SUMMER INTERN REPORT

WORKING OF SOLAR
POWER PLANT

SUBMITTED BY: -

TANMAY KATARE
UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES
4TH YEAR
B.TECH.- POWER SYSTEM
INDEX: -
 BACKGROUND: JUSTIFICATION OF THE
REFERENCE SOLAR PV PROJECT.

 ASSESSMENT OF SOLAT PHOTOVOLTIC

TECHNOLOGIES.

 SINGLE/MONO-CRYSTALLINE SILICON
SOLAR CELL

 MULTI-CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR

CELL (POLY-SI OR MC-SI)

 PLANT ESTIMATE
BACKGROUND: JUSTIFICATION OF THE
REFERENCE SOLAR PV PROJECT
Solar PV technology is essentially a solid-state semiconductor-based technology
which converts a fraction of the incident solar radiation (photons) into direct
electricity. A PV system can deliver electrical energy to a specific appliance and/
or to the electricity grid. PV systems are flexible and modular; hence the
technology can be implemented on virtually any scale with connection to the
electricity network or as stand-alone/ off-grid systems, easily complementing other
energy sources.

. Power Scenario of India.

Electricity is the critical infrastructural component for basic human need and
multidimensional growth. The power generation capacity in India has risen at the
rate of around 5.88% per annum over the last 25 years. The electricity sector in
India has an installed capacity of 304.761 GW as of July 20162 and generated
around 3,91,069, MU from April 2015 till July 20163. India became the world's
third largest producer of electricity in the year 2013 with 4.8% global share in
electricity generation surpassing Japan and Russia.

Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of the total installed capacity, Non-
Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining 72%. India generated around
1272 TeraWatt-hours (TWh) in 2014-15.

Installed Capacity

350
303
300 272

250
200
Capacity GW

200

105 132
,

150

86
100 64
43
50 27
17
1 2 3 5 9
0
197
1947
1950

1953
1956

1959

1962
1965

1968

1974
1977

1980
1983

1986
1989

1992
1995

1998
2001

2004

2007
2010

2013

2016
1

FIGURE 3.1: INSTALLED CAPACITY GROWTH IN INDIA

The per capita average annual domestic electricity consumption in India in 2009 was 96 kWh in
rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for people having access to electricity in contrast to the
worldwide per capita annual average of 2,600 kWh and 6,200 kWh in the European Union. The
per capita total electricity consumption in India is around 1075 kWh4 in year 2015-16. Electric
energy consumption in the agriculture is the highest (18.5%) in India.

For a quick look into the Indian scenario for energy resources, Figure 3.2 shows
the All India Generating Installed Capacity as on 2016 while Table 3.1 below
indicates the estimated hydrocarbons and other energy reserves along with
limitations either year-wise and the MW potential for all forms of conventional
fossil based fuels and present form of renewable energy sources.
 Installed Capacity, GW

186

303

43
43 25
16

Coal Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro Renewables Total

FIGURE 3.2: ALL INDIA GENERATING INSTALLED CAPACITY AS ON JUNE 2016

TABLE 3.1: RESERVE OF FOSSIL FUELS AND MAXIMUM POTENTIAL OF RE IN INDIA

Energy Resources Unit Cumulative Reserve Remarks

Coal/Lignite Mtoe 15,479 Will be exhausted by 2050

Extractable Lignite Mtoe 1,220 Will be exhausted by 2045

Oil Mtoe 786 Will be exhausted by 2028

Gas – including bed Mtoe 1,866 Will be exhausted by 2043

methane

Uranium Tons 61,000 Will be exhausted by 2057

Hydro power MW 150,000 Maximum Potential

Wind MW 45,000 Maximum Potential

Biomass MW 50,000 Maximum Potential

Solar TW 600 5000 TkWh/Year

Figure 3.3 below shows the electricity requirement/ deficit for India. Although the
country saw some improvement, it is still reeling under energy deficit. Figure 3.4
shows the peak demand requirement/ deficit for India.
 12,00,000

