:
1. Daily and occasional maintenance costs: Such costs include the cost of cleaning
equipment and materials.
2. Minor repair: It includes repair/ replacement of building of toilet block including painting
and fixtures, motor pumps, lighting system etc.
3. Major repair: It includes major repair of building and disposal of seepage from septic
tank or other system installed for wastewater disposal from the toilet complex.
4. Monthly payment of electricity and water bills and working staff.

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8. COMMUNITY TOILET LANDSCAPE:
Step aggregated and synthesized secondary data to size the public and
community market opportunity:

To better understand the market opportunity for sanitation solutions in the community
toilet market in India, Step conducted secondary research to map and digest publically
available data, characterize the challenges and barriers, understand current schemes and
initiatives, and chart progress.

A subset of third-party providers of community toilet solutions have also been identified
and profiled.

The secondary research has been combined with insights from primary research conducted
with users and stakeholders of community toilets in Coimbatore to identify potential gaps
and opportunities.

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Swachh Bharat has sanctioned the construction of 82,438 toilets, but only
18,633 have been completed. The greatest gaps between sanctioned and
completed toilets are in the South Indian states of Karnataka and Gujarat:

States with largest gap:

•Karnataka (8,800)

•Gujarat (6,990)

•AndraPradesh (6,630)

•Tamil Nadu (6,528)

States with smallest gap:

•Mizoram (42)

•Bihar (62)

•Goa (70)

•Haryana (121)

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 Absolute Gap Between Sanctioned and Completed
Community Toilets
states name Karnataka Andman & Nicobar Chhattisgarh
Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Punjab Assam
Gujarat Haryana Delhi Maharashtra
Uttarakhand Arunachal Pradesh Telangana Chandigarh UT
Uttar Pradesh Jharkhand Bihar Jammu & Kashmir
Goa Puducherry Andra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh
Manipur Mizoram Meghalaya Odisha

7250

6630

5998

4987

3095

2000
1739
1459
1304
1205
1135
967899
789
703623
564

189
95 52 45 37 24 21 16
0 12 5

Of the 57,366 community toilets sanctioned under the Swachh Bharat

Mission, 42,946 toilets still need to be completed
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Follow-on service and maintenance for community toilets is
contracted to third-party providers:

Service and Maintenance:

•Service contracts are awarded for a set period, typically ranging from 5 to 7 years.

•Private contractors handle all problems and make decisions involving maintenance.

•The contractor typically hires a community member to service the toilets on a daily basis
serving as the janitor.

•The janitor handles daily cleaning with supplies provided by the contractor.

•Janitors have little to no decision-making power throughout the operations and

maintenance process.

•The corporation also contracts for sewage removal, typically done by a truck pump. This
contractor coordinates pumping with the O&M contractor.

Community toilet users indicate a willingness to pay for cleaner

facilities:

Users:

•Users are typically families in low-income communities that lack in-home latrines.

•Access to the toilets is typically free, but we heard multiple examples of families in the
communities offering “tea-money” to the janitor. While it’s not required, it did seem to be
expected.

•Users expressed frustration that the facilities were crowded in the morning and frequently
closed.

•Most families indicated that they would be willing to pay Rs. 5–10 for access to cleaner
facilities.

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9. REPORTON O& M OF COMMUNITY TOILET BY THE
COMMUNITY:

PROJECT OVERVIEW:
LOCATION-Cuttack, Odisha

COMMUNITY- GhasiaSahi

POPULATION- 300(approx.)

CHALLENGES- Open Defecation & PoorMentainance of Community Toilet, Habit

9.1 BACKGROUND:
Ghasia Sahi is a community established under Cuttack Municipal Corporation, Cuttack,
Odisha. More than 300 people are residing at that slum. Most of the people are belongs to
BPL category. The main source of income in the community is manual labour. Majority of
the residents practise open defecation in the canal & railway Track adjacent to the
community. Most homes had used public water pipes to bath.

9.2 CHALLENGES:
Main challenges in the community are to construct Individual Household latrine as they
don’t have required space & financial issues, Habit & poor maintenance of CT. A community
toilet is already been there but because of poor maintenance of the Toilet they feel more
comfortable for open defecation instead of using that CT.

9.3 SOLUTION:
A new Community Toilet is constructed by Project Samman& handed over to community for
the operation & maintenance. A group of 4 people from the community are taken the
responsibility for that by charging a very nominal price from the users. A proper training
programme is arranged by the organisation (Project Samman) & they trained up. By the
training programme they get to know how they should keep the toile clean, use of hand
wash, Phynaile, Acid etc & how to mobilise the community to use the community toilet.

9.4 ACTUAL PRACTICE:

 The selected four people are working as president, treasurer, caretaker, and
sweeper.
 The treasure is collecting the users fee like
Rs. 3/- for using toilet, Rs. 5/- for using toilet & washing.
Rs. 2/- for 6-14 yrs children & its free for 0-6 yrs children.

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  Monthly they are getting Rs 8000/- (approx.), from which they are paying Rs 4000/-
to sweeper & Rs 3000/- to caretaker.
 The caretaker is staying there from 5.00 a.m. – 12 noon. & from 4.00 p.m-8.00p.m.
 Cleaning of toilet is done by the sweeper once in a day.
 President look after whether all are doing their work or not & other miscellaneous
issues.

9.5 ACHIEVEMENTS:
 Around three fourth of population are using the Toilet after completion of three
months.
 Collection of revenue is increasing.
 According to the local people that area could not be visited by them due to open
defecation & now it’s completely changed.

9.6 PROBLEMS IN ACTUAL PRACTICE:

 They couldn’t afford a sweeper to clean twice a day.
 They couldn’t afford a full time caretaker.
 Still some people are reluctant to pay users fee.
 If someone has used the toilet in morning & need it again in the same day he doesn’t
prefer to use it because of user’s fee.

WASH BASIN OF FEMALE SIDE

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FEMALE TOILET BLOCK

WASHING CLOTH AREA

MALE TOILET BLOCK

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10. TO VISIT TRANS GENDER TOILET

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

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11. CERTIFICATES ON COMPLETION OF ONLINE COURSES ON
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION(U)s

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12. CONCLUSION:

Taking into consideration the experience of this study, the researcher prefers to conclude
that no issue touches the lives of women – particularly poor rural women – as intimately as
that ofaccess to sanitation. In low income families of rural area where there are no
individual toilets, women under compulsion choose the option of open-defecation or have
to queue for long periods to gain access to community toilets (built by Gram Panchayat the
respective); some haveto bear the indignity of having to defecate in the open, which
exposes them to the possibility ofsexual harassment or assault.

Although men also suffer from the burden of poor sanitation, they are more likely to resort
toother means to relieve themselves. In rural parts of area, men still urinate and
Defecate in open spaces but women – whose anatomy, modesty and susceptibility to attack
doesnot allow them to discreetly relieve themselves in public – have no choice but to wait
until dark, usually early in the morning when there is less risk of being accosted. “Going to
the toilet” forthese women often means squatting in a private spot or waking up before
dawn to queue at community toilet.

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THANK YOU

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