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STM-256 x1 AUG-256 x1 AU4-256c VC4-256c

40 Gbps STS-768c SPE C-4-256c
OC-768 STS-768 STS-768c
x4
x1 x1 AU4-64c VC4-64c
10 Gbps STM-64 AUG-64 C-4-64c ATM
OC-192 STS-192 STS-192c STS-192c SPE
10GE
x4

2.5 Gbps STM-16 x1 AUG-16 x1 AU4-16c VC4-16c C-4-16c ATM

OC-48 STS-48 STS-48c STS-48c SPE
x4
STM-4 x1 AUG-4 x1 AU4-4c VC4-4c C-4-4c ATM
622 Mbps STS-12c SPE
OC-12 STS-12 STS-12c
x4
STM-1 x1 AUG-1 x1 AU-4 VC-4
155 Mbps STS-3c SPE C-4 E4
OC-3/STS-3 STS-3 STS-3c
x3
x1
x3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

x7 ATM
STM-0 x1 AU-3 VC-3
52 Mbps OC-1/STS-1 C-3 DS3
STS-1 STS-1 SPE E3
x7
x1 ATM
Frame transmission TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2
VT-6 C-2 DS2
Aligning Pointer processing VT-Group VT-6 SPE
x3
Multiplexing SDH Container
Mapping TU-12 VC-12 ATM
Group VT-2 C-12 E1
x4
VT-2 SPE
POH addition
TU-11 VC-11 ATM
VT-1.5 C-11 DS1
VT-1.5 SPE

Figure 1 SDH and Sonet Multiplexing map.

1 3 4
STS-1 90
VT POH
1 A1
* A2
* J0
* 1 Virtual Tributary Path Overhead
4 90
B1 E1 F1 Section ptr ptr
SOH J1 V5
Transport Overhead

D1 D2 D3 Overhead) VT pointers
J2
B3
H1 H2 H3 pointer SPE ptr Z6
C2 Z7
B2 K1 K2
G1 V5
D4 D5 D6 125 µs
F2 250 µs
D7 D8 D9 Line LOH
Overhead
H4 V5 375 µs
D10 D11 D12
Z3 500 µs
9 S1 M1 E2 9 Z4 VT SPE VT SPE
N1
STS POH STS-1 MUX
STS-1 SPE
(payload) STS-1 STM-1
HP POH
VC4 STS-1 3:1

J1 ptr ptr
11 TU pointers
TrendCommunications

x3 B3
RSOH C2
G1 V5 LP POH
Lower Order Path Overhead
AU4 ptr F2
V5
H4 V5 J2
F3 N2
MSOH K3 VCn VCn
K4
N1 125 µs
9 10 270 250 µs
1 9 10 270 375 µs
500 µs
STM-1
Figure 2 STS-1 and STM-1 frames.
SDH VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, VC-3

Paths
LO Path LO Path
Layers

HO Path VC-4 (VC-3) HO Path

Mux MSOH Mux MSOH Mux

Sections
Section RSOH RSOH Section RSOH Section RSOH Section
Section

Terminal Multiplexer Regenerator Multiplexer Regenerator Terminal Multiplexer

Sonet VTn SPE

Paths
VT Path VT Path
STS SPE
Layers

STS Path STS Path

Line LOH LOH Line

Sections
Line/Mux
Section SOH SOH SOH SOH Section
Section Section Section

Figure 3 SDH and Sonet layered client/server model.

AU-4 / STS3c TU-n / VT-m SPE

AU-4 ptr / STS ptr
J1 TU-n ptr V1 V1
B3 x00
H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 C2 VT ptr V2
G1
Y: 1001SS11 payload V3
1: all 1s byte F2
H4
F3 V2
x01
K3
N1 VC-n

V3 x10
TU3 ptr
AU-3 ptr / STS ptr AU-3 / STS-1 STS ptr TU-3
SLAH1 J1 H1 J1
H2 B3 H2 B3 V4 x11
H3 C2 H3 C2
G1 G1
F2 C-3
payload F2 C-3
payload
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
H4 H4
F3 F3
K3 K3
N1 N1

H1 or V1 H2 or V2 H3 or V3 payload
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
NDF Pointer Value Negative Positive
justification justification

Pointer Movement New Pointer N: New Data Flag

NNNN S S I D I D I D I D I D NNNNS S I D I D I D I D I D SS: Unspecified
0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1SS x x x x x x x x x x I: Invert if increment
Frame
Increment

New pointer value D: Invert if decrement

i 0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
i+1 0 1 1 0 S S 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
i+2 0 1 1 0 S S 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Decrement
NDF enabled: NNNN=1001
(0001, 1101, 1011, 1000 also accepted)
NDF disabled: NNNN=0110
(1110, 1010, 0100, 0111 also accepted)

j 0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
j+1 0 1 1 0 SS0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Concatenation
j+2 0 1 1 0 SS0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 NNNN S S I D I D I D I D I D
1 0 0 1SS1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Figure 4 Pointer formats, codification and procedures.