10,00,000

GWh 8,00,000

6,00,000
Ener
gy,

4,00,000

2,00,000
42,428 38,138 23,557
0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Energy Requirement (GWh) Energy Availability (GWh) Shortage (GWh)

FIGURE 3.3: ALL INDIA ELECTRICITY REQUIREMENT AND DEFICIT SCENARIO

1,80,000
1,60,000
1,40,000
MW

1,20,000
1,00,000
w
o
P

e
r
,

80,000
60,000
40,000

20,000 6,103 7,006 4,903

0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Peak Demand (MW) Peak Met (MW) Shortage (MW)

FIGURE 3.4: ALL INDIA ELECTRICITY PEAK DEMAND REQUIREMENT AND DEFICIT
SCENARIO

Projections and Challenges

According to World Energy Outlook (WEO) 20125, published by International
Energy Agency (IEA), USA, it has been estimated that the world electricity
demand is projected to grow at an annual rate of 2.2% to 2035. The global demand
for electricity is set to continue to grow faster than for any other final form of
energy. In the New Policies Scenario, demand is estimated to expand by over
70% between 2010 and 2035 or 2.2% per year on average. Over 80% of
the growth arises in Non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (Non OECD) countries with over half in China (38%) and India
(13%). In terms of electricity use, industry remains the largest end-use sector
through 2035. At an average of 5.2% per year, electricity demand in India grows
faster than in any other WEO region over the period mainly due to rising
population and economic growth. In India, the total demand rise was predicted
from 693 TWh in 2010 to about 2450 TWh in 2035. Global electricity demand
increased by 40% between 2000 and 2010, despite a small downturn in 2009
caused by the global economic crisis. The global installed capacity is projected to
increase from 5429 GW in 2011 to about 9340 GW by 2035 - a net increase of
about 3900 GW, or almost three-quarters. In the New Policies Scenario, energy-
related CO2 emissions have been shown to rise from an estimated 31.2 GT in
2011 to 37.0 GT in 2035, pointing to a long-term average temperature increase
by 3.6°C

Renewable Energy Scenario of India

There are a number of issues associated with generation of electricity through
fossil fuels like climate change, GHG emissions etc., which are not environment
supportive. Renewable and non-conventional energy resources appear to be the
alternatives to conventional resources as there are no harmful emissions to the
environment. Solar energy is the most readily available source of non-polluting
renewable energy and more or less uniformly distributed over all tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the earth. According to the statistics of MNRE, the cumulative
grid connected renewable energy based power generation capacity was 44,244
MW 6 till 30 th June 2016. Out of this, wind power accounts for 27,151 MW. Table
3.2 below presents the recent achievement of renewable energy installations in
India till 30.06.2016. The estimated potential of power generation through
renewable energy (wind, Solar, biomass etc.) resources has been reported to be
more than 1 Lakh MW by MNRE. In the present scenario, the contribution of
renewable energy resources towards power generation is more than 28% in the
country. Figure 3.5 shows the all India installed capacity with the percentage of
power generation through various RE technologies as per MNRE.
 TABLE 3.2: TARGET AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
INSTALLATIONS IN INDIA

Sector Cumulative
FY- 2016-17 Achievements (as on
30.06.2016)

Target Achievement

I. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW)

Wind Power 4000 373.95 27151.40

Small Hydro Power 250 30.30 4304.25

Biomass Power & Gasification 400 29.5 4860.83

Waste to Power 10 7.5 122.58

Solar Power 12000 1042.35 7805.21

Total 16660 1483.60 44244.7

II. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW EQ)

Waste to Energy 15 1.23 141.27

Biomass(non-bagasse) Cogeneration 60 0 651.

