STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY NURSES TO MANAGE PEAK LOAD DUE TO

DUAL ROLE
* **
K. KASTHURI AND MANGAI SUBBIAH
ABSTRACT
Women have multi-dimensional roles as a homemaker. Economic forces and career oriented
aspiration have combined to create a necessity to take employment. Full time homemaking plus
employment definitely puts a demand on women’s time. Keeping in view these points a study was
conducted to explore the ‘Domestic problems’ of nurses due to dual role and Strategies adopted to
manage (time). A sample of two hundred nurses, hundred nurses working in government hospitals
and hundred nurses working in private hospitals were selected. The prime objectives were to
analyze the problems of nurses due to dual role and to examine strategies adopted to manage dual
role. A Questionnaire was the tool used for the study. The findings of the study include :
Majority indicated ‘inadequate time’ for homemaking activities and to attend functions.
Vast majority of the younger age group nurses opined ‘little time to attend to the education of
their children. Majority adopted the strategy of ‘proper planning’ to manage dual role and the
percentage of women adopting the strategy of proper planning of work increased with the
increase in the age of the women. Significant association at 5 percent level existed between age
of nurses and personal problems and age of nurses and domestic problems . Age has a impact
on the magnitude of problems .The study concludes that family members should share the
responsibilities of homemaking. as it is the family that enjoys women’s economic gain arising
out of women’s employment.
INTRODUCTION
Recent years have brought a great change in the life of women influencing their attitude,
value, inspiration and ways of feeling. Women are becoming highly educated and career oriented
(Sinha ,1987 ).Rapid urbanization, economic forces and technological changes have combined to
create an environment where progressively more women are seeking career outside the home
(Kamal ,1981). Women thus have multi dimensional roles. Nursing is one sphere of human activity
which is generally regarded as a positive advantage for women and the public image of a nurse is a
figure with distinct outlines as it is a noble profession. Nurses even after marriage continue the
*
Assistant Professor in Home Science, Queen Mary’s College (A), Chennai-600 004

* *
Research Guide, Former HOD of Home Science, Queen Mary’s College (A), Chennai-600 004

1
career due to the passion for the profession. Family demand too assumes top priority along with the
demand for satisfactory work performance. The art of combining paid work and work in the home is
a challenge. The challenge is even more for nurses due to the nature of work, timing of work and
shift system. In synchronization of professional work and managing the role as a homemaker,
women are tossed between the world of work and the family. How they juggle to manage the dual
role is a million dollar question?
Studies have reported that working women have been losers both at home and at the place of
work (Mathew 1992). The sociological literature uniformly suggest that dual career family
experience a high degree of emotional stress and strain. (Bobbington et al 1973).
Hence an attempt is made to study the domestic problems encountered and strategies
adopted by nurses to manage peak load due to dual role.
The objectives of the study was to
1. Analyze the problems encountered by the selected nurses and examine strategies adopted to
manage dual role with reference to time .
2. Analyze the personal problems encountered by the selected nurses belonging to various age
groups.
METHODOLOGY
A expost-facto research design, cross sectional in nature was adopted and details are
presented in fig 1.

Independent Variable (Age group) Dependent Variable

< 30 years Domestic problems
30-40 years Personal problems
> 40 years Strategies adopted to manage
peak load.
Figure: 1 Variables used in the study
SAMPLE
Using purposive sampling technique 200 married nurses comprising of 100 nurses working in
government hospitals and 100 nurses working in private hospitals were selected. The age group of
nurses in government and private hospitals is presented below in the table.

Table 1

2
 Age group of Nurses

Age groups Number

< 30 years 86

30-40 years 54

> 40 years 60

The number of nurses in the different age groups indicate that majority of nurses (n=86) were below
30 years of age, 54 percent were in the 30-40 years age group and 60 percent were above 40 years.
A structured questionnaire comprehensive in nature was designed to elicit required information.
pilot study was conducted to test reliability and validity of the tool.
Data were analyzed using percentage analysis and Chi square test. The results are presented below.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table-2
Domestic Problems Encountered by Nurses due to Dual Role

Homemaker’s age in Total

S.No Domestic problems percentage
Below 30 – 40 Above N=200
30years years 40years
n=86 n=54 n=60
1 Inadequate time for 70 69 53 65
homemaking activities
2 Little time to attend to the 23 74 38 42
education of children
3 Illness of children can not be 40 30 50 40
attended
4 Hinders house hold 22 41 57 38
maintenance
5 Unable to celebrate function 27 39 48 37
6 Unable to attend functions 50 43 48 48
7 Unable to meet the needs of 42 26 33 35
family members
8 Interferes with meal 28 35 38 33
management

Total exceeds 100 due to multiple response.

