energies

Article
HVDC Transmission Technology of Wind Power
System with Multi-Phase PMSG
Shijia Zhou 1 , Fei Rong 1, *, Zhangtao Yin 1 , Shoudao Huang 1 and Yuebin Zhou 2
1 College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
zhousj@csg.cn (S.Z.); yztao@hnu.edu.cn (Z.Y.); shoudaohuang@tom.com (S.H.)
2 State Key Laboratory of HVDC, Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid,
Guangzhou 510663, China; zhouyb@cs.cn
* Correspondence: rongfei@hnu.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-731-8882-2224




Received: 2 November 2018; Accepted: 19 November 2018; Published: 26 November 2018


Abstract: The high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission technology of wind power system, with
multi-phase permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) is proposed in this paper. Each set
of three-phase winding of the multi-phase PMSG was connected to a diode rectifier. The output
of the diode rectifier was connected by several parallel isolated DC–DC converters. Each DC–DC
converter was connected to a sub-module (SM). All SMs and two inductors were connected in a series.
The proposed wind power system has several advantages including, transformerless operation, low
cost, low voltage stress, and high fault tolerance. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and
energy balance of the DC–DC converters were achieved by controlling the duty cycles of the DC–DC
converters. The HVDC transmission was achieved by the nearest level control (NLC) with voltage
sorting. The simulation model with 18-phase PMSG was established. Experimental results were also
studied based on RT-Lab.

Keywords: multi-phase PMSG; wind power generation system; HVDC transmission; MPPT

1. Introduction
Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have attracted considerable attention over recent years,
as wind-based resource is particularly abundant far off shore [1]. The design, characteristic analysis,
and control of wind power systems, based on permanent magnetic synchronous generator PMSG,
have been studied recently [2–5]. The conventional transmission method for offshore wind farm is
high voltage AC (HVAC) transmission [6]. The voltage of PMSG is converted to a fixed frequency fixed
magnitude voltage with the help of a back-to-back voltage source converter (VSC), and is then boosted
to a relative high voltage by a transformer [7]. Compared with HVAC transmission, high voltage DC
(HVDC) transmission has received extensive attention for offshore wind farms as it shows significant
advantages, such as no reactive power, less need for cable, and low power loss [8,9].
To achieve HVDC transmission, a hybrid AC–DC offshore wind power plant (OWPP) topology
has been proposed in reference [10], as shown in Figure 1a. With this topology, the power is delivered
to the DC grid by a centralized AC–DC rectifier, which is usually implemented by a multi-modular
converter (MMC). The costs are heavy, as an offshore platform is needed to install the transformer
and centralized rectifier. To reduce costs, the centralized AC–DC converter has been realized by
use of a diode rectifier as highlighted in reference [11]. However, in this case the DC voltage
fluctuates significantly. An alternative was is to replace the distributed DC–AC converters with
a centralized DC–AC converter, but the decrease in cost is limited [12]. As a trade-off between HVDC
and HVAC, the fractional frequency transmission system was proposed in reference [13]. In this

Energies 2018, 11, 3294; doi:10.3390/en11123294 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2018, 11, 3294 2 of 16
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16

DC–ACthe
system, converters
AC–DC–AC are eliminated
converterstoare reduce costs, but
eliminated the system
to reduce is but
costs, onlythe suitable
systemfor is fixed speed wind
only suitable for
power
fixed generators.
speed wind power generators.
To remove
To remove the the need
need forfor an
an offshore
offshore platform,
platform, the the topology
topology of of DC
DC power
power collection
collection has has been
been
proposed in
proposed in references
references [14,15],
[14,15], asas isisshown
shown in inFigure
Figure1b. 1b. Each
Each wind
wind turbine
turbine is is connected
connected to to the
the DC
DC
bus by
bus by an
an AC–DC–DC
AC–DC–DC converter.
converter. As As thethe terminal
terminal voltage
voltage ofof PMSG
PMSG is is usually
usually low,low, high
high boost
boost ratio
ratio is
is
required [16]. The H-bridge DC–DC topology is commonly used to
required [16]. The H-bridge DC–DC topology is commonly used to improve the efficiency of DC–DC improve the efficiency of DC–DC
converters[17].
converters [17]. The
The output
output voltage
voltage of of a DC–DC converter
converter is equal to the HVDC transmission voltage,
which is commonly very high, so it is usually
which is commonly very high, so it is usually realized by realized by MMC
MMC [18].
[18]. A A centralized
centralized DC–DC
DC–DC converter
converter
has been
has been proposed
proposed in in reference
reference [19]
[19] to tosubstitute
substitute thethedistributed
distributed DC–DC
DC–DC converters,
converters, which
which causes
causes
increased costs
increased costs asasititneeds
needsan anoffshore
offshoreplatform.
platform.
In reference
In reference [20],
[20], thethe DCDC sides
sides of of the
the converters
converters werewere connected
connected in in series
series toto boost
boost the the DC
DC
transmission voltage
transmission voltage directly,
directly, as as shown
shown in in Figure
Figure 1c.1c. This system avoids the use use of of an
an offshore
offshore
platform and
platform and high
high boost
boost ratio
ratio DC–DC
DC–DC converters,
converters, but but the
the voltage
voltage of of every
every DC DC turbine
turbine is is different
different
underunequal
under unequalwind windspeeds,
speeds,which
whichisisa apotential
potentialdanger.
danger. One
One way
way is is
to to reduce
reduce thethe captured
captured energy
energy of
aofwind
a wind power
power generator
generator [21],[21], which
which willwill deteriorate
deteriorate the efficiency
the efficiency of the ofwind
the wind
farm.farm. In reference
In reference [22],
[22],onshore
the the onshore inverter
inverter stationstation
regulatedregulated the DC transmission
the DC transmission current,
current, while eachwhile
windeach wind
turbine turbine
regulated
regulated
its its ownpower.
own injection injectionIn power.
this way, In the
thisMPPT
way, thecanMPPT can bebut
be realized, realized, but it is infeasible
it is infeasible when there when
are
there are
several several
parallel parallel
clusters of clusters of series-connected
series-connected wind turbines. windInturbines.
referenceIn reference
[23], [23], anrotor
an improved improved
speed
rotor speed
control control
to store the to store in
energy thethe
energy
windinturbine
the wind turbine
rotor was rotor wasbut
studied, studied, but thefaced
the PMSG PMSG thefaced the
danger
danger
of of overvoltage
overvoltage when the when
rotorthe rotorsuch
stored stored suchlevel
a high a high
of level
energy.of energy.
In referenceIn reference [24], flywheel
[24], flywheel energy
storage system was applied for energy storage. In reference [25], an energy storage systemsystem
energy storage system was applied for energy storage. In reference [25], an energy storage (ESS)
(ESS)
was was connected
connected to the DC to the
busDC bus of
of each windeachpower
windgeneration
power generation
system to system to compensate
compensate the DC
the DC voltage
voltage fluctuation,
fluctuation, which incurswhich incurs cost
a heavy a heavy cost burden.
burden.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure1.1.Topologies
Figure Topologies of traditional offshore
of traditional windwind
offshore farm: (a) Centralized
farm: rectifier;rectifier;
(a) Centralized (b) DC power collection;
(b) DC power
(c) Series connected
collection; (c) Seriesin DC side. in DC side.
connected

