1

1 When rubber is distilled, a chemical called isoprene is formed.

The structure of isoprene is shown below.

H
H C H
H H

C C C C

H H
H

Isoprene does not conduct electricity.

Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 Sodium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Describe the structure of a sodium atom.

In your answer refer to,

- the type and number of each subatomic particle present,

- the charges on each type of subatomic particle,
- the position of each type of subatomic particle in the atom.

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[Total: 5]

3 Radioactive isotopes can be used as a source of energy.

An isotope of radium, Ra, has 226 nucleons in its nucleus.

How many neutrons does this isotope contain?

Use your Periodic Table.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
 2

[Total: 1]

4 Radioactive isotopes can be used as a source of energy.

Give one use of radioactive isotopes in medicine.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 The structures of diamond and graphite are shown below.

diamond graphite

(a) Explain how the structure of diamond relates to its use in cutting hard materials.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain how the structure of graphite relates to its use as a lubricant.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]
 3

6 The structures of six gases are shown below.

A B C D E F

H H

C C Cl Cl N N O O Ar O C O

H H

Gas F is a compound.

Define the term compound.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

7 The structures of six substances are shown below.

A B C

Ag Ag Ag Ag Fe Fe Fe
Ni Na+ I– Na+
I–
Ag Ag Ag Fe Ni Fe Fe
I– Na+ I– Na+
Ag Ag Ag Ag Ni Fe Fe Fe
Na+ I– Na+ I–

D E F

F F N
F N Xe
O O
F O O
Xe
F
N Xe
F F F O O Xe
Xe

(a) Substance A is an element.

What is meant by the term element ?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 4

(b) Substance D oxidises water to oxygen.

Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

2F2 + 2H2O → ..............HF + ................. [2]

[Total: 3]

8 is radioactive. It changes into an atom of a different element which has one more proton.

Identify this element.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in one copper(II) ion ?

number of protons ..........................

number of neutrons .........................

number of electrons .........................

[2]

[Total: 2]

10 State two uses of radioactive isotopes.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

11 Two different atoms of sodium are and .

Explain why these two atoms are isotopes.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 5

12 represents an atom of scandium.

How many nucleons and how many charged particles are there in one atom of scandium?

number of nucleons .........................

number of charged particles .........................

[2]

[Total: 2]

13 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.

Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, has a macromolecular structure.

Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

14 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.

Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, has a macromolecular structure.

State three properties which silicon(IV) oxide and diamond have in common.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

15 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.

Explain why the physical properties of carbon dioxide are different from those of diamond and
silicon(IV) oxide.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
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[Total: 1]

16 (a) Draw a diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrogen.

[1]

(b) What type of bonding is present in a hydrogen molecule?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

17 Bromine has two naturally-occurring isotopes.

What is the meaning of the term isotope?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

18 The figure below shows the arrangement of the particles in sodium bromide at room temperature.

Na+ Br– Na+ Br–

P
Br– Na+ Br– Na+

Na+ Br– Na+ Br–

(a) Give the name of the type of particles, P, present in sodium bromide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 7

(b) What is the state of sodium bromide at room temperature?

Use the information in the figure to explain your answer.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

19 Complete the following sentence about compounds using words from the list below.

atoms combined mixtures

molecules separated unreactive

A compound is a substance containing two or more different .................................. which are

chemically .................................. .
[2]

[Total: 2]

20 The table below shows the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in some isotopes of
helium, argon and neon.

Complete the table.

number of number of number of
element
electrons protons neutrons

2 2
.................

18 20
.................

10 10 11
.................

[3]

[Total: 3]
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21 The table shows some properties of the Group 0 elements helium, neon, argon and krypton.

density of the
electron liquefied gas melting point boiling point
element
arrangement 3 /°C /°C
in g/cm

helium 2 0.15 272 269

neon 1.20 248 245

argon 2,8,8 1.40 189 186

krypton 2,8,18,8 2.15 157 152

Deduce the electron arrangement of neon.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

22 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B, C and D.

state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature /°C conductivity

A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor

C gas green –101 does not conduct

D solid yellow 119 does not conduct

Which element is carbon in the form of graphite?