Biomass Gasifiers 2 0 18.15

-Rural

-Industrial 8 0 164.24

Aero-Generators/Hybrid systems 0.3 0.1 2.79

SPV Systems 100 3.4 325.4

Water mills/micro hydel 1 MW + 500 0.1 MW + 100 Water 18.81

Water Mills Mills

Total 163.3 105.01 1123.32

III. OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Family Biogas Plants (numbers in 1 0.05 48.6

lakh)
 Renewable Resources in India

11%
18%

61%
18%

Wind Solar Small Hydro Biomass

FIGURE 3.5: POWER GENERATION THROUGH DIFFERENT

RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Promotion Schemes/ Incentives of

Government of India
MNRE has been promoting new and renewable energy sources in a big way in
India. The Government of India envisaged 44,245 MW cumulative capacity
additions during the 12th five year plan (2012-16) from renewable power
generation. While about 27,151 MW is expected to be from wind power and 7,805
MW from Solar Power, the balance is to be realized by other renewable energy
systems. The Electricity Act 2003 clearly mandates State Electricity Boards to
adopt a minimum percentage for procurement of electricity from renewable energy
sources. Accordingly, about 13 State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC)
have initiated action to meet this requirement.

Further, MNRE has formulated the guidelines on Generation-Based Incentive

(GBI) for Grid Interactive Solar Power Projects. In January 2008, MNRE had
announced a Generation Based Incentive (GBI) Scheme for setting up of solar
energy based demonstration Projects. MNRE was to provide, through IREDA, a
GBI of a maximum of Rs.12 per kWh to the eligible Projects which were
commissioned by 31st December, 2009, after taking into account the power
purchase rate (per kWh) provided by SERC or the utility for the Project. Any
Project commissioned after 31st December, 2009 would have been eligible for an
incentive with a 5% reduction and a ceiling of Rs.11.40 per kWh and available for
a maximum period of 10 years from the date of commissioning of the Project. The
scheme is limited to plant capacities of a total of 50 MW for the country, with a
ceiling of maximum 10 MW for a state.
 Side by side, different states like Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Uttar Pradesh etc. have declared their solar power policies. The benefits
of the JNNSM which is a part of the eight mission documents under India’s
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and a significant contribution
to low carbon sustainable development strategy for the Indian economy are as
follows:

 To create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of

 solar power by 2022.
 To create favourable conditions for solar manufacturing capability,
particularly solar thermal for indigenous production and market leadership.

In addition the State Nodal Agencies (SNA) of MNRE along with the State
Governments has announced several policies towards promoting large scale solar
power generation. Gujarat Solar Power Policy -2009 is the best example of State
Policy under which around 850 MW capacity solar PV power Projects have been
connected to the national grid. Presently a number of states have launched their
Solar Power Policies namely Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh etc. In addition to the policies Government is implementing Renewable
Power Obligation (RPO) for the Generators and the Distributors in the state
towards promoting solar power by making specific consideration under RPO.

The target of Uttar Pradesh Solar Policy -2012 has been to reach 500 MW of
installed capacity of Solar Power Project in the state by March 2017

ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

TECHNOLOGIES
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) technology is primarily a solid-state semiconductor-
based technology, which converts a fraction of the incident solar radiation
(photons) in to direct electricity. Solar PV system can deliver electric energy to a
specific appliance and/or to the electric grid. Photovoltaic systems are flexible and
modular; hence the technology can be implemented on virtually any scale size,
connected to the electricity network or used as stand-alone or off grid systems,
easily complementing other energy sources. SPV offers several advantages viz.