With
Withthe theincreasing
increasing capacity of wind
capacity powerpower
of wind generators, the multi-phase
generators, PMSG hasPMSG
the multi-phase the advantages
has the
of low stator current and high fault tolerance [26]. The mathematical model of a 12-phase
advantages of low stator current and high fault tolerance [26]. The mathematical model of a 12-phase flux-switching
PMSG for windPMSG
flux-switching power for generation
wind power has been studiedhas
generation in [27].
beenThe series-connected
studied in [27]. Themulti-half-bridge
series-connected
modules converter for
multi-half-bridge integrating
modules m-phase
converter forPMSG with HVDC
integrating has been
m-phase highlighted
PMSG in [28], which
with HVDC can
has been
offer a transformerless operation with an AC–DC boosting gain of 2 m. However,
highlighted in [28], which can offer a transformerless operation with an AC–DC boosting gain of 2 m. the highest insulation
level of generator
However, phases
the highest is equal to
insulation the of
level HVDC transmission
generator phases isvoltage.
equal toBesides,
the HVDC the process has a problem
transmission voltage.
of relatively low fault tolerant capability as a failure in any phase yields a complete
Besides, the process has a problem of relatively low fault tolerant capability as a failure in any phase system shutdown.
To overcome
yields the shortcomings
a complete system shutdown. mentioned above, this
To overcome the paper proposes
shortcomings a novel topology
mentioned above, this of paper
wind
power systems based on multi-phase PMSG with HVDC, which has the
proposes a novel topology of wind power systems based on multi-phase PMSG with HVDC, which advantages of transformerless
operation, low cost, of
has the advantages low voltage stress of
transformerless stator windings,
operation, low cost,and
lowhigh faultstress
voltage tolerance.
of stator windings, and
This paper
high fault tolerance. is organized as follows. The novel topology of wind power system based on
multi-phase
This paperPMSG with HVDC
is organized and its working
as follows. The novelprinciples
topology are analyzed
of wind power in system
Sectionbased
2. Theoncontrol
multi-
methods of the novel topology are developed in Section 3. The simulation and
phase PMSG with HVDC and its working principles are analyzed in Section II. The control methods experiment are discussed
in
of Section 4. Section
the novel topology 5 concludes this paper.
are developed in Section III. The simulation and experiment are discussed in
Section IV. Section V concludes this paper.
Energies 2018, 11, 3294 3 of 16

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 16

2. The System Topology and Working Principles

2. The System Topology and Working Principles
2.1. System Topology
2.1. System Topology
The topology of the proposed wind power system with multi-phase PMSG is shown in Figure 2.
The topology of the proposed wind power system with multi-phase PMSG is shown in Figure 2.
The multi-phase PMSG has several sets of three-phase windings. Each set of three-phase winding is
The multi-phase PMSG has several sets of three-phase windings. Each set of three-phase winding is
connected to a diode rectifier. The outputs of the diode rectifiers are connected by N parallel isolated
connected to a diode rectifier. The outputs of the diode rectifiers are connected by N parallel isolated
DC–DC converters. Each DC–DC converter is connected to a SM. The diode rectifiers, N parallel
DC–DC converters. Each DC–DC converter is connected to a SM. The diode rectifiers, N parallel
isolated DC–DC converters, and N SMs, which are connected to the same set of three-phase winding,
isolated DC–DC converters, and N SMs, which are connected to the same set of three-phase winding,
areare
regarded as a converter group. On the grid side, all SMs and two inductors are connected in a
regarded as a converter group. On the grid side, all SMs and two inductors are connected in a
series, which has
series, which hasthe
thesame
samestructure
structureasas one
one phase
phase of MMC. Therefore,
of MMC. Therefore,the
thecontrol
controlstrategy
strategy
forfor
DCDC
transmission voltage can refer to that of MMC.
transmission voltage can refer to that of MMC.