3
 Table-1 depicts the domestic problems encountered by nurses according to age group.
Irrespective of age groups, 65 percent of the nurses indicated inadequate time for home making
activities and 48 percent indicated that they were unable to attend functions.
Analysis as per age group of the nurses showed that the percentage of nurses expressing
inadequate ‘time for homemaking activities’ decreased with an increase in the age of the nurses.
This shows that the older homemakers with their homemaking experience and skill might have been
able to manage the household efficiently with their employment, this was not the case for the
younger nurses below 30 years of age. ‘Little time to attend to education of children’ and
‘inadequate time for homemaking activities’ were stated to be the prime problems for the nurses, in
the 30 – 40 years age group because they are in the expanding stage of the family. Employment
affects the house hold management in 57 percent of the nurses in the above 40 years age group .It is
noticed that the percentage of nurses stating ‘hindrance in household maintenance’ and ‘inability to
celebrate functions’ increased with an increase in the nurses age.
Application of chi-square test revealed that there is a significant association in the domestic
problems encountered by nurses among the three age groups is significant at 5 %level.
The magnitude of the domestic problems also was measured and results are presented in table 3.
Table 3
Level of Domestic Problems Encountered by Nurses
Home makers in percentage
Level of the problems (Scores)
S.No Age Groups Low Moderate High N
8-10
11 – 13 14-16 200
1. < 30 years 37 41 22 86

2. 31– 40 years 50 31 19 54

3. > 40 years 48 23 28 60

Table -3 depicts the level of domestic problems encountered by nurses as per age group.

4
 Twenty eight percent of the nurses above 40 years of age faced a high level of domestic
problems and 41 percent of the nurses below 30 years of age faced moderate level of
problems. Fifty percent of the nurses in the age group of 30– 40 years and 48 percent
of the above 40 years age group faced low level of domestic problems.
Twenty eight percent of the nurses aged above 40 years faced high level of problems. A greater
percentage of nurses in the younger age group had moderate level of problems.
It could be inferred that a greater percentage of the 30 to 40 years age group and above 41 years
age group faced low level of problems, whereas greater percentage of nurses below 30 years of age
faced moderate problems .However it is to be noted that a considerable percentage of nurses of all
age groups faced high level of domestic problems. Hence nurses need to adopt better strategies to
manage dual role.
Application of chi-square test between problems encountered by nurses and age group reveals
that there is significant association between these variables at 0.05 percent level of significance.
A report on the status of women in India ( 1974 ) pointed out that the expanded role of women
is not without its added difficulties as full-time domestic load cannot be managed easily. The study
is in line with the views of Kapur (1974) who pointed out that the demand of work and parenthood
creates the potential for role conflict as it is two fold, one is of inner conflict due to dual
commitment and concern and the other is at the practical level - practical difficulty of combining
work commitment with their role at home. Similarly Robinson (1985) opines that the demand of
dual work creates potential for role conflict and most researchers confirm that working women
encounter some problems and hence experience stress.

5
 Table 4
Personal Problems Encountered by Nurses
Homemaker’s age in percentage

S. No. Personal Problems Below 30-40 Above Total

30 years years 40 years
n=86 n=54 n=60 N=200

1. Strain of duty affects health 72 85 87 80

2. No time for recreational 55 59 77 63

activity
3. Social life is curtailed 31 37 47 38
4. Physical exhaustion 53 67 80 65
5. Laco of co-operation from 12 7 23 14
family members

From Table – 4 it could be inferred that majority (80 percent) of the nurses felt that their health
was affected due to employment, 65 percent of the nurses experienced physical exhaustion and 63
percent expressed not having time for recreational activities. It can be concluded that employment
seemed to have exerted adverse effects on the health of the respondents.
Similar results were seen when age group of nurses was considered. No time for ‘recreational
activity’ and ‘physical exhaustion’ were reported by a vast majority of the nurses who were above
40 years of age. The percentage stating these problems increased with an increase in the nurses age.
Application of chi-square test reveals that there is significant association between the personal
problems encountered by nurses and age group. The association is significant at 5 percent level.
According to Greenberg (2006) on “The Experience of Stress towards Men
and Women” the study revealed that women and men experience stress
differently. Women dealing with stress report feeling of nervousness , wanting
to cry, or a lack of energy while men talk about trouble , sleeping or feeling
irritable or angry. In general women report more symptoms and experience
mores stress than men.