Give a reason for your answer.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 9

23 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B, C and D.

state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature /°C conductivity

A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor

C gas green –101 does not conduct

D solid yellow 119 does not conduct

Which element is chlorine?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

24 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B, C and D.

state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature /°C conductivity

A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor

C gas green –101 does not conduct

D solid yellow 119 does not conduct

Which two elements are giant covalent structures?

Give a reason for your answer.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

25 Many flowers produce volatile oils. These oils are responsible for the sweet scent (perfume) of
many flowers.

What does the term volatile mean?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 10

26 Chlorine reacts with indium, In, to form a chloride with the formula shown below.

Cl Cl Cl

In In

Cl Cl Cl

How many protons does indium have in its nucleus?

Use the Periodic Table to help you.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

27 A radioactive isotope of carbon called carbon-14 can be used to date old pieces of cloth.

What is meant by the term isotope?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

28 A radioactive isotope of carbon called carbon-14 can be used to date old pieces of cloth.

Carbon-14 contains 8 neutrons and 6 protons.

The symbol for carbon-14 can be written .

Write the symbol for carbon-12 in a similar way.

[1]

[Total: 1]
 11

29 The structures of five substances are shown below.

A B C

Na+ NO
– Na+ NO
–
3 3
N N N
H H – NO –
H + Na+
NO Na
3 3

Na+ NO
– Na+ NO
–
3 3

– NO +
+ – Na
NO Na
3 3

D E

I– I– – Cl –
K +
+ Cl Na
+ I– K+ + Cl – Na+
K Na

I– I– – Cl –
K +
+ Cl Na

Complete the following sentences about compounds A and E using words from the list below.

atoms gas giant ions liquid molecular polymer solid

Compound A is a .......................... at room temperature. It does not conduct electricity

because it has a simple .......................... structure. Compound E does not conduct

electricity when it is .......................... because its .......................... cannot move.

[4]

[Total: 4]

30 Iron from the Blast Furnace is impure. It contains about 5% of impurities, mainly carbon, sulfur,
silicon and phosphorus, which have to be removed when this iron is converted into steel.

Mild steel is the most common form of steel. Mild steel contains a maximum of 0.3% of carbon.

High carbon steel contains 2% of carbon. It is less malleable and much harder than mild steel.

(a) Give a use of mild steel.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest a use of high carbon steel.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 12

(c) Explain why metals are malleable.

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........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(d) Suggest an explanation why high carbon steel is less malleable and harder than mild steel.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

31 Graphite is a form of carbon.

Carbon is an element.

What is meant by the term element ?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

32 A metal can is made of mild steel coated with tin.

(a) Steel is an alloy.

What is meant by the term alloy?

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........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Why does the tin prevent the steel can from rusting?

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]
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33 Complete the following sentence about isotopes using words from the list below.

atoms ions molecules neutrons nuclei protons

Isotopes are ............................ of the same element with the same number of ............................

but different numbers of ............................ .

[3]

[Total: 3]

34 Uranium is a metal which has several radioactive isotopes. Some of these are used as sources of
energy.
State one other use of radioactive isotopes.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

35 Complete the table below to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in two isotopes
of uranium.

isotope

protons

neutrons

electrons

[3]

[Total: 3]
 14

36 Hydrochloric acid is formed when hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrogen
chloride.
Show only the outer electron shells.
Show hydrogen electrons as x.
Show chlorine electrons as ●.

[2]

[Total: 2]

37 Draw the electronic structure of a fluorine atom.

[2]

[Total: 2]

38 Hydrochloric acid is made by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, in water.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
Show hydrogen electrons as x.
Show chlorine electrons as ●.

[2]

[Total: 2]
 15

39 Glass is made from silicon(IV) oxide.

Part of the structure of silicon dioxide is shown below.

oxygen atom

silicon atom

Which one of the following best describes the structure of silicon dioxide?
Tick one box.

giant covalent

giant ionic

simple atomic

simple molecular
[1]

[Total: 1]

40 The structures of graphite and sodium chloride are shown below.

C C
C C C
C C C
C C C C Cl – Na+ Cl – Na+
C C C
C C C

Na+ Cl – Na+ Cl –

C C
C
C C C C Cl – Na+ Cl – Na+
C C C
C C C C
C C C C
C C C C

graphite sodium chloride

 16

(a) Describe the similarity and differences in these structures.

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[Total: 4]

41 Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.

(a) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons in
water.