The first converter group

i11
i1 + +
u11
u1

-
DC/DC
- +
diode rectifier(DR) SM1
1B
6A
DC/DC SMN HVDC
6B 1A DC/DC SM1
DR +
1C DC/DC SMN
6C
DC/DC SM1
DR
1
DC/DC SMN
2
3
Multi-phase 4
PMSG
5 Virtual
6 Phase A
DC/DC SM1
DR

DC/DC SMN

DC/DC SM1
DR

DC/DC SMN

-
DC/DC SM1

i6k
i6 + +
u6k
u1

diode rectifier(DR)
-
DC/DC
-
SM1
-
The sixth converter group

1
2

Multi-phase
3
4
Converters
PMSG
6
5 ( group 1 to 6)

Figure The
2. 2.
Figure topology
The topologyofofthe
theproposed
proposedwind
wind power
power generation systemwith
generation system withmulti-phase
multi-phase permanent
permanent
magnetic synchronous
magnetic synchronousgenerator
generator(PMSG)
(PMSG)based
based on
on high
high voltage DC (HVDC).
voltage DC (HVDC).

The use
The ofof
use a diode
a dioderectifier
rectifiercan
cangreatly
greatly reduce
reduce the costs
costs and
andenhance
enhancethethereliability
reliability
ofof
thethe wind
wind
power
powergeneration
generationsystem
system[29].
[29].However,
However, when
when a diode rectifierisisused
diode rectifier usedininthree-phase
three-phasePMSGPMSG wind
wind
power generation system, the low order harmonics (mainly 5th and 7th) of stator currents
power generation system, the low order harmonics (mainly 5th and 7th) of stator currents will lead to will lead
to high
high levellevel of electromagnetic
of electromagnetic torque
torque ripple.
ripple. Whileininthe
While themulti-phase
multi-phase PMSG,
PMSG,the theharmonic
harmonic magneto
magneto
motive
motive forces,
forces, caused caused by harmonic
by harmonic currents,currents, can be
can be greatly greatly Accordingly,
weakened. weakened. Accordingly, the
the electromagnetic
electromagnetic torque ripple decreases significantly. The stator coils are isolated from the
torque ripple decreases significantly. The stator coils are isolated from the high DC transmission voltage high DC
by transmission
isolated DC–DC voltage by isolated
converters. So,DC–DC converters.
they only So, they
endure low onlystress.
voltage endure low voltage stress.
Energies 2018, 11, 3294 4 of 16

Apparently, the larger the number of parallel isolated DC–DC converter is, the higher the grid
voltage will be. N can be formulated by,

UHVDC
N= n phase (1)
6 Kboost UDR

where, UHVDC and UDR are the DC transmission voltage and DC side voltage of a diode rectifier,
respectively. nphase is the phase number of multi-phase PMSG. Kboost is the boost ratio of DC–DC converter.
Obviously, the analyses and conclusions exhibited in this paper are applicable for any multi-phase
PMSG, only if the phase amount of PMSG is a multiple of three.

2.2. Working Principles

The stator currents are closely relative to the DC voltages of diode rectifiers. The higher the DC
voltages are, the lower the stator currents will be. The rotor speed of PMSG is entirely determined by
the stator currents. Therefore, to achieve speed control, and finally achieve MPPT, the DC voltages
of diode rectifiers must be controlled which can be realized by controlling the duty cycles of isolated
DC–DC converters.
The energy captured by PMSG will charge the SM capacitors, and then increase the voltages
of the SM capacitors. When one SM is switched on (that means the upper IGBT being on and the
lower IGBT being off), its capacitor will deliver energy to the HVDC grid and the capacitor voltage
decreases. To sum up, we can know that if the voltages of the SM capacitors are controlled to be
constant, the energy captured by PMSG will be entirely delivered to the HVDC grid.

2.3. Cost Analysis

The system costs are mainly relative to the power volume. Supposing that the power volume of
PMSG is S, the total power volume of diode rectifiers is about 3.5S as each diode must endure line
voltage and phase current. The total power volumes of IGBTs and diodes used in DC–DC converters
are both 4S. The total power volume of IGBTs used in SMs is 2S. The total power volume of the high
frequency transformers used in DC–DC converters is S. So the total power volumes of IGBTs, diodes
and transformers used in the novel topology are 6S, 7.5S, and S, respectively.
For the topology shown in Figure 1a, the total power volume of IGBTs used in an AC–DC–AC
converter is about 7S, as each IGBT must endure line voltage and phase current. The total power
volume of IGBTs used in an MMC based centralized AC–DC converter is about 7S. For the topology
shown in Figure 1b, the total power volume of IGBTs used in AC–DC converters is about 3.5S. The total
power volume of IGBTs used in an MMC based DC–DC converter is 12S. For the topology shown in
Figure 1c, the total power volume of IGBTs used in an AC–DC converter is about 3.5S. The total power
volumes of IGBTs and diodes used in DC–DC converters are both 4S.
The costs and characteristics of the four topologies are compared, as given in Table 1. It can be seen
that the power devices of the proposed topology are far less than those of topology one and topology two,
while slightly more than those of topology three. But the novel topology doesn’t need ESS, which is a
heavy cost in engineering. Overall, the proposed topology has advantages in regards to cost.

Table 1. Costs and characteristics of four topologies.

Proposed Topology 1 Topology 2 Topology 3

Items
Topology Figure 1a Figure 1b Figure 1c
IGBT 6S 14S 15.5S 7.5S
diode 7.5S - - 4S
transformer frequency high low high high
transformer ratio low high high low
ESS no no no need
Energies 2018, 11, 3294 5 of 16

3. Control Method
The control method is divided into two parts: The MPPT control and the DC transmission current
control. The MPPT control aims to achieve optimal tip speed ratio. The DC transmission current
control aims to deliver the power captured by PMSG to the DC transmission grid and balance the
capacitor voltages of SMs.