6
. Table 5
Strategies Adopted by Nurses to Manage Peak load

Home maker’s age in Total

S.No Strategies percentage
Below 30 - 40 Above N-200
30 year years 40years
n=86 n=54 n=60
1 Engaging paid help 50 22 50 43
2 Delegating work to 37 30 60 42
other family members
3 Proper planning of 50 57 67 57
work
4 Taking rest in between 42 44 57 47
5 Alternating heavy and 37 44 53 44
light work
6 Entertainment-T.V. & 35 26 67 42
Radio
7 Changing food habits – 9 7 30 15
eating outside
8 Cook and service 33 30 60 35
utensils
Note : Total exceed 100 due multiple response
Table- 5 shows the strategies adopted by nurses to manage peak load in house hold work. It is
revealed from the table that 57 percent of the selected nurses opined proper planning of work had
facilitated to manage peak load, where as 47 percent of nurses adopted other methods like taking
rest, 44 percent of the nurses adopted alternating heavy and light work, 43 percent of the nurses
engaged paid help, 42 percent delegated work to family members.
With regard to age group of nurses, 50 percent of nurses below 30 years engaged ‘paid help’ and
adopted ‘proper planning’ of work to manage time.
Among nurses 50 percent of the nurses were below 30 years age group and 57 percent were in
the 31 to 40 years age group and 67 percent of the nurses who were above 40 years ‘planned their
work.’ It is interesting to note that irrespective of age group nurses have adopted the prime strategy
of proper planning of work than other method. Sixty percent of the nurses who were above 40 years
age seemed to have delegated the work to their family members and used cook and serve utensils

7
to minimize washing and to avoid peak load. The present study is in line with Bernas and Major,
(2000) who suggested that the best way to deal with work family conflict is to find an
individualized management strategy.
CONCLUSION
It is inferred that majority of the nurses opined inadequate time for homemaking
activities. Homemaking activities is still considered as a duty of a women, but all family members
are responsible for home making, Husbands should also take part in the home making activities.
Greater percentage of the nurses in the 30 – 40 years age opined little time to attend to the education
of their children because they are in the expanding stage of family. The demand on time is more
during this period and the family should understand the problems and importance of child rearing.
Nearly 30 percent of the nurses in the above 40 years age group face high level of domestic
problems, which may be due to ageing. Regarding strategies adopted majority adopted proper
planning of work as a main tool to manage peak load. Research confirms that family friendly policies
would greatly improve the working lives of most women.
It can be inferred that the percentage of nurses adopting ‘proper planning’ and ‘alternating
heavy and light work’ seem to increase with an increase in the age of the nurses . Research needs to
be done to simplify work ( work simplification ). It can be inferred that nurses have domestic
problems, yet adopt certain strategies to manage their work. Research needs to be done, as all
working women bear the dual burden and need help to manage work using work simplification
techniques for effective management of time.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bernas, Karyn H., Major& Debra A. (2000). “Contributors to Stress
Resistance:
Testing a Model of Women’s Work-Family Conflict.” Psychology of Women
Quarterly, 24:
p : 170 - 178
2. Bobbington (1973), Holstrom (1972), Rapport and Rapport (1971) Cited in Dual career
marriage conflict and treatment, Macmillan publishing Co, Delhi , p : 12.
3. Greenberg. N (2006), Stress and immunity C.R.C. Publishers , London , p : 202.
4. Kamal (1981) Husbands Attitude towards wives gainfully, Employment Unpublished Thesis,
University of Madras, p : 42

8
5. Kapur. P (1974) The Changing Status of the Working Women in India, Vikar publishing house,
Delhi. p : 62-64
6. Mathew (1992) Women family and work Rawal publication, Jaipur, p :7, 8,52 and 102.