 Complementarities with other energy resources; both conventional and

renewable
 Flexibility towards implementation, highly modular and
 Environmental advantages

Depending on the location, resource availability, meteorological parameters,

manufacturing, proven history, technology track record, availability and other
factors; the appropriate solar PV technology is required to be selected for any
location.
 Global Scenario
Globally, new solar capacity addition grew to 50 GW in 2015, y-o-y growth of 25%.
Asian countries led by China and Japan dominated the global solar landscape,
representing about 59% of the global PV market in 2015. India added more than
2 GW capacity in 2015-16 to reach a cumulative capacity of 7.8 GW 13 by the end
of the June 2016. More than half of all PV capacity in operation was added in the
past three-four years. Figure 6.1 below presents the growth of solar PV installation
from year 2005 to 2015. This allowed India to rise to the rank fifth for globally for
addition and nineth14 in terms of cumulative installed Solar Capacity. Solar market
in the Americas also continued to grow with the USA, Canada and Chile leading
the pace but Europe, which had previously led the way for the solar industry
globally, has seen stalling of growth in recent times because of the pull back of
the FiTs

FIGURE 6.1: SOLAR PV CAPACITY GROWTH WORLD-WIDE FROM 2005 TO 2015

 FIGURE 6.2: CUMULATIVE INSTALLED SOLAR CAPACITY

(Source: Renewable Global Status Report-2016)

. Indian Scenario
India is slowly building up its installed solar power capacity, through
comprehensive and ambitious National Solar Mission, State Solar Policies, and
relatively increased enforcement of the Renewable Purchase Obligation. Solar
Energy estimated by national Institute of Solar Energy at around 750 Gigawatts
(GW)15 (based on the assumption that 3% of wasteland in each state can be
used for solar power Projects along with an assessment of the potential for rooftop
solar).

This represents around three-times the India’s total installed power capacity
today. Although the available solar resource is the strongest in north and
northwest of the country (Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir), it is also of
considerable value in a number of other states, including Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. India has seen a quick growth in the installed
capacity of Solar generation. Utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) Projects have
made the fastest in-roads, with about 7.8 GW of capacity in place as on 30th June
2016 (up from 4.9 GW in 2015). The growth of installed capacity of Concentrating
solar power (CSP) on the contrary has been only extremely slow with just around
200 MW in operation. Figure 6.3 below represents the growth of Solar PV Power
Project development in India in the last five years.
 6000
4900
5000

W
M
4000

p
C
a

y
c

,
i
2000 1400 3060
2650
3000
1840
1250
950
1000 450 450 410
0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Annual Capacity Addition Installed Capacity

FIGURE 6.3: SOLAR PV BASED INSTALLED CAPACITY IN INDIA (MW)

Solar power is at the heart of India’s push towards low-carbon energy sources.
The overall national target is to reach 100 GW of installed capacity by 2022, a
huge task given the starting point. This total is split between 60 GW of utility-scale
Projects (both solar PV and CSP), including a series of large solar parks, with
capacity generally above 500 MW each, and a further 40 GW of rooftop solar
applications for commercial users and households, together with some small-
scale schemes and off-grid capacities. A range of national and state-level
initiatives have been announced in support of these objectives. Since electricity is
a shared responsibility between federal and state authorities, the political
commitment of individual states to development of solar power is critical to the
prospects for growth.

Albeit slower, India has also witnessed a growth in manufacturing of Solar PV

Cells and Modules. As of May 2016, the Solar PV Module production capacity of
India stands at 5,620 MW, while the Solar Cell manufacturing capacity is 1,212
MW.

Solar PV system
A solar PV system consists of PV Cells, grouped together to form PV Modules,
and auxiliary components (i.e. balance of system - BOS) including the Inverters,
Protections & Controls etc. A typical schematic of a Grid Connected Solar PV
system is given in Figure 6.4 below.
 FIGURE 6.4: SCHEMATIC OF A GRID CONNECTED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Solar cells represent the fundamental power conversion unit of a Photovoltaic

System. Solar PV technologies are usually classified into three generations;
depending on the basis material used and the level of commercial maturity.

 First generation PV System: Use of wafer based crystalline silicon (c-Si)

 either single crystalline or multi-crystalline
 Second Generation PV Systems: Based on the thin-film technology and
generally includes:

o Amorphous and micromorph silicon
 o Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and
o Copper Indium – Selenide (CIS) & Copper Indium Gallium Di-Selenide
(CIGS)

 Third Generation PV Systems: Concentrating Solar PV (CPV), Desensitize
PV, Polymer cells etc. are still in demonstration or have not yet been
commercialized widely.