3.1. MPPT Control

To achieve MPPT, the tip speed ratio is supposed to be at its optimal value [30]. Thus the rotor
speed reference ωre f is formulated by,
λopt v
ωre f = (2)
R
where, λopt is the optimal tip speed ratio, v is the wind speed, R is the blade radius.
When the rotor speed is higher than ωre f , in order to achieve MPPT, the output currents of the
diode rectifiers need to increase to lower down the rotor speed. Thus, the conventional PI controller,
PID controller and PR controller can all be used to adjust the rotor speed. For convenience, the PI
controller is chosen in this paper to get the diode rectifier output current reference iref ,

k i1
ire f = (ω − ωre f )(k p1 + ) (3)
s
where, ω is the rotor speed, kp1 and ki1 are the proportional and integral coefficients, respectively.
The output voltage of the DC–DC converter is controlled to equal its rated value by DC transmission
current controller, which will be discussed in the next section. If the duty cycle of DC–DC converter
rises, the input voltage of DC–DC converter falls correspondingly. The decreasing input voltage of
DC–DC converter causes the output current of diode rectifier rising. Therefore, if the output current of
diode rectifier is higher than its reference, the input voltage of DC–DC converter needs to rise and the
duty cycle needs to fall. As in Equation (3), the duty cycle of DC–DC converter Dk is expressed by,

k i2
Dk = (ire f − ik )(k p2 + ) k = 1, 2 · · · 6 (4)
s
where, ik is the output current of the kth diode rectifier; Dk is the duty cycle of the DC–DC converter in
the kth converter group; kp2 and ki2 are the proportional and integral coefficients, respectively.
The input voltages of the parallel DC–DC converters, following the same diode rectifier, are the
same, while the corresponding output voltages are not the same as the parameters can’t be exactly
the same. Accordingly, an energy balance controller is designed to ensure the energy balance of all
DC–DC converters.
The average current of the parallel DC–DC converters is expressed by,

j= N,k=6
1
i ave =
6N ∑ ikj (5)
j=1,k =1

where, ikj is the input current of the jth DC–DC converter in the kth converter group.
In order to balance the energy of DC–DC converters, a PI controller is used to get the extra duty
cycle ∆Dkj , as expressed by,
k
∆Dkj = (i ave − ikj )(k p3 + i3 ) (6)
s
where, kp3 and ki3 are the proportional and integral coefficients, respectively.
The final duty cycle is achieved by (7),

Dkj = Dk + ∆Dkj (7)

Energies 2018, 11, 3294 6 of 16
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 16

The scheme of MPPT controller is

The scheme of MPPT is shown
shown in
controller in Figure
Figure 3.
3.
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 16

Energy balance Duty cycle for the jth

i1 j
i1 j controller
D1 j DC-DC cconverter in
iave k ΔD the 1st group
k p 3 + kii33 ΔD11jj D1 j
iave k p3  s
Δ D1m
 D1m

s
i1
i1
k D1
ω k p 2 + kii22 D1
ω k p2  s
s
k iref
ωref k p1 + ki1i1 iref
ωref k p1  s
s
Rotor speed k
controller kkp 2 + kii22
p2 ss
ii6 D6
6 Duty cycle for the jth
DC-DC converter in
iiave k ΔD D
kkp 3 + kii33 ΔD66jj
Δ D1m D66jj the 6th group
ave
p3 ss
 D1m

ii6 j
6j

Figure 3. The scheme of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller.
3. The scheme of the maximum power point tracking
Figure 3. tracking (MPPT)
(MPPT) controller.
controller.

3.2. DC Transmission Current Control

3.2. DC
DC Transmission
Transmission Current Control
The
The scheme of DC transmission current controller
controller is shown in
in Figure 4.
4.
The scheme
scheme of
of DC
DC transmission
transmission current
current controllerisisshown
shown inFigure
Figure 4.

UC_ave k k Gate
kkp 4 + kii44 id_ref kkp 5 + kii55 UHVDC NLC signal
p4 ss p5 ss for SMs

UCref d i
Figure 4. The scheme of DC transmission
Figure 4. The scheme of DC transmission current
current controller.
controller.
Figure 4. The scheme of DC transmission current controller.
The DC
The DC transmission current iidd is
transmission current is proportional
proportional to to the
the transmission
transmission power power as
as the
the DC
DC transmission
transmission
The
voltage U DC transmission
is commonly constant. If the average value of all SM capacitor voltages istransmission
current i d is proportional to the transmission power as the DC higher than
voltage UHVDC
HVDC is commonly constant. If the average value of all SM capacitor voltages is higher than
voltage
its rated Uvalue,
HVDC is
i commonly
is supposedconstant.
to increase.If the average
Therefore value
the of all
reference SM capacitor
value of DCvoltages is
transmissionhigher than
current
its rated value, idd is supposed to increase. Therefore the reference value of DC transmission current
its rated
can value, idby,
be expressed
expressed is supposed to increase. Therefore the reference value of DC transmission current
can be by,
can be expressed by, k
id_re f = (UC_ave − UCre f )(k p4 + i4 ) (8)
ks
id _ ref = (U C _ ave − U Cref )(k p 4 + kii44) (8)
where, UCref is the rated capacitorid _voltage ref  (U C
of_ ave
SM, UkCref )(k p 4ki4 sare) the proportional and integral
p4 and (8)
s
coefficients, respectively. UC_ave is the average value of all SM capacitor voltages, and is formulated by,
where, UCref is the rated capacitor voltage of SM, kp4 and ki4 are the proportional and integral
where, UCref is the rated capacitor voltage of SM, kp4 and ki4 are the proportional and integral
coefficients, respectively. UC_ave is the average valuek=of 6,j=all
N SM capacitor voltages, and is formulated
coefficients, respectively. UC_ave is the average value 1 of all SM capacitor voltages, and is formulated
by,
by,
UC_ave = ∑
6N k=1,j=1
UCkj (9)
k = 6, j = N
1 k  6, j  N
where, UCkj is the capacitor voltage of the U Cjth
U C__ave
SM
ave
= in1the kthUconverter
 6
Ckj
N k =1, j =1U Ckj 
 group. (9)
(9)
If the DC transmission current id is higher than kits 6 N 1, reference
j 1 value id_ref , the DC transmission
voltageU
where, UCkj is capacitor
is the
HVDC supposed voltage
to fall toofdecrease the in
the jth SM DCthetransmission
kth converter group.Just like (3), UHVDC can be
current.
where, UCkj is the capacitor voltage of the jth SM in the kth converter group.
formulated
If the DC by, transmission current id is higher than its reference value id_ref, the DC transmission
If the DC transmission current id is higher than its reference value id_ref, the DC transmission
k i5 current.
voltage UHVDC is supposed to fall to decrease
UHVDC = (the
ithe DC − transmission
d )( k p5 +
itransmission ) current. Just like (3), UHVDC can(10)
be
voltage UHVDC is supposed to fall to decrease d_re fDC
s Just like (3), UHVDC can be
formulated by,
formulated by,
ki 5
U HVDC  (id _ ref  id )(k p5  ) (10)
s
Energies 2018, 11, 3294 7 of 16

