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VOLADURA CONTROLADA
EN MINERIA SUPERFICIAL
Ph.D. Carlos Agreda Turriate
Consultor de CAMIPER
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OF SOUTH AFRICA
INDICE
Voladura controlada: introducción
Voladura de producción y voladura controlada
Efectos del macizo rocoso en la voladura
Influencia del fracturamiento y criterio de daño
Estimación de la velocidad de la partícula crítica teórica
Overbreak Analysis
Line Drill
Trim Blasting
Smooth Blasting
Pre-splitting
Timing Delays
Muffle Blasting
Cálculos de diseño
Carga de los taladros en el método air-deck
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VOLADURA CONTROLADA
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INTRODUCCION GENERAL
Introducción
La minería en este tercer milenio, para ser competitiva, se ha visto
obligada a incrementar su eficiencia. Esto significa incrementar el
tonelaje (producción a gran escala).
Por otro lado, el incremento de las profundidades de los taladros a
perforar y el diámetro de estos, lo mismo que el uso de las MEC de la
nueva generación, tales como las siguientes:
AN/FO.
AL/AN/FO.
S/AN/FO.
AN/CO.
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Emulsiones
AN/FO pesado, etc.
Teniendo una influencia determinante en la reducción de costos
operacionales. Sin embargo, esto ha traído como consecuencia
un incremento de la concentración de energía en el área del
disparo, creando problemas de back break y del uso de los
diversos sistemas de sostenimiento del macizo rocoso remanente
que debe ser afectado por las ondas de choque inducidas por la
voladura de rocas.
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Sostenimiento artificial
REFUERZO SOPORTE
Sostenimiento activo Sostenimiento pasivo
Cuadros de madera
Pernos con resina y/o cemento
Cerchas, cimbras
Split set
Wood packs
Shocrete y mallas
Gatas con concreto
Pernos y mallas
Anillos con concreto
Sistemas combinados, etc.
Sistemas combinados, etc.
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DL 2 ROW
DL 1 ROW
DL 3 ROW
10m EQ
5m 5m
10m EQ
5m
5m
10m
PLAN VIEW
DL 1 DL 2 DL 3
0.5 m
1.0m
0.5m
DECK DECK BENCH GRADE
1.0m 1.0m 1.5m SUBGRADE
M L
R EA AM AL
PE L S ER E IN
G
OT
W
W LS
UP WE
JE
0.39 PF
SECTION VIEW LO WE RT O M FO
PA OTT
JE B
ON
AM
SE
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VOLADURA CONTROLADA
Definición
También es llamada voladura controlada perimetral, perimétrica
o de contorno.
Cada uno de los especialistas en perforación y voladura definen
a la voladura controlada de la siguiente manera:
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Se define a la voladura
controlada como el conjunto
de modelos matemáticos que
sirven para mejorar la
competitividad del macizo
rocoso circundante a la labor
minera.
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VARIABLES CONTROLADAS
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DISEÑO DE MALLA
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C1
t2
C2
tRES
t1
ROCA
t2
C1 C2
T2 T1
S/2
t1
S
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T3 T1
TALADRO TALADRO
2 1
ZONA DE TENSION
ZONA DE CORTE
RESULTANTES DE LA COLISION
DE LAS ONDAS DE CHOQUE
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VOLADURA DE PRODUCCION
Y VOLADURA CONTROLADA
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Voladura de producción
Como su mismo nombre lo indica
es para fragmentar el macizo
rocoso y extraer el mineral. Una
vez fragmentado el macizo rocoso
pasa a través de los siguientes
procesos metalúrgicos para
convertirse en concentrado y/o
metal.
La voladura de producción
requiere del diseño de una malla
de perforación y voladura (B x S)
usando modelos matemáticos.
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OPEN FACE
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4.6 m.
4.6 m.
BERM CREST
FREE FACE
0 6M
100 millseconds delay
FIGURE: PLAN OF NEW FIRING SEQUENCE
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AN/FO
Booster
Tapon
MEC con de aire
orificio central Espaciador
Cordon Cordon
detonate de madera
detonate MEC Tubo PVC
especial rigido
Tubo de papel Aire o Cordon
detritus detonate
Tubo PVC Booster
abierto
AN/FO
MEC ongitudin
almente Camara
Cordon
detonate de aire o
detritus
Cordon
detonate
Cordon
detonate
Carga
fondo AN/FO
Booster Booster
Booster
50 75 mm 250 300 mm
100 mm 150 mm
Continua 100 300 mm
Espaciada Continua Carga espaciada Columna
c/tacos intermedios
Cargas desacopladas de aire
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1
CROQUIS DEL DISPARO
Cordon 3.00
0.50 ALANTO
detonante
0.10 GEL 90
0.50 ALANTO
0.50 GEL 90
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Cordon det.