Wafer-based crystalline silicon solar cell technology

The technology used to make most of the solar cells, fabricated so far, borrows
heavily from the microelectronics industry; which is further classified into two
categories as:

 Single / Mono-Crystalline silicon solar cell and

 Multi-Crystalline silicon solar cell
SINGLE/MONO-CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELL

This is the most established and efficient solar cell technology till date, having a
higher Module efficiency up to around 22%. The Cell and Module fabrication
technology is well developed and reliable. These cells are manufactured from
single silicon crystal. During manufacturing, C-Si crystals are cut from cylindrical
ingots and therefore the cells do not completely cover a square solar cell Module.

FIGURE 6.5: MONO-CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELL AND MODULE

MULTI-CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELL (POLY-SI OR MC-SI)

The production of Multi-crystalline cells is more cost-efficient. These are

manufactured by cooling a graphite mould filled with molten silicon. In this
process, liquid silicon is poured into blocks that are subsequently sawed into
plates. During solidification of the material, crystal structures of varying sizes are
formed. These cells have Module efficiency of around 15-17%.

FIGURE 6.6: MULTI-CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELL AND MODULE

Thin film solar cell technology

In this approach, thin layers of semiconductor materials are deposited on a
supporting substrate, such as a large sheet of glass. These are fundamentally
different in their composition and their production from crystalline photovoltaic
Modules. In general, thin-film Modules are made by coating and patterning entire
sheets of substrate, generally glass or stainless steel, with micron-thin layers of
conducting and semiconductor materials, followed by encapsulation. Typically,
less than a micron thickness of semiconductor material is required, 100-1000
times less than the thickness of Silicon wafer.
 FIGURE 6.7: THIN FILM SOLAR CELL AND MODULE

A brief comparison of different solar PV technologies with respect to efficiency,

stability, current status etc. is presented in Table 6.1 below.

TABLE 6.1: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CONVENTIONAL SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGIES

Material Thickness Efficiency (%) Colour Features

Mono-crystalline Si 0.3 mm 16 – 22 (Module) Dark blue, black Lengthy production

solar cells with AR coating, procedure, wafer sawing
grey WO AR necessary. Best
coating researched solar cell
material – highest
power/area ratio.

Multi-crystalline Si 0.3 mm 15 – 17 (Module) Blue with AR Wafer sawing necessary.

solar cells coating, silver- Most important production
grey without AR procedure at least for the
coating next ten years.

Amorphous silicon 0.0001 5–8 Red-blue, Black Lower efficiency, shorter

mm life span. No sawing
(Module) necessary, possible
production in the form of
band.

Cadmium Telluride 0.008 mm 14-17 Dark green, Poisonous raw materials,

(CdTe) Black significant decrease in
(Module) production costs expected
in the future.

Copper-Indium- 0.003 mm 11 – 14 (Module) Black Limited Indium supply in

Selenide (CIS) nature. Significant
decrease in production
costs possible in the future.
 PV Technology Selection for the reference
Project
The nameplate capacity of solar PV Modules is defined at Standard Test
Conditions (Solar Irradiance=1000 W/m2, Cell Temperature=25oC and Air
Mass=1.5). Depending on their installed locations, higher ambient temperature
and consequently Module temperature can reduce output efficiency by 10-25%.
As the temperature of the solar panel increases, its output current increases
exponentially, while the voltage output is reduced linearly. In fact, the voltage
reduction is so predictable, that it can be used to accurately measure temperature.
As a result, higher temperature severely reduces the production of power of solar
PV Module. In the technical data sheet of the solar PV Module, the ‘temperature
coefficient’ is defined; which provides the rate of change (derivative) with respect
to temperature of different PV Module performance parameters. The temperature
coefficient explains how much power the panel
 will lose16 when the temperature rises say by 1°C above 25°C. From the technical
performance (energy yield) point of view, Thin Film solar PV Modules may
perform better; but their maturity, lone term proven record and availability and
efficiency is not comparable with the Crystalline technology. CPV technology is at
a very initial stage across the globe. Table 6.2 below presents the qualitative
comparison between Crystalline and Thin Film Technologies.