where, kp5 and ki5 are the proportional and integral coefficients, respectively.
Finally, the required DC transmission voltage UHVDC is realized by nearest level control (NLC)
with voltage sorting [31].

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Simulation Results

To verify the performances of the proposed topology and its control methods, a simulation model
with MATLAB/SIMULINK was setup. The simulation parameters are listed in Table 2.

Table 2. Model parameters.

Items Parameter Value

phase number 18
structure Asymmetrical, six neutral points
rated power 2 MW
rated voltage 690 V
PMSG rated speed 17.5 rpm
pole pairs 12
stator resistance 2 mΩ
leakage inductance 0.1 mH
PM flux linkage 5.1 Wb
rated voltage of SM 1000 V
capacitance of SM 4 mF/each
HVDC Inductance 10 mH
rated DC transmission voltage 12 kV
number of SMs in each bridge arm 12
control frequency 5 kHz
kp1 , ki1 70, 250
kp2 , ki2 0.1, 10
controller
kp3 , ki3 1, 10
kp4 , ki4 5, 201
kp5 , ki5 1.3, 100

4.1.1. Wind Speed Changes

In this simulation, the wind speed changed from 10.2 m/s to 8.9 m/s gradually during 1.0 s to
1.5 s. The simulation results are shown in Figure 5.
The DC transmission voltage and current were initially 12.015 kV and 157.5 A. From 1.0 s to 1.5 s,
The DC transmission current changed from 157 A to 104.6 A gradually. Compared to that of before 1 s,
the DC transmission voltage declined slightly after 1.5 s, as shown in Figure 5a clearly. The reason for
this is that the reduction of DC transmission current weakened the anti-electromotive force of inductor.
The wind power coefficient maintained a constant 0.48, which meant that the proposed controller
could achieve MPPT [32], as shown in Figure 5b.
In Figure 5c, it can be seen that the terminal voltage of PMSG decreased from 690 V to 617 V,
and its frequency decreased from 3.5 Hz to 3.068 Hz. The reason for this is that when the wind speed
decreased, the rotor speed decreased to maintain the tip speed ratio at its optimal value. Accordingly,
the amplitude and frequency of the terminal voltage of PMSG both decreased.
The electromagnetic torque was 1.1075 MN·m with a ripple of 0.17%. The ripple was very small
because the special structure of eighteen-phase generator eliminated the bad effect induced by the
low order harmonics of stator currents. Its main ripple frequency was 125 Hz, which was 36 times of
fundamental frequency, approximately. After the wind speed changed to a new stable stage, the torque
decreased to 847.98 kN·m with a ripple of less than 0.1%, which is shown in Figure 5d. During the
process, the voltages of SM capacitors were all about 1000 V, while the currents of DC–DC converters
Energies 2018, 11, 3294 8 of 16

decreases from 81.6 A to 59.3 A with a maximum unbalance degree of 1.3%, which are shown in
Figure 5e,f with different color lines, respectively. These results indicate that the control scheme can
achieve MPPT
Energies 2018, 11, xand
FORHVDC transmission effectively.
PEER REVIEW 8 of 16

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Simulation
Simulationresults
resultswhen
whensystem
system is is
onon
transient operation:
transient (a) DC
operation: (a) transmission voltage
DC transmission and
voltage
current;
and (b) Wind
current; power
(b) Wind coefficient;
power (c) Terminal
coefficient; voltage
(c) Terminal of PMSG;
voltage (d) Electromagnetic
of PMSG; torque;
(d) Electromagnetic (e)
torque;
sub-module
(e) sub-module (SM) capacitor
(SM) voltages;
capacitor (f) Currents
voltages; of DC–DC
(f) Currents of DC–DCconverters.
converters.

