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1.1 Mixtures
Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds Chemistry: A Central Science
PCM 0035 ~ CHEMISTRY 1
1.2 An Atomic Overview of Matter
1.3 Dalton
Dalton’s
’s Atomic Theory Chemistry is the
1.4 The Atomic Theory Today study of matter &
1.5 Compounds
Compounds,, Formulas
Formulas,, Names & Masses
the changes that it undergoes
1.6 Mixtures
Mixtures:: Classification & Separation
1.7 The Mole
1.8 Determining the Formula of an Unknown
A basic knowledge of chemistry
Chemistry:
Basic Concepts, Compound is essential for students of
Reactions & Stoichio me tr y 1.9 Writing & Balancing Chemical Equations Biology,, Physics
Biology Physics,, Ecology
Ecology,, etc.
Chapter 1 Part A 1.10 Calculating Amounts of Reactant & Product

Medicine Biology Biochemistry

Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds
Mixtures
►Pharmacology
►Microbiology
►Physiology
►Molecular Biology Chemistry in our daily life:
life:
►Clinical Chemistry
►Nutrition
►Genetics
►Immunology
►Endocrinology
• Matter is anything that occupies
- baking soda to leaven bread space & has mass.
Geology Physics
►Atomic
- pressure cooker to • E.g. water, earth, air & trees
& Nuclear
Spectroscopy shorten cooking time • Classifications:
►Materials

- squeeze lemon juice over 1. Substances,,

Substances
Astronomy Plant
Environmental sliced pears to prevent
Science Science
►Ecology them from turning 2. Mixtures,
Mixtures,
►Botany
►Agronomy
►Pollution
brown 3. Elements,,
Elements
CHEMISTRY As A CENTRAL Science 4. Compounds..
Compounds

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Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds

Mixtures Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds
Mixtures
2. Mixture :
1. Substance
Substance:: matter that has a definite combination of 2 or more substances -
composition & distinct properties. substances retain distinct identities
Can be either :
e.g. water, ammonia, a) Homogeneous mixture
sucrose, gold, oxygen – composition same throughout.
e.g. soft drink, milk
Differ from one another in composition & b) Heterogeneous mixture
can be identified by appearance, smell, – composition not uniform throughout.
taste & other properties. e.g. cement, iron filings in sand
Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds
Mixtures
2. Mixture :
Any mixture can be created & then
separated by physical means
into pure components without changing
the identities of components.
Use a magnet to separate
a mixture of sand & iron

Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds

Mixtures Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds
Mixtures
3. Element : 3. Element :
substance that cannot be separated into
simpler substances by chemical means.
means.

• 118 (Feb 2010)

2010) elements have been identified:

• 94 elements found naturally on Earth

e.g. gold (Au),
Au), aluminum (Al),
Al), lead
(Pb),
Pb), oxygen (O), carbon (C).

• Certain elements created by scientists.

e.g. technetium, mericium, seaborgium.

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Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds

Mixtures Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds
Mixtures Mixtures,, Elements & Compounds
Mixtures
3. Element : 4. Compound : Summary:
Matter
substance composed of atoms of
Toothpaste
two/more elements chemically
Fireworks united in fixed proportions.
proportions.
Pesticides Fertilizer
Pure
- Only be separated into pure components Mixtures Separation by Substances
Cosmetics Medicine physical
Fire Construction
Semi
Conductor
elements)) by chemical means.
(elements methods
retardant

Water Glucose
Pigment Fertilizer
(H2O) (C6H12O6)
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Shine Alloy
Mixtures Mixtures
Compounds Elements
Paints
Separation by
Alloy Ammonia (NH3) chemical methods

The Structure of Atoms Atomic Number, Atomic Number,

• Based on Dalton’s Atomic Theory → Mass Number, & Isotopes Mass Number, & Isotopes
Atom → basic unit of an element that can
► Atomic number (Z) = no. of protons Isotopes:
enter into chemical combination
in nucleus atoms with same atomic number (Z)
Atom → extremely small & indivisible In a neutral atom,
• Later, demonstrated that atoms possess internal number of protons = number of electrons but different mass number (A)
structure - (made up of even smaller particles)
∴Atomic number (Z) → number of electrons
E.g. there are 3 isotopes of hydrogen:
nucleus

proton
► Mass number (A) = no. of neutrons
neutron & protons 1 2 3
► Way to denote A 1H 1
H 1H
(X):
an element (X Z
X hydrogen deuterium tritium
Cloud of electrons

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* Mo l e c u l e s
Atoms*
Atoms *
An aggregate of at least 2 atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by
Molecules chemical bonds.
CO2
diatomic molecule → contains only 2 atoms
diatomic C2H5OH
Ions polyatomic molecule → more than 2 atoms
polyatomic

Allotropes N2

Ions Allotrope
► An atom or a group of atoms that An allotrope is: one of two or more
has a net positive or negative charge
charge.. distinct forms of an element
Cation → ion with a net positive charge
charge..
Anion → ion whose net charge is negative
negative.. e.g. O2 & O3 O3 Diamond & Graphite
O2
compound, e.g. NaCl
Cation + Anion → ionic compound, NaCl Allotropes
Exist in multiple structures but differ in properties
atomic ions → Na+, Mg2+, Fe3+, etc.
Monoatomic
Mono
What are 2 common
atomic ions → OH–, CN–, NH4+, etc.
Polyatomic
Poly allotropic forms of carbon?

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Types of Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is used to
express composition of
molecules & ionic compounds
in terms of chemical symbols.
Molecular Formula
Empirical Formula
Molecular Formula
shows exact number of atoms
of each element in
smallest unit of a substance.
e.g. H2
O2
H2 O
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Empirical Formula
Tells us which elements are present & the
simplest whole number ratio of their atoms
atoms,,
but not necessarily the actual number of
atoms in a given molecule.
e.g. molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is
H2O2
The empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is
C6H12O6 HO
Continued66.