TABLE 6.2: COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE AND THIN FILM TECHNOLOGIES

Parameter Crystalline Silicon (Mono and Multi) Thin film

Types of Materials Mono-crystalline Amorphous silicon (a-Si)

Multi-crystalline/ Poly-crystalline Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Copper indium (gallium) Di-selenide (CIS/
CIGS)

Material Requires more material. Requires less material

Requirement
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) has been used The selected materials are all strong light
as the light-absorbing semiconductor absorbers and only need to be about 1
in most solar cells. To absorb sufficient micron thick, so materials costs are
amount of light it requires a significantly reduced.
considerable thickness (several
hundred microns) of material

Manufacturing Mono-crystalline is produced by slicing Each of the three materials is amenable to

Process wafers (up to 150mm diameter and
350 microns thick) from a high-purity
single crystal Module. Mono-crystalline
silicon, made by sawing a cast block of
silicon first into bars and then wafers.
large area deposition (on to substrates of
about 1 meter dimensions) and hence high
volume manufacturing. The Thin Film
semiconductor layers are deposited on
either coated glass or stainless steel sheet.

Power High power per given area Low power per given area

Efficiency 11–22% 5 – 17 %

Effect of Effect is more on output power to Effect is less compared to crystalline silicon
Temperature (Higher temperature coefficient cells (Low temperature coefficient)
compared to Thin Films)

Shade Tolerance Less shade tolerant More shade tolerant

Logistics Fewer Modules - lower shipping cost More Modules - more shipping cost

Mounting structures Fewer Modules- less mounting More Modules- more mounting
structures per kW structures per kW
Required

Accessories & Requires less cables, Junction Boxes Requires more cables, Junction Boxes etc.
etc.
additional materials

Inverters High Inverter flexibility Limited Inverter flexibility

16 For example, the temperature coefficient of power for a solar PV panel is -0.485% per degree C indicates that for
every degree rise of temperature above 25°C, the maximum power of PV panel will reduce by 0.485%.

The temperature coefficient of power is always negative. With increase in temperature, the solar PV module power
will decrease accordingly. Temperature coefficient for thin film silicon solar cell is around -0.3%/oC while that of
crystalline solar cell is around -0.45%/oC which indicates that when the module operates at 50oC cell temperature,
compared to the efficiency reached on 25oC test standard , thin film silicon solar module will lose around 7% while
and the loss for crystalline will be around 11%.
 Parameter Crystalline Silicon (Mono and Multi) Thin film

Cost Higher cost per watt Lower cost per watt

Output Output depends on number of solar Directly proportion on the dimension of the
cells in the Module Module

Multi-crystalline Solar Technology is the most mature technology worldwide and

comprises around 50 percent international market. Mono-crystalline Solar Cells
currently offer maximum efficiency albeit with higher cost. Thin Film Solar PV
Technology is an emerging technology and is being commercialized rapidly in all
parts of the world. A comparative chart of available SPV Technologies along with
relative rankings as applicable for the Project location is presented in Table 6.3.

