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COMPOUNDS
HISTORY OF CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE
A. ANTOINE LAVOISIER (1789) [33 Elements known]
1. Modernized system of naming compounds by publishing
chemistry book containing new nomenclature
2. Introduced basic ideas
a. all elements have single word names
b. all compounds have names made up of their
elements
c. a system of prefixes and suffixes should be used
3. EXAMPLE:
COMMON NAME SYSTEMATIC NAME
fixed air carbon dioxide
cinnabar mercuric sulfide
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C. JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS (1814) [47 Elements]
1. Dalton’s symbols became awkward as more elements
were discovered
2. Devised system using symbols whereby upper case first
letter of name of element is used, or if necessary lower
case second letter
3. Use of Latin names as basis
Cu (cuprum) – copper K (kalium) – potassium
Fe (ferrum) – iron Pb (plumbum) – lead
Sb (stibnum – antimony Sn (stannum) – tin
4. Introduced the use of subscripts
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III. USING CHEMICAL FORMULAS
A. The MOLE
1. Mole was introduced by Wilhelm Ostwald in 1896
2. Mole comes from the Latin word “heap” or “pile”
3. 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles (Avogadro’s number)
B.Molecular Mass/Weight – sum of all the atomic
weights of the atoms in a molecule
C. Formula Mass/Weight – sum of the average atomic
masses of all the atoms represented in the formula of
any molecule, formula unit or ion
1. Same as molecular weight/mass; just a language
problem
Just consider this to be a giant conspiracy designed to keep
the uneducated from ever understanding chemistry
[# ATOMS X ATOMIC MASS]
D.Molar Mass – mass of one mole of a pure substance
1. Molar mass is numerically equal to formula mass
2. 1 mole = Molar mass in grams
3. 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles (Avogadro’s Number)
4. Molar mass of a compound can be used as a
conversion factor to relate an amount in moles to a
mass in grams for a given substance
EXAMPLE:
Na2SO4 Ba3(PO4)2
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E. MOLES – MASS – MOLECULES
1. MOLES to GRAMS (Use Molar mass as conversion factor)
Given amt in moles Molar mass given
1 mol given
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4. MOLECULES to MOLES (1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 molecules)
Given amt molecules 1 mol given
6.022 x 1023 molecules
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D.PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION – percent by mass of
each element in a compound
mass of element
If mass in grams in given: % total mass x 100
If only formula is given, find Molar Mass
mass of element
% x 100
molar mass of compound
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CALCULATING MASS PERCENT
mass of element
% x 100
total mass
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IV. DETERMINING CHEMICAL FORMULAS
A. Calculation of Empirical Formulas
1. Empirical formula – consist of the symbols for the
elements combined in a compound, with subscripts
showing the smallest whole-number ratio of the
different atoms in the compound
2. If % comp. is given, assume 100 g of substance
% = mass in grams of element
3. Calculate # mole of each element (mass/atomic
mass)
4. Divide each # of mole by the smallest value to get
the simplest ratio of subscripts.
Multiply by an integer if needed to convert to
whole number (.5 x 2, .33 x 3, .25 x 4)
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A 175 g sample of compound contains 56.15 g C, 9.43 g
H, 74.81 g O, 13.11 g N, and 21.49 g Na. Find the
empirical formula.
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B. Calculation of Molecular formula
1. Molecular formula – the actual formula of a
molecular compound; gives actual # of atoms
present in the compound
2. Find empirical formula (EF) if it is not given
3. Calculate EF Mass (same as molar mass calculation)
4. Determine the multiple (n) – actual ratio of elements
in compound
Molecular Formula mass
n
Empirical Formula mass
5. MF = (EF)n
What is the molecular formula of a compound that has an
empirical formula of CH2O and a molar mass of 120.12
g/mol?
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Determine the molecular formula for ibuprofen, a common
headache remedy. Analysis of ibuprofen yields a molar
mass of 206 g/mol and a percent composition of 75.7% C,
8.80% H and 15.5% O.
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ANALYSIS BY COMBUSTION
C?H? + O2 CO2 + H2O
All carbons go to carbon dioxide
All hydrogens go to water
1. To find formulas, we need grams of carbon and grams of
hydrogen in original hydrocarbon.
12.01 g C
a. g Carbon g CO 44.01 g CO
2
2
2.02 g H2
b. g Hydrogen g H O 18.02 g H O
2
2
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In the previous exercise, we found the elemental composition of
glucose. Other experiments show that its molecular weight is
approximately 180 amu. Determine the empirical formula and
the molecular formula of glucose.
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