5g/m Cordon det.
Cordon det. Cordon det. 5g/m
5g/m Cordon det.
5g/m 1.0 5m ($1.15) 5g/m
1.0 1.0 Tubo PVC
1.60 5m ($1.15)
1.40 3.5m ($2.0)
Tubo PVC
5m ($1.15) 3.5m ($2.0)
Gel. 90
1.56 kg ($4.84)
0.60
AN/FO
1.50 1.70 kg ($0.81)
Gel. 90
3.6 kg AN/FO
2.80 kg ($1.25) Gel. 90
($11.18) Taco Gel. 90
0.70 intermedio 0.26 kg ($0.81)
2.26 kg ($0.81)
1.40 Gel. 90
1.60 0.52 kg ($1.81)
ALANFO (10%)
Emulsion 1.70KG ($1.36)
Gel. 90 SXL AP80
1.82 kg ($5.64) 6.18 kg ($5.31)
0.70
Gel. 90
0.26 kg ($0.81)
$11.63/Tal $8.95/Tal
$12.3/Tal $8.73/Tal $1.03/m 3
$1.82/m3 $1.72/m3 $8.08/Tal
$1.0/m3
$1.20/m3
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0.40m 0.40m
Cordón 5 g/m Cordón 5 g/m
3.2 m kg x $ 0.23 3.2 m kg x $ 0.23
= $ 0.74 = $ 0.74
Caña
3.0m EXSACORTE
1.29 kg x $ 6.22
= $ 8.02 3.0m
Semexa 80
0.68 x $ 2.80
= $ 1.90
Gelatina 90
0.28 kg x $ 3.40 Gelatina 90
= 0.81 0.28 kg x $ 3.10
= 0.81
$ 9.57 / Tal
$ 5.32 / m2 $ 3.45 / Tal
$ 1.92 / m2
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Final road
Temporary
Haul road
XI
Bench
Temporary slope
Haul road
IX
VIII
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20 4
$ million/yr
$ Tm of ore
15 3
250m
10 2
200m
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 21 22 23
Years
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Voladura controlada
Su principal objetivo es crear un plano de falla para amortiguar
las ondas compresivas y, de esta manera, proteger el macizo
rocoso circundante a la labor minera.
Los taladros perforados son cargados con MEC espaciadas y/o
desacopladas.
La voladura controlada no es para fragmentar la roca.
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RECEIVERS receivers
SUBSURFACE COVERAGE
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KANSAS
Reno Co.
Hutchinson
315
0 80 ft
Drainage
channel
surficial expression
Confirmation
dril hole
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Exel N32
3.00 m
Taco
CAMARA DE AIRE
Taladro cargado de acuerdo al
precorte con cámaras de aire. 10 6.00 m
Anfo
Booster pentolita 1lb
1.00 m
Taladro de precorte
Factor de carga 0.62 kg/m2
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Concepto teórico-práctico
de la voladura controlada
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A TYPICAL PRESPLIT
BLAST DESIGN
BERM
12.2m 6.1m
(40) (20) 9.1m
(30)
80º
NO SUBGRADE OVER A
1.5m
PROPOSED CREST (6)
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Production
Holes
Controlled
Blasting
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Slope angle
Face
Batter angle
Bench
Overall height
height
Bench
width
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Block heave
Release of load
failure
Shear
failure
Gas driven
crack extension
Crest damage
from excessive
Compressive and subdrill
tensile failure
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TALADRO
Pre-corte MECHA
RAPIDA
INICIO
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6m 6m
14 14 14
14 14
8m
6m 14 14 6m
12
12 12
14 0.8m 14
1.5m
9 12
A typical smoothwall 12 14
4.6m 14 2.3m
9 9
blast design for a
13 10 6 5 13
development round 6m 6m
(after Bauer and 11 7 CUT 7 13
13
Donaldson, 1992). 55m
10 5 6 13
13
8m 11 8 8 8
1.15m
15 15 15 15 15
4.6m
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Pero se tiene que controlar los daños que pueden producirse por
acción de la voladura de producción, si esta no ha sido
adecuadamente diseñada, cargada con MEC apropiadas,
conexiones, los retardos y la secuencia de salida no han sido
llevados a cabo en forma correcta, etc.
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Figure: Computer
simulation of energy
EXPLOCION
radiating out from a
subsurface explosion.
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L= Onda longitudinal
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Registration
Seismic - trigg equipment
Detonation ms
Registration strip
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Ep xQ
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Site
Evaluation
Design Blast
Refinement Design
Performance Bench
Evaluation
OPTIMUM Preparation
WALL
Blast CONTROL Pattern
Layout
Excavation
BLASTING
Blasthole
Blast
Drilling
Recordkeeping
Explosive
Blasthole
Quality Control
Loading
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