7. Robinson (1985) Managing Career and Family cited in Women Psychological puzzle, Basic
Book publishers New Delhi, pp : 184-190
8. Sinha.P (1987) Role Conflict among the working women, Janakiprakasam published by
Nankhisore, New Delhi. pp : 20-25

9
 STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY NURSES TO MANAGE PEAK LOAD DUE TO
DUAL ROLE
* **
K.KASTHURI AND MANGAI SUBBIAH
ABSTRACT
Women have multi-dimensional roles as a homemaker. Economic forces and career oriented
aspiration have combined to create a necessity to take employment. Full time homemaking plus
employment definitely puts a demand on women’s time. Keeping in view these points a study was
conducted to explore the ‘Domestic problems’ of nurses due to dual role and Strategies adopted to
manage. (time). A sample of two hundred nurses, hundred nurses working in government hospitals
and hundred nurses working in private hospitals were selected. The prime objectives were to
analyze the problems of nurses due to dual role and to examine strategies adopted to manage dual
role. A Questionnaire was the tool used for the study. The findings of the study include :
Majority indicated ‘inadequate time’ for homemaking activities and to attend functions.
Vast majority of the younger age group nurses opined ‘little time to attend to the education of
their children. Majority adopted the strategy of ‘proper planning’ to manage dual role and the
percentage of women adopting the strategy of proper planning of work increased with the
increase in the age of the women. Significant association at 5 percent level existed between age
of nurses and personal problems and age of nurses and domestic problems . Age has a impact
on the magnitude of problems .The study concludes that family members should share the
responsibilities of homemaking. as it is the family that enjoys women’s economic gain arising
out of women’s employment.
INTRODUCTION

*
K.KASTHURI , Assistant Professor in Home Science, Queen Mary’s College (A),
Chennai-600 004

* *
MANGAI SUBBIAH , Research Guide, Former HOD of Home Science, Queen Mary’s
College(A), Chennai-600 004

10
 Recent years have brought a great change in the life of women influencing their attitude,
value, inspiration and ways of feeling. Women are becoming highly educated and career oriented
(Sinha ,1987 ).Rapid urbanization, economic forces and technological changes have combined to
create an environment where progressively more women are seeking career outside the home
(Kamal ,1981). Women thus have multi dimensional roles. Nursing is one sphere of human activity
which is generally regarded as a positive advantage for women and the public image of a nurse is a
figure with distinct outlines as it is a noble profession. Nurses even after marriage continue the
career due to the passion for the profession. Family demand too assumes top priority along with the
demand for satisfactory work performance. The art of combining paid work and work in the home is
a challenge. The challenge is even more for nurses due to the nature of work, timing of work and
shift system. In synchronization of professional work and managing the role as a homemaker,
women are tossed between the world of work and the family. How they juggle to manage the dual
role is a million dollar question?
Studies have reported that working women have been losers both at home and at the place of
work (Mathew 1992). The sociological literature uniformly suggest that dual career family
experience a high degree of emotional stress and strain. (Bobbington ,et al,1973).
Hence an attempt is made to study the domestic problems encountered and strategies
adopted by nurses to manage peak load due to dual role.
The objectives of the study was to
1. Analyze the problems encountered by the selected nurses and examine strategies adopted to
manage dual role with reference to time .
2. Analyze the personal problems encountered by the selected nurses belonging to various age
groups.
METHODOLOGY
A expost-facto research design, cross sectional in nature was adopted and details are
presented in fig 1.

Independent Variable (Age group) Dependent Variable

< 30 years Domestic problems
30-40 years Personal problems
> 40 years Strategies adopted to manage
peak load.
Figure: 1 Variables used in the study

11
SAMPLE
Using purposive sampling technique 200 married nurses comprising of 100 nurses working in
government hospitals and 100 nurses working in private hospitals were selected. The age group of
nurses in government and private hospitals is presented below in the table.

Table 1
Age group of Nurses

Age groups Number

< 30 years 86

30-40 years 54

> 40 years 60

The number of nurses in the different age groups indicate that majority of nurses (n=86)were below
30 years of age, 54 percent were in the 30-40 years age group and 60 percent were above 40 years.
A structured questionnaire comprehensive in nature was designed to elicit required information.
pilot study was conducted to test reliability and validity of the tool.
Data were analyzed using percentage analysis and Chi square test. The results are presented below.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table-2

