Definition of Vocabulary....

 Vocabulary is the total number of words in a language. Your vocabulary is like an

iceberg. You can only see 20% of an iceberg above the water, but most of it is below
the surface. Vocabulary is the basic that must be learnt first by learners. It will help
the learner in learning English language well. Vocabulary, or lexicon, refers to
information stored in memory concerning the pronunciation and meanings of words.
 As Harmand and Stork (1976) stated that vocabulary is a stock of words which are at
the disposal of speaker or writer.
 As in Brainy Media.com that vocabulary is a list or collection of words arranged in
alphabetical order and explained; a dictionary or lexicon either of whole language,
a single work or author, a branch of science or wordbook.
 Besides, Hindmarsh R (1980) stated that vocabulary is a core component of
language proficiency and provides much of basis for how well learners speak, listen,
read and write.
 Vocabulary (the knowledge of words and word meanings) is one of the key building
blocks in learning a new language. The more words a learner knows the more they
will be able to understand what they hear and read and the better they will become
at expressing what they want to when speaking or writing. The larger a student's
vocabulary becomes, the easier it will be to connect a new word with words they
already know.A large vocabulary raises achievement and confidence and aids the
student in becoming an independent learner.
 Vocabulary refers to words or multiword units (like idioms and phrasal verbs) that
have a common meaning.
 Vocabulary is also the set of words within a language that are familiar to that person.
A vocabulary usually grows and envolves with age, and serves as a useful and
fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge.
 Vocabulary can be defined as the words of a language, including single items and
phrases or chunks of several words which covey a particular meaning, the way
individual words do.

The vocabulary can be divided into two groups - passive vocabulary and active
vocabulary. Passive vocabulary contains all the words that you understand when you
read or listen, but which you do not use (or cannot remember) in your own writing and
speaking. Active vocabulary is all the words you understand, plus all the words that you
can use yourself. Your active vocabulary, in English and your own language, is probably
much smaller than your passive vocabulary. The more you work on learning a word, the
more likely it is that it will become part of your active vocabulary.
The scientific research on vocabulary instruction reveals that....

1. Most vocabulary is learned indirectly - Indirect vocabulary learning refers to students

learning vocabulary when they hear and see words through conversations with their
social environment (college), through being read to, and through reading on their
own.
2. Some vocabulary must be taught directly - Direct vocabulary learning refers to
students learning vocabulary through explicit instruction in both individual words and
word-learning strategies. Direct vocabulary instruction aids in reading
comprehension. Two examples of direct vocabulary instruction include: specific
word instruction and word learning instruction.
3. Vocabulary refers to the words we must understand to communicate effectively.
There are 4 (four) main types of vocabulary:
 4.
5. 1. Reading vocabulary
6. A person's reading vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when
reading. This is the largest type of vocabulary simply because it includes the other
there.
7. 2. Listening vocabulary
8. A person's listening vocabulary is all the words he or she can recognize when
listening to speech. This vocabulary is aided in size by context and tone of voice.
9. 3. Writing vocabulary
10. A person's writing vocabulary is all the words he or she can employ in writing.
Contrary to the previous two vocabulary types, the writing vocabulary is
stimulated by its user.
11. 4. Speaking vocabulary
12. A person's speaking vocabulary is all the words he or she can use in speech. Due
to the spontaneous nature of the speaking vocabulary, words are often misuse -
though slight and unintentional, may be compensated by facial expressions, tone
of voice, or hand gestures. Vocabulary plays a fundamental role in the riding
process, and contributes greatly to a reader's comprehension. A reader cannot
understand a text whitout knowing what most of the words mean. Students learn
the meaning of most words indirectly, through everyday experiences with oral
and written language. Other words are learned through carefully designed
instruction.
13. English has many varieties....
14. The most common varieties used in Indonesia are American English (AmE) and
British English (BrE). There are few differences of grammar and spelling, and rather
more differences of vocabulary and idiom (Swan, 2007). However, somehow
these two varieties sometimes caused problems to Indonesian students....
15. The following is a few examples of the words in American English and its
equivalents in British English adopted from Practical English Usage by Swan
(1995):