 STS-1/STM-0 1 STM-1/STS-3/OC-3 9 J0: Section Trace
1 A1
* A2
* J0
* 1 * A1
* A1
* A2
* A2
* A2
* J0
* * * A1= 11110110 Frame Alignment
A1 X X
A2= 00101000: Frame Alignment
B1 E1 F1 B1 ^ ^ E1 ^ F1 X X B1: Section Parity Code BIP8
B2: Multiplex Parity Code BIPn x 24
D1 D2 D3 D1 ^ ^ D2 ^ D3 D1-D3: 192 kbps OA&M data
H1 H2 H3 Pointer (s) D4-D12: 576 kbps OA&M data
E1, E2: 64 kbps orderwire channels
B2 K1 K2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 F1: 64 kbps user channel
H1, H2, H3: pointer bytes
D4 D5 D6 D4 D5 D6 K1, K2: Request /answer APS channels
D7 D8 D9 D7 D8 D9 F1: 64 kbps user channel
M0, M1: Re-sending of B2 errors
D10 D11 D12 D10 D11 D12 Z0: reserved
* Non-scrambled bytes
9 S1 M1 E2 9 S1 M1 E2 X X X bytes reserved for national use
^ Media-dependent bytes
STM-4/OC-4
1 13 25 36
* A1
1 A1 * A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* J0
* Z0
* Z0
* Z0
* X* *
X *
X
B1 ^ ^ ^ E1 ^ ^ ^ F1 X X X X X X
D1 ^ ^ ^ D2 ^ ^ ^ D3
Pointer (s)
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12

9 S1 M1 E2 X X X X X X

STM-16/OC-48
1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 144
1 * A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* J0
* Z0
* Z0
* X* * * * * *
A1 X X X X X
B1 + + ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E1 + + + ^ ^ ^ + + F1 X X X X X X X X
D1 + + ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ D2 + + + ^ ^ ^ + + D3 + + + + $ $
Pointer (s)
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 SLA
B2 B2 B2 K1 + + + + K2 + + + + + +
D4 D5 D6 + + + + + +
D7 D8 D9 + + + + + +
D10 D11 D12 + + + + + +
9 S1 + + + + + + M1 E2 X X X X X X X X

STM-64/OC-192
1 193 385 576
1
* A1
A1 * A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A1
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* A2
* J0
* Z0
* Z0
* X* *
X *
X *
X *
X *
X
B1 + + ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E1 + + + ^ ^ ^ + + F1 X X X X X X X X
D1 + + ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ D2 + + + ^ ^ ^ + + D3 + + + + $ $
Pointer (s)
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 + + + + K2 + + + + + +
D4 D5 D6 + + + + + +
D7 D8 D9 + + + + + +
D10 D11 D12 + + + + + +
9 S1 + + + + + + M0 M1 E2 X X X X X X X X

STM-16/OC-48 STM-64/OC-192
+ + FEC sequence: P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 +, $: FEC sequences
1 15 1 16 20 63 Q1, P1: Optional Forward
$ $ FEC sequence: Q1 P1 P1 P1 Q1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 Error Correction

Figure 5 STM-N/OC-M frames.

 + Stuffing
+RSOH + Justification
+MSOH +AU pointer +HO-POH +LO-POH + Overhead
x3 x7 x3
STM-1 AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E2

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 C-12 VC-12 C-12 1

Synchronous Asynchronous
1 V5
CCS CAS 1 RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
TS0 TS0
Channels 2 2
1 to 15 Data 34 bytes Data 125 µs
Time Slot 32 bytes 32 bytes
TS16
1 to 31
Channels
16 to 30
byte 34 RRRRRRRR RRRRRRRR
D: Data bit J2
R: Fixed stuff bit C1C2OOOORR
O: Overhead bits
Ci: Justification control bits
34 bytes Data
Si: Justification 32 bytes
if CiCiCi=000, then Si is a data bit
if CiCiCi=111, then Si is a justification bit
RRRRRRRR 500 µs
N2
TU-12 C1C2OOOORR
V1
H4=00 3
34 bytes Data
32 bytes
35 bytes