H H

[2]

[Total: 2]

42 Lithium nitride is an ionic compound. Nitrogen trifluoride is a covalent compound.

Lithium nitride has a high melting point, 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride has a low melting point,
–207 °C.
Explain why the melting points are different.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

43 Two macromolecular forms of carbon are graphite and diamond. The structures of graphite and
diamond are given below.
 17

graphite diamond

(a) Explain in terms of its structure why graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.

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(b) State two uses of graphite which depend on the above properties.

It is soft ............................................................................................................................

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It is a good conductor of electricity ..................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]
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44 Nitrogen fluoride is a covalent compound.

Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent
compound nitrogen trifluoride, NF3.

Use x for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

Use o for an electron from a fluorine atom.

[2]

[Total: 2]

45 Nitrogen can form ionic compounds with reactive metals and covalent compounds with non-metals.

Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form the ionic compound lithium nitride, Li3N.

(a) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the charges
on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.

Use x for an electron from a lithium atom.

Use o for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

[2]

[Total: 4]

46 Two macromolecular forms of carbon are graphite and diamond. The structures of graphite and
diamond are given below.
 19

graphite diamond

Silicon(IV) oxide also has a macromolecular structure.

(a) Describe the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide.

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........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Predict two physical properties which diamond and silicon(IV) oxide have in common.

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

47 Complete the following sentences about compounds using words from the list below.

chemically different fixed

mixed physically similar

A compound is a substance which consists of two or more different elements .................... combined

together.

The properties of a compound are .................... from those of the elements from which it is formed.

In a compound, the elements are combined in .................... proportions.

[3]

[Total: 3]

48 In the 1860s, John Newlands listed the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Part of his
table is shown.

H Li Be B C N O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 20

F Na Mg Al Si P S
8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
15 16 17 18 19 20 21

(a) (i) Describe the differences between Newlands’ table and the Periodic Table we use today.

................................................................................................................................

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................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) What evidence is there, from Newlands’ table, that some elements with similar properties
are grouped together?

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................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]

49 Tin is a metal in Group IV of the Periodic Table.

How many electrons does tin have in its outer shell?

................................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 1]

50 Lithium has two naturally-occurring isotopes. These can be written as:

6 7
and
3 Li 3 Li

Describe the difference between these isotopes.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 21

51 Draw the electronic structure of a potassium atom.

[2]

[Total: 2]

52 Sodium sulfate is a solid with a high melting point.

Sodium sulfate conducts electricity when molten but not when solid.
What type of structure is sodium sulfate?
Tick one box.

structure of separated atoms

simple molecular structure

giant ionic structure

giant covalent structure

[1]

[Total: 1]
 22

53 Complete the dot and cross diagram of methane to show all the electrons.

H C H

[2]

[Total: 2]

54 The diagram shows the ball-point pen used in an experiment.

poly(ethene) cap
alloy tip

ink

(a) The cap of the pen is made from poly(ethene).

Describe the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene. In your answer, include the words:

• monomer,
• polymer.

...........................................................................................................................................

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........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The tip of the pen is made from an alloy.

what is meant by the term alloy?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

55 Dmitri Mendeleev published his first Periodic Table in 1869.

Part of this table is shown below.
 23

Ti = 50
V = 51
Cr = 52
Mn = 55
Fe = 56
Co = 59
H=1 Cu = 63.4
Be = 9.4 Mg = 24 Zn = 65.2
B = 11 Al = 27.4 ?
C = 12 Si = 28 ?
N = 14 P = 31 As = 75
O = 16 S = 32 Se = 79.4
F = 19 Cl = 35.5 Br = 80
Li = 7 Na = 23 K = 39 Rb = 85.4

(a) What differences are there between Mendeleev’s table and the Periodic Table we use today?

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........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) State the names of any two elements in the table above which exist as diatomic molecules.

.................................................................and................................................................. [1]

[Total: 5]

56 In the Periodic Table, the elements are arranged in columns called Groups and in rows called
Periods.
 24

(a) Complete the table for some of the elements in Period 3.

group number I II III IV V VI VII

symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

number of valency
electrons

valency

[2]

(b) What is the relationship between the group number and the number of valency electrons?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain the relationship between the number of valency electrons and the valency

for the elements Na to Al,

...........................................................................................................................................

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for the elements P to Cl.

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[4]

[Total: 7]