Homemaker’s age in Total Domestic

S.No Domestic problems percentage Problems
Below 30 – 40 Above N=200
30years years 40years Encountered
n=86 n=54 n=60 By Nurses Due
1 Inadequate time for 70 69 53 65
homemaking activities to Dual Role
2 Little time to attend to the 23 74 38 42
education of children
3 Illness of children can not be 40 30 50 40
attended
4 Hinders house hold 22 41 57 38
maintenance
5 Unable to celebrate function 27 39 48 37
6 Unable to attend functions 50 43 48 48
7 Unable to meet the needs of 42 26 33 35
12
family members
8 Interferes with meal 28 35 38 33
management
 Total exceeds 100 due to multiple response.
Table-1 depicts the domestic problems encountered by nurses according to age group. Irrespective
of age groups, 65 percent of the nurses indicated inadequate time for home making activities and
48 percent indicated that they were unable to attend functions.
Analysis as per age group of the nurses showed that the percentage of nurses
expressing inadequate ‘time for homemaking activities’ decreased with an increase in the age of the
nurses. This shows that the older homemakers with their homemaking experience and skill might
have been able to manage the household efficiently with their employment, this was not the case for
the younger nurses below 30 years of age. ‘Little time to attend to education of children’ and
‘inadequate time for homemaking activities’ were stated to be the prime problems for the nurses, in
the 30 – 40 years age group because they are in the expanding stage of the family. Employment
affects the house hold management in 57 percent of the nurses in the above 40 years age group .It is
noticed that the percentage of nurses stating ‘hindrance in household maintenance’ and ‘inability to
celebrate functions’ increased with an increase in the nurses age.
Application of chi-square test revealed that there is a significant association in the domestic
problems encountered by nurses among the three age groups is significant at 5 %level.
The magnitude of the domestic problems also was measured and results are presented in table
Table 3
Level of Domestic Problems Encountered By Nurses
Home makers in percentage
Level of the problems (Scores)

13
 S.No Age Groups Low Moderate High N
8-10
11 – 13 14-16 200
1. < 30 years 37 41 22 86

2. 31– 40 years 50 31 19 54

3. > 40 years 48 23 28 60

Table -3 depicts the level of domestic problems encountered by nurses as per age group.

Twenty eight percent of the nurses above 41 years of age faced a high level of domestic
problems and 41 percent of the nurses below 30 years of age faced moderate level of
problems. Fifty percent of the nurses in the age group of 30– 40 years and 48 percent
of the above 40 years age group faced low level of domestic problems.
Twenty eight percent of the nurses aged above 40 years faced high level of problems. A
greater percentage of nurses in the younger age group had moderate level of problems.
It could be inferred that a greater percentage of the 30 to 40 years age group and above 41
years age group faced low level of problems, whereas greater percentage of nurses below 30 years
of age faced moderate problems .However it is to be noted that a considerable percentage of nurses
of all age groups faced high level of domestic problems. Hence nurses need to adopt better
strategies to manage dual role .
Application of chi-square test between problems encountered by nurses and age
group reveals that there is significant association between these variables at 0.05 percent level of
significance
A report on the status of women in India ( 1974 ) pointed out that the expanded role of
women is not without its added difficulties as full-time domestic load cannot be managed easily.
The study is in line with the views of Kapur (1974) who pointed out that the demand of work and
parenthood creates the potential for role conflict as it is two fold, one is of inner conflict due to dual
commitment and concern and the other is at the practical level - practical difficulty of combining
work commitment with their role at home. Similarly Robinson (1985) opines that the demand of
dual work creates potential for role conflict and most researchers confirm that working women
encounter some problems and hence experience stress.

14
 Table 4
Personal Problems Encountered By Nurses
Homemaker’s age in percentage

S.No Personal Problems Below 30-40 Above Total

30 years years 40 years
n=86 n=54 n=60 N=200

1. Strain of duty affects health 72 85 87 80

2. No time for recreational 55 59 77 63

activity
3. Social life is curtailed 31 37 47 38
4. Physical exhaustion 53 67 80 65
5. Laco of co-operation from 12 7 23 14
family members

From Table – 4 it could be inferred that majority (80 percent) of the nurses felt that their
health was affected due to employment, 65 percent of the nurses experienced physical exhaustion
and 63 percent expressed not having time for recreational activities. It can be concluded that
employment seemed to have exerted adverse effects on the health of the respondents
Similar results were seen when age group of nurses was considered. No time for ‘recreational
activity’ and ‘physical exhaustion’ were reported by a vast majority of the nurses who were above
40 years of age. The percentage stating these problems increased with an increase in the nurses age.
Application of chi-square test reveals that there is significant association between the
personal problems encountered by nurses and age group. The association is significant at 5 percent
level.