RRRRRRRR
SLA K4
C1C2RRRRRS1
V2 S2 DDDDDDD
H4=01 34 bytes Data
31 bytes
35 bytes

140 RRRRRRRR

500 µs
V3 1 4
1 V3 V3 V3
H4=10

35 bytes #1 #2 #3 125 µs

V4
4
H4=11
125 µs 35 bytes TUG-2 12
1 V3 V3 V3

125 µs

LO-POH = V5 J2 N2 K4
TU-12 pointer = V1 V2 V3 V4 9

Figure 6 Synchronous and asynchronous transport of a 2-Mbps circuit (I).

 1 TUG-2 12 1 TUG-2 12 1 TUG-2 12 1 TUG-2 12

x7
#1 #2 #3 #7

9 9 9 9

TUG-3 5
1 86 TUG-3 TUG-3
N N N
P P P
I I I
#1 #2 #3
R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2....... 6 R R
R R R

10 11 12 13
VC-4 270
7 +HO-POH
J1
1 9 10
1 B3

RSOH C2
G1 Byte-interleaving
R 3 TUG-3
8 AU4 ptr F2
H4
F3

MSOH K3
N1

STM-1 9

Figure 7 Synchronous
SLA and asynchronous transport of a 2-Mbps circuit (II).

RSOH STM-1
RSOH STM-1
RSOH STM-1
500 µs RSOH STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
125 µs VC-4 MSOH
MSOH
MSOH H4=xx11
MSOH H4=xx10
H4=xx01
H4=xx00
x3 x7 x3
x3 x7 x3
x3 x7 x3

x3 H4=xx00 V1

TUG-3 TUG-3 TUG-3

#1 #1 #1
H4=xx01 V2

H4=xx10 V3 500 µs
x7

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 H4=xx11 V4

#1 #2 #7 125 µs

x3 VC-12

Figure 8 VC-12 is a multiframe and needs four STM-1 frames (500 µs) for full mapping.
Nine bytes Path Overhead (POH) G1: REI RDI E-RDI Spare

SDH Sonet
REI (Remote Error Indication) BIP-8 violation count
J1 J1 Path trace, message with CRC RDI (Remote Defect Indication) is sent back
E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information)
B3 B3 BIP8 parity control (RDI=0) 10: Payload defect (PLM)
(RDI=1) 01: Server defect (AIS, LOP),
C2 C2 Signal label (mapping)
(RDI=1) 10: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ)
G1 G1 Path status
multiframe
F2 F2 Path user channel (voice or data)
TC TC-API, TC-RDI
N1: IEC
REI OEI ODI, reserved
H4 H4 Position and sequence indicator

F3 F3 Path user channel (voice or data) IEC Incoming Error Count, BIP-8 errors in Tandem Conn.
TC-REI: Remote Error Indication in a TC subnetwork
K3 Z3 Automatic Protection Switch OEI: Outgoing Error Indication
Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier)
N1 Z4 Tandem Connection Monitoring TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection)
ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication)

C2: 00: unequipped 14: DQDB

01: reserved 15: FDDI H4: x x 1 1 x x LO Seq
02: TUG 16: HDLC/PPP
03: locked TU 17: SDL LO Multiframe Sequence
04: E3, T3 18: HDLS/LAPS xx11xx00: pointer to V1
12: E4 1A: 10GEthernet xx11xx01: pointer to V2
13: ATM FE: Test Signal xx11xx10: pointer to V3
xx11xx11: pointer to V4

K3: MFI2 (frames 0 and 1)

APS HODL Spare H4: SQ (frames 14 and 15)
Multiframe Indicator 1

APS: Automatic Protection VC-3/4-Xv sequence

HODL: Higher Order Data Link bit 5-8: MFI1 multiframe indicator (0 to 15)
frame 0 bit 1-4 MFI2 MSB Multiframe Indicator 2
frame 1 bit 1-4 MFI2 LSB
frame 14 bit 1-4 SQ MSB sequence indicator
frame 15 bit 1-4 SQ LSB sequence indicator
Four bytes Path Overhead (POH)
SDH Sonet V5: BIP-2 REI RFI Signal Label RDI
V5
V5 SLA
V5 Path Overhead
BIP-2 bit 1: odd bit parity of the previous VC
bit 2: even bit parity
J2 J2 Path Trace REI (Receive Error Indication
J2 RFI (Remote Failure Indication
N2 Z6 Reserved or TCM VC signal label (mapping)
000 - Unequipped
500µs