TABLE 6.3: COMPARATIVE CHART OF AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Sr. Priority Parameters Weightage Scale Scale Scale

No.
Mono- Multi- Thin film
Crystalline Crystalline

1. 6 Efficiency 12% 10 7 7
2. 2 Temperature 11% 9 5 10
Tolerance
3. 4 Shade Tolerance 10% 5 5 10
4. 8 Power Output 7% 10 7 7
5. 10 Market share 5% 8 10 3
6. 9 Environmental Issues 6% 10 10 3
7. 11 Balance of System 4% 10 7 4
(mounting structure,
cabling, etc.)
8. 12 Accessories & 3% 10 7 3
additional materials
9. 13 Inverter flexibility 2% 10 10 3
10. 1 Cost 13% 5 8 8
11. 14 Stabilization 1% 10 8 3
12. 7 Status of 8% 10 10 9
commercialization
13. 5 Proven at MW scale in 10% 8 7 10
Hot climates
14. 3 Spectral gain 9% 3 3 10
Total 100% 7.8 7.0 7.7
Selection choice 1 2 3
 From the assessment of current technical and commercial aspects of various
commercially available Solar PV Technologies as well as study of the Meteorological
Parameters including the annual behaviour of solar radiation and climatic conditions
over the location in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh; Mono Crystalline solar PV
technology has been identified as the most suitable technology for implementation
the MW scale solar PV power Project at the location. There are several
manufacturers available for Mono Crystalline Solar PV Modules across the globe.
However the optimum manufacturer shall be decided through the TIER-117 ranking
of BNEF’s (Bloomberg New Energy Finance) along with the actual on-ground
capacity installation across the world including India, historical performance of the
Modules in the different Projects, especially in Indian condition, complying the
required IEC codes and standards applicable in India etc. in the implementation
stage.

PLANT ESTIMATE

Land Required:-4 to 5 Acre per MW

Feeder: - there are 33 KV four feeders with the capacity of 15 MW each as
1. Banco-I( 15 MW connected solar power plants)
2. Banco-II( 12.5 MW connected solar power plants)
3. Banco-III ( 15 MW connected solar power plants)
4. Vivaan-I ( 15 MW connected solar power plants)

Connection of Modules:-
Series connection of modules depends upon the voltage need to be feed
within the MPPT range; mostly we are recommended 20 modules in series (320Wp poly
crystalline) module.
BOM:-
Detailed BOM for 1 MW solar power plants.
BOM 1.2 MWp DC / 1 MW AC

Sl. No. Description of Items *Quantity Specification

Solar block
315 Wp Polycrystalline Modules - to be
1 Solar Modules 3820 Nos Imported
GI High Yield Strength Structures on which
2 Solar Mounting Structures 40 M Tonnes panels will be laid
 3 Cables 6000 Mtrs 6 sqmm solar DC cable (Black & Red)
5 Cables 500 Mtrs 1 core 240sqmm Al Cable
6 Cables 1500 Mtrs 1 core 185sqmm Al Cable
Power block
1 Cables 200 Mtrs 3 core 240 sq mm ALcable
2.5 sqmm x 2 core copper
2 Cables
200 Mtrs armored/unarmored cable
2.5 sqmm x 4 core copper
3 Cables
200 Mtrs armored/unarmored cable
2.5 sqmm x 12 core copper
4 Cables
200 Mtrs armored/unarmored cable
5 Cables 400 Mtrs 185sqmm x 3 core Al Ar 33 KV HT cable
6 Communication Cable 400 Mtrs RS 485 Cable
7 Fibre optical cable 400 Mtrs Single Mode/Multi Mode Cable
8 Inverter 1 numbers 1 x 1 MW Inverter
9 Transformer 1 number Step up Transformer 33/0.4 kV, 1.25 MVA

10 36KV, 1250 A outdoor SF6/VCB Breaker

VCB 1 numbers with required structure

11 33 kV outdoor dead tank CT 20/5 A Core 2

CT 3 Numbers CL 0.5, Burden 10 VA
HT PT 33 kV / 110 V CL 0.5, Burden 30
12
PT 3 Numbers VA
Control Relay Panel for 36 kV VCB
protection, metering & indications,
13 HT Relay Panel annuciators malfunctioning indicator, CT &
PT disconnecting connectors with all
1 numbers protective relays