15
 According to Greenberg (2006) on “The Experience of Stress towards
Men and Women” the study revealed that women and men experience stress
differently. Women dealing with stress report feeling of nervousness , wanting
to cry, or a lack of energy while men talk about trouble , sleeping or feeling
irritable or angry. In general women report more symptoms and experience
mores stress than men.

. Table 5
Strategies Adopted By Nurses To Manage Peak load

Home maker’s age in Total

S.No Strategies percentage
Below 30 - 40 Above N-200
30 year years 40years
n=86 n=54 n=60
1 Engaging paid help 50 22 50 43
2 Delegating work to 37 30 60 42
other family members
3 Proper planning of 50 57 67 57
work
4 Taking rest in between 42 44 57 47
5 Alternating heavy and 37 44 53 44
light work
6 Entertainment-T.V. & 35 26 67 42
Radio
7 Changing food habits – 9 7 30 15
eating outside
8 Cook and service 33 30 60 35
utensils
Note : Total exceed 100 due multiple response
Table- 5 shows the strategies adopted by nurses to manage peak load in house hold work. It is
revealed from the table that 57 percent of the selected nurses opined proper planning of work had
facilitated to manage peak load, where as 47 percent of nurses adopted other methods like taking

16
rest, 44 percent of the nurses adopted alternating heavy and light work, 43 percent of the nurses
engaged paid help, 42 percent delegated work to family members.
With regard to age group of nurses, 50 percent of nurses below 30 years engaged ‘paid help’ and
adopted ‘proper planning’ of work to manage time.
Among nurses 50 percent of the nurses were below 30 years age group and 57 percent were
in the 31 to 40 years age group and 67 percent of the nurses who were above 40 years ‘planned their
work.’ It is interesting to note that irrespective of age group nurses have adopted the prime strategy
of proper planning of work than other method. Sixty percent of the nurses who were above 40 years
age seemed to have delegated the work to their family members and used cook and serve utensils
to minimize washing and to avoid peak load. The present study is in line with Bernas and Major,
(2000) who suggested that the best way to deal with work family conflict is to find an
individualized management strategy

CONCLUSION
It is inferred that majority of the nurses opined inadequate time for homemaking
activities. Homemaking activities is still considered as a duty of a women, but all family members
are responsible for home making, Husbands should also take part in the home making activities.
Greater percentage of the nurses in the 31 – 40 years age opined little time to attend to the education
of their children because they are in the expanding stage of family. The demand on time is more
during this period and the family should understand the problems and importance of child rearing.
Nearly 30 percent of the nurses in the above 40 years age group face high level of domestic
problems, which may be due to ageing. Regarding strategies adopted majority adopted proper
planning of work as a main tool to manage peak load. Research confirms that family friendly policies
would greatly improve the working lives of most women.
It can be inferred that the percentage of nurses adopting ‘proper planning’ and ‘alternating
heavy and light work’ seem to increase with an increase in the age of the nurses . Research needs to
be done to simplify work ( work simplification ). It can be inferred that nurses have domestic
problems, yet adopt certain strategies to manage their work. Research needs to be done, as all
working women bear the dual burden and need help to manage work using work simplification
techniques for effective management of time.

17
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Bernas, Karyn H., Major& Debra A. (2000). “Contributors to Stress Resistance:

Testing a Modelof Women’s Work-Family Conflict.” Psychology ofWomen
Quarterly, 24: p170-178.
2.Bobbington (1973), Holstrom (1972), Rapport and Rapport (1971) Cited in Dual career marriage
conflict and treatment, Macmillan publishing Co, Delhi ,p 12.
3.Greenberg.N (2006), Stress and immunity C.R.C. Publishers , London ,p202.
4.Kamal (1981 ) Husbands Attitude towards wives gainfully, Employment Unpublished Thesis,
University of Madras,p 42.
5.Kapur.P (1974) The Changing Status of the Working Women in India, Vikar publishing house,
Delhi. p 62 - 64.
6.Mathew (1992) Women family and work Rawal publication, Jaipur,p7, 8,52 and 102.
7.Robinson (1985) Managing Career and Family cited in Women Psychological puzzle, Basic
Book publishersNew Delhi, pp 184 – 190.
8.Sinha.P (1987) Role Conflict among the working women, Janakiprakasam published by
Nankhisore, New Delhi. pp 20 – 25,

18