4.1.2. The
OneDC
DC–DC Converter
transmission Breaks
voltage Down
and current were initially 12.015 kV and 157.5 A. From 1.0 s to 1.5
s, TheIn DC
thistransmission current
simulation, the changedconverter
first DC–DC from 157 A in to 104.6
the A gradually.
1st converter Compared
group to that
broke down of was
and before
cut
1 s, the DC transmission voltage declined slightly after
off at 0.5 s. The simulation results are given in Figure 6. 1.5 s, as shown in Figure 5a clearly. The reason
for this is that the reduction of DC transmission current weakened the anti-electromotive force of
inductor. The wind power coefficient maintained a constant 0.48, which meant that the proposed
controller could achieve MPPT [32], as shown in Figure 5b.
In Figure 5c, it can be seen that the terminal voltage of PMSG decreased from 690 V to 617 V,
and its frequency decreased from 3.5 Hz to 3.068 Hz. The reason for this is that when the wind speed
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16

EnergiesIn2018,
this11,simulation,
3294 the first DC–DC converter in the 1st converter group broke down and was
9 of 16
cut off at 0.5 s. The simulation results are given in Figure 6.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
Figure6.6. Simulation
Figure Simulation results
results when one DC–DC converter breaks
DC–DC converter breaks down:
down:(a)
(a)DC
DCtransmission
transmissionvoltage
voltage
and
and current;
current; (b)
(b) Wind
Wind power coefficient; (c) Terminal
coefficient; (c) Terminal voltage
voltageofofPMSG;
PMSG;(d)
(d)Electromagnetic
Electromagnetictorque;
torque;
(e)SM
(e) SMcapacitor
capacitor voltages;
voltages; (f)
(f) Currents
Currents of DC–DC converters.
converters.

As
As can
can be
be seen
seen from
from Figure 6a, the DC DC transmission
transmissioncurrent
currentsuffered
sufferedan
anobvious
obviousdrop
dropatat0.5
0.5s,s,
which
whichwas wascaused
causedbybythethe
factfact
that that
the broken-down
the broken-down DC–DC converter
DC–DC couldn’t
converter deliver power
couldn’t deliveranymore.
power
The total power
anymore. of PMSG
The total powerwas sharedwas
of PMSG by shared
the normal DC–DC
by the normalconverters immediately,
DC–DC converters with the control
immediately, with
of energy
the controlbalance controller.
of energy balanceAs a result, the
controller. As DC transmission
a result, voltage and current
the DC transmission voltage were both equal
and current wereto
the
bothresults
equalof
to simulation
the results of A,simulation
while the currents
A, while ofthethe DC–DC
currents converters
of the DC–DCrose from 81.6
converters roseAfrom
to 85.2
81.6A,
A shown
as to 85.2 A, as shown
in Figure 6f. in Figure 6f.
The electromagnetic torque ripple also slightly increased with a ripple frequency of 6 times of the
fundamental frequency of the terminal voltage of PMSG, which is shown in Figure 6e. The reason is that
the output power of the first converter group was less than those of the other five normal converter groups.
 results are given in Figure 7.
As can be seen from Figure 7a, the DC transmission current dropped to 123 A when the first set
of three-phase winding was open circuited suddenly, and the current ripple also increased. The
current of each DC–DC converter was 96.7 A, as shown in Figure 7f with different color lines,
Energies 2018, 11,The
respectively. 3294reason for this is that only five sets of three-phase windings were available to deliver
10 of 16
the power, so the current became about 6/5 times that of its original value.
The fluctuation of wind coefficient also increased, as shown in Figure 7b. The torque ripple
The wind coefficient also fluctuated around 0.48, as shown in Figure 6b. The capacitor voltage
increased to 1.8%, which is because the MMF, excited by the five three-phase windings, was no longer
of the SM which was connected to the broken-down DC–DC converter decreased to 993 V, while the
symmetrical due to the lack of one set of three-phase winding.
capacitor voltages of the normal SMs were all still 1000 V, which verifies the high fault tolerance of the
The SM voltages are shown in Figure 7e with different color lines, respectively. It can be seen
proposed topology.
that although the voltage ripple increased to 1%, the capacitor voltages of SMs connected to the
normal
4.1.3. One windings still fluctuated
Set of Three-Phase around
Winding Is 1000
OpenV,Circuited
which further proves the high fault tolerance of the
topology.
In thisthat,
Note simulation,
the bluethe linefirst
andsetred
of line
three-phase winding
denote the was open circuited
DC transmission voltage at
and0.5current
s. The simulation
in Figure
results are given in Figure
5a, 6a and 7a, respectively. 7.

(a) (b)

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 16

(c) (d)

(e) (f)
Figure 7.7. Simulation
Figure Simulation results when
when one
one set of three-phase
three-phase winding
winding waswas open
open circuited:
circuited: (a)
(a)DC
DC
transmission voltage
transmission voltage and
and current;
current;(b)
(b)Wind
Windpower
power coefficient; (c) (c)
coefficient; Terminal voltage
Terminal of PMSG;
voltage (d)
of PMSG;
Electromagnetic
(d) Electromagnetictorque; (e) (e)
torque; SMSM
capacitor voltages;
capacitor (f) Currents
voltages; of DC–DC
(f) Currents of DC–DCconverters.
converters.

4.2. Experiment Results

The RT-Lab HILS experiment setup was applied to verify the performance of the proposed
topology, as shown in Figure 8. The TMS320F28335 was selected as the DSP controller, and RT-lab
OP5600 was used to simulate the wind power system with multi-phase PMSG. The experiment
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 16

Energies 2018, 11, 3294 11 of 16

As can be seen from Figure 7a, the DC transmission current dropped to 123 A when the first set of
three-phase winding was open circuited suddenly, and the current ripple also increased. The current
of each DC–DC converter was 96.7 A, as shown in Figure 7f with different color lines, respectively.
The reason for this is that only five sets of three-phase windings were available to deliver the power,
so the current became about 6/5 times that of its original value.
The fluctuation of wind coefficient also increased, as shown in Figure 7b. The torque ripple
increased to 1.8%, which is because the MMF, excited by the five three-phase windings, was no longer
symmetrical due to the lack of one set of three-phase winding.
The SM voltages are shown in Figure 7e with different color lines, respectively. It can be seen that
although the voltage ripple (e) increased to 1%, the capacitor voltages of SMs (f) connected to the normal
windings
Figurestill
7. fluctuated
Simulation around 1000 V,one
results when which further
set of proveswinding
three-phase the highwas
faultopen
tolerance of the
circuited: (a)topology.
DC
Note that, the
transmission blueand
voltage line and red
current; line denote
(b) Wind the DC transmission
power coefficient; voltageofand
(c) Terminal voltage PMSG;current
(d) in
Figures 5–7, respectively.
Electromagnetic torque; (e) SM capacitor voltages; (f) Currents of DC–DC converters.