American English British English

Airplane Aeroplane
Apartment Flat
Area Code Dialing Code
Cab Taxi
Can Tin
Candy Sweets
Cookie Biscuit
Corn Maize
Elevator Lift
Fall Autumn
Faucet Tap
Flashlight Torch
French Fries Chips
Garbage Rubbish
Gasoline Petrol
 Mail Post
Store Shop
Vacation Holiday
16. For a larger list with more complete information, see The British/ American
Dictionary by Norman Moss, published by Hutchinson;).....
Why is it important for you to learn about vocabulary in english language?
Here are some reasons why you should learn english vocabulary....

 Thornbury (2002), by quoting David Wilkins, says that "Without grammar very little
can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” This shows that
learning vocabulary is almost more important rather than learning grammar.
 Vocabulary of a language is just like bricks of a high building. Despite quite small pieces,
they are vital to the great structure.
 Vocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension. To comprehend
what we read, at least 95% of the words must be recognized automatically. Reading
more gives you a bigger vocabulary->having a bigger vocabulary makes you better
reader->Being a better reader makes it possible for you to read more. Good vocabulary
range increasing reading comprehension, ability in technical subjects and written ability.
 According to Cameron (2001), "Vocabulary is about learning words, students are not
only expected to know the word but also they to know what the meaning of that word.
 The larger a student's vocabulary becomes, the easier it will be to connect a new word
with words they already know.A large vocabulary raises achievement and confidence and
aids the student in becoming an independent learner.
 An extensive vocabulary aids expressions and communication. A good mastery of
vocabulary helps the learners to express their idea precisely. By having many stocks of
word learners will be able to comprehend the reading materials catch other talking, give
response, speak fluently and write some kind of topics. On the contrary, if the learners do
not recognize the meaning of the words use by those who address them, they will be
unable to participate in conversation, unable to express some ideas, or unable to ask for
information.
 Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking vocabulary. The more words you
know, the more clearly and powerfully you will think and the more ideas you will
invite into your mind.
 The results of a survey of L2 learners by Leki and Carson (1994) have also revealed that
university students consider insufficient knowledge of vocabulary items as the most
important factor impeding their progress in writing tasks.
 In short, the mastery of vocabulary plays a key role in the whole process of second
language learning and is of critical importance to the learners. Without a solid mastery of
vocabulary, listening, reading, translation and writing are all attics in the air.

he list below gives you the most common vocabulary used in the health and healthcare
industry (part 1)...
Illnesses
ache - The ache is getting worse. What should I do?
ear ache - I've got a horrible ear ache today.
headache - I woke up with a pounding headache this morning.
stomachache - Don't eat too much chocolate or you'll get a stomach ache.
toothache - Go to the dentist for your toothache.
cancer - Cancer seems to be the plague of modern life.
cold - People sometimes work if they've only got a cold.
cough - He has a strong cough. He should take some cough syrup.
flu - It's common to feel aches and pains, as well as have a slight fever when you've got the
flu.
heart attack - A heart attack doesn't need to be fatal in modern times.
heart disease - Heart disease affects a lot of families.
infection - Make sure to clean the wound so you don't get an infection
infectious disease - She caught an infectious disease at school.
pain - Where do you feel the pain?
virus - There is a virus going around at work. Take lots of vitamins.
Minor Injuries
bruise - I have this bruise from hitting myself with a door!
cut - Put a band aid on your cut.
graze - That's just a graze.
wound - That wound needs to be treated by a doctor. Go to the emergency room.