001 - Reserved
N2 K4 Z7 Additional Path Overhead
010 - Asynchronous floating
011 - Bit synchronous
100 - Byte synchronous
101 - Extended signal label
K4 110 - Test Signal O.181
111 - VC- AIS
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

multiframe
N2: I-AIS TC OEI TC-API, TC-RDI
BIP-2 1 REI ODI, reserved K4: ESL VC APS E-RDI DL

BIP2 for Tandem Connection calculated over the VC ESL (Extended Signal Label) 32 bits multiframe
bits 1-11 Multiframe Alignment
I-AIS: Incoming AIS
bits12-19:
TC-REI: Remote Indication Error in a TC subnetwork 09: ATM
OEI (Outgoing Error Indication) 0A: HDLC/PPP
Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier) 0B: HDLC/LAPS
TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection) 0C: Concatenated test signal
ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication) bits 20-32: 0 (reserved for future)
VC (Lower Order Virtual Concatenation)
APS: Automatic Protection Switching channel
E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information)
(RDI=0) 010: Payload defect (PLM)
(RDI=1) 101: Server defect (AIS, LOP),
(RDI=1) 110: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ)
DL: Lower Order Data Link

Figure 9 Nine bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC3, VC4 and VC4-Xc. Four bytes
Path Overhead is attached to VC11, VC12 and VC2.
 SDH
Transmission Line Reg. Sect. Multiplexer Section Higher Order Path Lower Order Path

LOF
Signal
LOS AIS
A1/A2 OR (logical function)
RS-TIM / TIM-S
J0
RS-BIP / CV- S Event detection
B1
Event registration
MS-BIP / CV- L
B2
Signal flow
MS-REI / REI- L
M12-8
MS-REI / REI- L Error indication received
M1
MS-AIS / AIS-P AIS
K26-8 Error indication sent
MS-RDI / RDI-L
K26-8 Alarm indication sent
AU-AIS / AIS- P AIS
AU ptr
AU-LOP / LOP-P
AU ptr

HP-TIM / TIM-P
J1 AIS
HP-UNEQ / UNEQ- P
C2
HP-PLM / PLM-P
C2
HP-RDI / RDI-P
G15-7
HP-BIP / CV- P
B3
HP-REI / REI-P SLA
G11-4
HP-REI / REI-P
G11-4

TU-LOM / LOM AIS

H47-8
TU-AIS / AIS-V
TU ptr
TU-LOP / LOP-V
TU ptr

LP-TIM / TIM-V
J2
AIS
LP-UNEQ / UNEQ-V
V55-7
LP-PLM / PLM-V
V55-7
LP-RDI / RDI-V
V58
LP-RFI / RFI-V
V55
LP-BIP/ CV-V
V51-2
LP-REI / REI-V
V53
LP-REI / REI-V
V53

Transmission Section Line STS Path VT Path

Sonet

Figure 10 Events management. In Regular characters SDH, in Italic Sonet.

Acronyms
AIS Alarm Indication Signal NDF New Data Flag
API Access Path Identifier OA&M Operation Administration and Maintenance
APS Automatic Protection Switching OC-n Optical Carrier level n
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ODI Outgoing Defect Indication
AU Administrative Unit OEI Outgoing Error Indication
AUG Administrative Unit Group PLM Payload Mismatch
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity POH Path Overhead
CV Code Violation PPP Point to Point Protocol
DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus RDI Remote defect Indication
ESL Extended Signal Label REI Remote Error Indication
FDDI Fibre Digital Data Interface RFI Remote Failure Indication
FEC Forward Error Correction RS Regenerator Section
HDLC High-level Data Link Control RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead
HODL Higher Order Data Link SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
HP Higher Order Path SOH Section Overhead
LAPS Link Access Procedure – SDH SONET Synchronous Optical Network
LO Path Lower Order Path SPE Synchronous Payload Envelope
LOF Loss of Framing STM-n Synchronous Transport Module level n
LOH Lower Order Overhead STS-n Synchronous Transport Signal level n
LOM Loss Of Muliframing TC Tandem Connection
LOP Loss Of Pointer TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch
LOS Loss Off Signal TS Time Slot
LP Lower Order Path TU Tributary Unit
MS Multiplexor Section TUG Tributary Unit Group
MSOH Multiplexor Section Overhead VC Virtual Container
MUX Multiplexor VT Virtual Tributary

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