4.2. Experiment Results

4.2. Experiment Results
The RT-Lab HILS
HILS experiment setup was applied to verify the performance of the proposed
topology, as shown in Figure 8. The TMS320F28335
TMS320F28335 was selected
selected as
as the
the DSP
DSP controller, and RT-lab
OP5600 was used to simulate the wind wind power
power system
system with
with multi-phase
multi-phase PMSG. The experiment
experiment
parameters were all the same of those in the simulations.
were all the same of those in the simulations.

RT-Lab

Figure 8. RT-Lab HILS experiment setup.

4.2.1. Wind Speed

4.2.1. Wind Speed Changes
Changes
Figure
Figure 99 shows
showsthe theexperiment
experiment results
results when
when the the
wind wind
speed speed changed
changed fromm/s
from 10.2 10.2to m/s
8.9 m/sto
8.9 m/s gradually.
gradually.
The
The DC
DC transmission
transmissionvoltage
voltagewas
was about 1212
about kV,kV,while the the
while DC DC
transmission current
transmission decreased
current from
decreased
157
from 157 A to 104 A gradually. The electromagnetic torque also decreased from 1.1 MN·m tom
A to 104 A gradually. The electromagnetic torque also decreased from 1.1 MN · m to 0.85 MN · as
0.85
the
MN·mwindasspeed decreased.
the wind speed The ripple of
decreased. electromagnetic
The torque was very
ripple of electromagnetic small,
torque which
was veryhighlights
small, which the
advantage of multi-phase PMSG. The SM capacitor voltages fluctuated around 1
highlights the advantage of multi-phase PMSG. The SM capacitor voltages fluctuated around 1 kV kV during the time
of windthe
during speed
timechange.
of windThe currents
speed of the
change. TheDC–DC
currentsconverters in the converters
of the DC–DC first converter
in thegroup
first decreased
converter
from
group decreased from 82 A to 59 A. The experimental results indicated that the proposed achieve
82 A to 59 A. The experimental results indicated that the proposed control method could control
MPPT
methodand HVDC
could transmission
achieve MPPT and effectively,
HVDCand it also exhibited
transmission a goodand
effectively, dynamic
it alsocharacteristic
exhibited a whengood
wind speed
dynamic changes. when wind speed changes.
characteristic
 Energies 2018, 11, 3294 12 of 16
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 16

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 16

Figure 9. Experiment results when wind speed changes: (a) DC transmission voltage and current; (b)
9. Experiment results when wind speed changes:(a)(a)DC
DCtransmission
transmission voltage
voltage and
FigureFigure
9. Experiment results when wind speed changes: and current;
current; (b)
Terminal
(b) Terminalvoltage of PMSG
voltage of PMSGandand
electromagnetic torque;
electromagnetic (c) SM
torque; (c) capacitor voltages;
SM capacitor (d) Currents
voltages; of DC–
(d) Currents of
Terminal voltage
DC converters.of PMSG and electromagnetic torque; (c) SM capacitor voltages; (d) Currents of DC–
DC–DC converters.
DC converters.
4.2.2.
4.2.2.One
OneDC–DC
DC–DCConverter
ConverterBreaks
Breaks Down
down
4.2.2. One DC–DC Converter Breaks down
Figure10
Figure 10shows
showsthe
theexperiment
experiment results
results when
when the first DC–DC
DC–DC converter
converter in
in the
the first
first converter
converter
groupbroke
group
Figure broke down.the experiment results when the first DC–DC converter in the first converter
down.
10 shows
group broke down.

Figure 10.Experiment
Figure10. Experimentresults
resultswhen
when one
one DC–DC
DC–DC converter
converter broke down: (a)
(a) DC
DC transmission
transmissionvoltage
voltage
and
andcurrent;
current; (b)
(b) Terminal voltage
voltageofofPMSG
PMSGand
andelectromagnetic
electromagnetic torque;
torque; (c) SM
(c) SM capacitor
capacitor voltages;
voltages; (d)
(d) Currents of DC–DC converters.
Currents of DC–DC converters.

FigureThe
10.DC transmission
Experiment voltage
results whenmaintained
one DC–DC at 12 kV, while
converter the DC
broke transmission
down: current decreased
(a) DC transmission voltage
at the time of DC–DC converter break down, which was caused by the sudden power loss
and current; (b) Terminal voltage of PMSG and electromagnetic torque; (c) SM capacitor voltages; of the
(d)
broken-down DC–DC converter.
Currents of DC–DC converters. After the broken-down DC–DC converter was cut off, the ripple of

The DC transmission voltage maintained at 12 kV, while the DC transmission current decreased
Energies 2018, 11, 3294 13 of 16