14 2 KVA online UPS with 6 nos of 12V18AH

UPS 1 No batteries (15-20 min backup)
0.2S oil immersed CTPT (ME) CT 20/5 A
Burden 10 VA PT 33 kV / 110 V Burden 30
15
VA for 2 MW plant as per MPPKVVCL
Metering Equipment 2 No guidelines
16 MC4 Connectors 200 Pairs To connect Panels with Combiner Box

17
To connect strings in parallel and monitor
Combiner Boxes 8 Nos current and votage at string level (12 input)
SCADA SOFTWARE for regular
18 monitoring of 2 MW plant data and RTU
Scada System with RTU 1 No for telemetry

19 System for Monitoring and predicting

Weather Monitoring System 1 No weather
20 3 phase 4 wire electronics meter, 0.2S class
ABT Meters 2 Nos with GSM modem & Ratio 50/5
21 Branch Connectors 100 Nos Branch Connectors to connect strings
22 DWC Pipe (90 mm OD) 800 Mtrs For laying cables in trenches
23 DWC Pipe (40 mm OD) 300 Mtrs For laying cables in trenches
Earthing & Protection
ESE LA Advanced lightning conductor
Model LAPBX175 for providing 110m
protection radius at 5Mheight in LEVEL
24 IV (Have 115KA test certificate as perNFC
17-102, advance trigerring time test
of 63microsec., 30 years warranty to be
Lightening Arrestors 1 Nos issued by OEM ofletter), CE certificate
6m GI pipe with adaptor head and base
25 plate for raising lightning conductor by 6m
GI pipe 1 Nos above the ground

26 70 sq.mm. flexible copper cable (Cable

Copper Cable 20 Mtrs required will be approx. 20m per LA)
3 sets required for each LA, should be
joined by 70 sq mm flexible copper cable.
27
All three earthing should be 3 m apart from
Earthing 3 Nos each other

28 25*3 mm GI Strip for Structure, CB &

Earthing Strip (GI) 600 Mtrs Transformer Earthing
29 Earthing Strip (GI) 100 Mtrs 40*5 mm Harddip GI Strip
30 Earthing Strip (Cu) 90 Mtrs 25*3 mm Cu Strip for Inverter Earthing
31 Earthing Rods (GI) 21 Nos 50*3 mm GI Pipe Earth Electrode
32 Earthing Rods (Cu) 6 Nos 50*3 mm GI Pipe Earth Electrode
33 Chemical for Earthing 1500 kg 50 kg Earthing Chemical per Rod
34 Isolator 2 set 33 kV isolator 200 amp
35 LA Set 1 set 33 kV LA Set
36 D-O Set 1 set 33 kV D-O Set 200 amp
33 kV Disc Insulator with hardware
37
Disc Insulator 27 Nos (Polymer)
33 kV Pin Insulator with hardware
38
Pin Insulator 10 Nos (Polymer)
39 Post Insulator 5 Nos 40 mm Post Insulator
Miscellaneous
40 Lugs 60 Nos 240 Sqmm Bimetallic Lugs M16 Ring Dia
41 Lugs 40 Nos 185 Sqmm Bimetallic Lugs M16 Ring Dia
42 PVC Tape 15 Pcs RYB & Black (four color)
57 mm flame proof for 3.5C 240 sqmm AC
43
Cable Gland 20 Nos cable
44 Cable Gland 10 Nos 19 mm flame proof for VCB panel
45 Cable Gland 5 Nos 25 mm flame proof for VCB panel
46 Cable Gland 20 Nos 32 mm flame proof for DC cables
47 ACDB Panel 1 Nos As per requirement
48 SMPS 1 Nos 24 V SMPS
49 Cable Tie 1 Packet 300 mm cable tie
50 FeRule 2 set 0-9 1.5 Sqmm
51 FeRule 2 set A-Z 1.5 Sqmm
33 kV 185 Sqmm. X 3C outdoor
52
Termination Kit 2 Nos termination kit