The list below gives you the most common vocabulary used in the health and
healthcare industry (part 2)...
Treatment
bandage - Use this bandage to stop the bleeding.
check-up - I have a check-up next month.
dose (of medicine) - Make sure to take your dose of medicine at ten o'clock.
drugs - The doctor can prescribe drugs if necessary.
injection - Some medicine is given by injection.
medicine - Regularly take the medicine and you should have no problems.
operation - Ana has a serious operation on Friday.
pain-killer - Opiates are a type of pain-killer that can be very addictive.
pill - Take one pill before you go to bed.
tablet - Take one tablet with each meal.
tranquilizer - This tranquilizer will calm your nerves so you can rest.
People
dentist - The dentist gave me a check-up and cleaned my teeth.
doctor - The doctor can see you now.
general practitioner - Most families have a general practitioner to help them with most
needs.
midwife - Many women choose to have a midwife help with the birth of their baby.
nurse - The nurse will come in to check on you every hour.
patient - The patient has a broken rib and nose.
specialist - The specialist was excellent, but extremely expensive.
surgeon - Surgeons need to have nerves of steel as they cut into the flesh during an oper
The list below gives you the most common vocabulary used in the health and
healthcare industry (part 3)...
Places
hospital - I'll meet you at the hospital and we can stop in to see Peter who's recovering
from surgery.
surgery / operating theatre - The surgeon entered the operating theatre / surgery and
began the operation.
waiting room - You can sit in the waiting room until he's finished.
ward - Mr. Smith is in the ward at the end of the hall.
Verbs
catch - Most people catch a cold from time to time.
cure - It took the doctor six months to cure the illness.
heal - A wound can take a long time to heal.
hurt - The boy hurt his ankle playing basketball.
injure - I injured myself climbing a tree!
operate on - The surgeon will operate on the patient at three o'clock.
prescribe - The doctor prescribed an antibiotic to help the wound heal.
treat - We'll treat anyone who has a health issue.
Adjectives
fit - He's a fit young man. He shouldn't be worried.
ill - Unfortunately, she looks ill today.
sick - Do you feel sick?
healthy - Eat healthy food and get regular exercise.
unhealthy - Eating fatty foods and lots of sweets is very unhealthy.
painful - The painful arm was held in a cast.
unwell - Many students are feeling unwell.
well - I hope you get well soon.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies (Part 1)
1. People can expand their English vocabulary knowledge in many different
ways. Among the main learning strategies for learning english vocabulary it
can be found:
1. repetition,
2. reading comprehension,
3. the use of body language,
4. memorization,
5. the use of games,
6. the uses of stories,
7. the use of translation,
8. imagery among others.
2. As human being, there is a main set or blueprint set in human brain control
that controls human way to learn things. For example as Thornbury (2002)
mentions that acquiring vocabulary requires labeling and
categorizing. Language learners need to extend the understanding of the
reference of a word. For adult language learners, reading a text written in
foreign language improves their vocabulary amount; however, for young
learners, reference is needed. Some researchers suggest that almost any
reading will produce vocabulary growth (Krashen, 1993). Students should read
some text simply for enjoyment and some text that challenges them.
3. 3 effective ways for students to learn vocabulary:
 1.Guessing unknown words from context
2.Learning the meanings of unknown words
3.Studying word parts and mnemonic devices
Vocabulary Learning Strategies (Part 2)
4. Having collected and analyzed research data related to vocabulary learning strategies,
the researchers came up with seven categories describing the specific prosedures
that learners use to internalize the vocabulary:
1.Resourcing
2.Creating structure
3.Grouping
4.Repeating
5.Contextualizing
6.Using images, sounds and actions and
7.Using dictionaries. What follows is the elaboration of the forgoing categories

5. Brown and Payne (1994) identify five steps in the process of learning vocabulary
in a foreign language:
1.Having sources for encountering new words,
2.Getting a clear image, either visual or auditory or both, of the forms of the new
words,
3.Learning the meaning of the words,
4.Making a strong memory connection between the forms and the meanings of the
words, and
5.Using the words. Consequently, all vocabulary learning strategies, to a greater or
lesser extent, should be related to these five steps (Fan, 2003).