The DC transmission voltage maintained at 12 kV, while the DC transmission current decreased
atEnergies
the time
2018,of
11, DC–DC
x FOR PEERconverter
REVIEW break down, which was caused by the sudden power loss13ofofthe 16
broken-down DC–DC converter. After the broken-down DC–DC converter was cut off, the ripple
ofelectromagnetic
electromagnetictorque torquerose,
rose,which
whichisisininaccordance
accordancewith
withthe
thesimulation
simulationanalysis.
analysis.TheThefirst
firstSM
SM
capacitorvoltage
capacitor voltagedecreased
decreasedto to990
990V
V after
after the broken-down DC–DC converter
converter was
wascutcutoff,
off,which
whichwas
was
duetotothat
due thatthe
thefirst
firstSM
SMnonolonger
longer absorbing
absorbing energy
energy and no longer participating
participatingininNLC.
NLC.The Thecurrent
current
ofofthe
thebroken-down
broken-downDC–DC DC–DC converter
converter declined
declined to zero, while
while the
the currents
currents of
of the
the normal
normal DC–DC
DC–DC
convertersincreased
converters increasedtoto85 85AAwith
withaa ripple
ripple of
of 55 A.
A. The
The experimental
experimental results
resultsindicated
indicatedthat
thatthe
theproposed
proposed
topology exhibited high fault tolerance, and the control method can ensure the
topology exhibited high fault tolerance, and the control method can ensure the energy balanceenergy balance of DC– of
DC converters.
DC–DC converters.

4.2.3.One
4.2.3. OneSet
Setof
ofThree-Phase
Three-PhaseWinding
WindingIs
IsOpen
Open Circuited
Circuited
Figure 11
Figure 11 shows
shows the
the experiment
experimentresults when
results thethe
when firstfirst
set of
setthree-phase winding
of three-phase was open
winding was
circuited.
open circuited.

Figure 11. Experiment

Figure11. Experiment results when one set of three-phase winding was
three-phase winding was open
open circuited;
circuited; (a)
(a) DC
DC
transmission
transmissionvoltage
voltageand
and current;
current; (b)
(b) Terminal
Terminal voltage
voltage of PMSG and electromagnetic
electromagnetictorque;
torque;(c)
(c)SM
SM
capacitor voltages; (d) Currents of DC–DC converters.
capacitor voltages; (d) Currents of DC–DC converters.

The
Thechange
changeof ofDC
DCtransmission
transmission voltage
voltage was
was tiny,
tiny, while
while the DC transmission
the DC transmission current
currentdropped
dropped
immediately when the first set of three-phase winding was open circuited, which
immediately when the first set of three-phase winding was open circuited, which was caused by the was caused by
the sudden
sudden power
power lossloss of open
of the the open circuited
circuited winding
winding set.ripple
set. The The ripple of electromagnetic
of electromagnetic torquetorque was
was large,
large,
which was caused by the asymmetrical MMF. All normal SM capacitor voltages kept at 1000 V. TheV.
which was caused by the asymmetrical MMF. All normal SM capacitor voltages kept at 1000
The currents
currents of DC–DC
of DC–DC converters
converters connected
connected to the open-circuited
to the open-circuited windingwinding set decreased
set decreased to zero. Intoorder
zero.
Intoorder to deliver
deliver the same thepower,
same power, the currents
the currents of the normal
of the normal DC–DCDC–DC converters
converters increased
increased to about to 98
about
A.
98 A. These experiment results confirm the validity of the control
These experiment results confirm the validity of the control scheme. scheme.

5.5.Conclusions
Conclusions
The
TheHVDC
HVDCtransmission
transmissiontechnology
technology of
of wind
wind power system with
power system with multi-phase
multi-phasePMSG
PMSGisisproposed
proposed
ininthis paper, which has the advantages of transformerless operation, low cost, low voltage
this paper, which has the advantages of transformerless operation, low cost, low voltage stress, stress,
and high fault tolerance. The MPPT control, energy balance control, and transmission current control
and high fault tolerance. The MPPT control, energy balance control, and transmission current control
are
arediscussed
discussedin indetail.
detail. The
The simulation
simulation and
and experiment results showed
experiment results showedthatthatduring
duringthe
thesteady
steadystate,
state,
the ripple of electromagnetic torque was less than 0.17% and the unbalance degree of currents of DC–
DC converters was only 1.3%. Furthermore, the power captured by PMSG can all be delivered to the
grid by the normal converters when some converters suffer outage. Overall, our results show that the
Energies 2018, 11, 3294 14 of 16

the ripple of electromagnetic torque was less than 0.17% and the unbalance degree of currents of
DC–DC converters was only 1.3%. Furthermore, the power captured by PMSG can all be delivered to
the grid by the normal converters when some converters suffer outage. Overall, our results show that
the proposed control scheme can achieve MPPT and the topology can achieve HVDC transmission
effectively with high fault tolerance.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, F.R.; Methodology, F.R.; Software, Y.Z.; Validation, Z.Y.; Writing and
Original Draft Preparation, Z.Y.; Writing and Revising, F.R.; Writing and Reviewing, S.Z.; Supervision, S.H.
Funding: This research was funded by Natural Science Founder of Hunan, China, grant number 2018JJ2045 and
China Southern Power Grid Research Institute Fund, grant number 2019.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature
UHVDC Voltage of high voltage DC grid (V)
N Number of SMs
UDR Voltage of the DC converter (V)
Kboost Ratio of DC-DC converter
Nphase Phase number of PMSG
ω, ωre f Rotor speed and its reference (rad/s)
λopt Optimal tip speed ratio
v Wind speed (m/s)
iref Diode rectifier output current reference
kp1 , ki1 , kp2 , ki2 , kp3 , ki3 , kp4 , ki4 Proportional and integral coefficients
ik Output current of the kth diode rectifier (A)
ikj Input current of the jth DC-DC converter in the kth converter group (A)
Dk Duty cycle of the DC-DC converter in the kth converter group
iave Average current of the parallel DC-DC converters (A)
UCref Rated capacitor voltage of SM (V)
UCkj Capacitor voltage of the jth SM in the kth converter group (V)
UC_ave Average value of all SM capacitor voltages (V)
id , idref DC transmission current and its reference (A)

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