Chapter 2 – The Structure of the Atom

List of PEKA experiments:

1. Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid
2. Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature
3. Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles
4. Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8
Number Activity 2.1
Pg. 7
Title Diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid
Aim To investigate the diffusion of particles in a gas, liquid and solid
Problem Statement How diffusion does occur through solid, a liquid and gas?
Hypothesis Particles can diffuse through the spaces between the particles of a solid, a
liquid and the gas.
Apparatus A. Diffusion in a gas
 Gas jars
 Gas jar covers
B. Diffusion in a liquid
 Droppers / Teat pipette
 Thistle funnel
 Spatula
C. Diffusion in a solid
 Stoppers
 Test tubes
 Test tube rack
 Retort stand and clamp
Material A. Diffusion in a gas
 Liquid bromine, Br2
B. Diffusion in a liquid
 1 mol dm-3 potassium manganate (VII), KMnO4solution
 Water
C. Diffusion in a solid
 Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 crystal / Copper(II) sulphate,
CuSO4 crystal
 Hot liquid gel
Variables  Manipulated variable: Type of medium
 Responding variable: Motion of the particles
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure
================================================
Number Activity 2.2
Pg. 8
Title Rate of diffusion depends on the temperature
Aim To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the temperature
Problem Statement How does rate of diffusion depends on the temperature?
Hypothesis Higher temperature can increase the rate of diffusion
Apparatus  Beakers
 Droppers
Material  Food colouring
 Water
 Ice water
 Hot water
Variables  Manipulated variable: Temperature of water
 Responding variable: Rate of diffusion
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Concentration and volume of food
colouring and pressure
Operational Higher temperature in water increases the particles to move faster and
Definition increases the rate of diffusion. / Higher temperature in water increases the
kinetics energy than lower temperature in water.
================================================
Number Activity 2.3
Pg. 9
Title Rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles
Aim To show that the rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles
Problem Statement How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles?
Hypothesis Low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular masses
Apparatus  Glass tube
 Stoppers
 Retort stand and clamp
 Beakers
 Droppers
Material  Glass wool
 Concentrated ammonia, NH3 solution
 Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl
Variables  Manipulated variable: Mass of the gas particles
 Responding variable: Rate of diffusion
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure
Operational Gas with low molecular masses diffuse faster than those with high molecular
Definition masses.
================================================
Number Activity 2.4
Pg. 9
Title Melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C10H8
Aim To determine the melting and freezing points of naphthalene, C 10H8
Problem Statement How does rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles?
Hypothesis The temperature of naphthalene, C10H8 increase during heating except at its
melting and solidification points
Apparatus  Boiling tube
 250 cm3 beaker
 Thermometer (0 – 100˚C)
 Tripod stand
 Retort stand and clamp
 Bunsen burner
 Stopwatch
 Conical flask
 Wire gauze
Material  Naphthalene, C10H8
 Water
Variables  Manipulated variable: Heat supplied
 Responding variable: Temperature
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Naphthalene, C10H8
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Chapter 3 – Chemical Formulae and Equations
List of PEKA experiments:
1. Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
2. Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
3. Chemical equations
Number Activity 3.4
Pg. 23
Title Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
Aim To determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
Problem Statement How does the formula of copper(II) oxide determine?
Hypothesis The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide can be determined by finding out
the mass of copper and oxygen in a sample of copper(II) oxide
Apparatus  U tube
 Stoppers
 Glass tube
 Combustion tube with a small hole at the end
 Retort stand and clamp
 Spatula
 Porcelain dish
 Bunsen burner
 Balance
Preparation for hydrogen gas
 Thistle funnel
 Flat-bottomed flask
Material  Hydrogen gas, H2
 Copper(II) oxide
 Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2
 Wooden splinter
Preparation for the hydrogen gas
 Dilute hydrochloric acid
 Zinc pieces
Variables  Manipulated variable: Mass of copper oxide
 Responding variable: Mass of copper formed
 Controlled / Fixed variable: An excess of hydrogen gas
===============================================
Number Activity 3.5
Pg. 25
Title Empirical formula of magnesium oxide
Aim To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide
Problem Statement How does the formula of magnesium oxide determine?
Hypothesis The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO
Apparatus  Crucible with lid
 Tongs
 Bunsen burner
 Tripod stand
 Pipe-clay triangle
Material  10 cm magnesium ribbon
 Sandpaper
Variables  Manipulated variable: Magnesium ribbon
 Responding variable: Mass of magnesium oxide
  Controlled / Fixed variable: Length / Mass of magnesium ribbon and
excess air
===============================================
Number Activity 3.6
Pg. 27
Title Chemical equations
Aim To construct balanced chemical equations
A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate
B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid / Formation of ammonium
chloride
C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide / Precipitation of lead(II)
iodide
Problem Statement How does the chemical equations determine?
Hypothesis A. The chemical equation of copper(II) carbonate is CuCO3 –> CuO + CO2
B. The chemical equation of
Apparatus  Boiling tube
 Test tubes
 Rubber bung with delivery tube
 Test tube rack
 Test tube holder
 Stoppers
 Bunsen burner
Material  Copper(II) carbonate powder
 Lime water
 Concentrated ammonia solution
 Concentrated hydrochloric acid
 Lead(II) nitrate solution
 Potassium iodide solution
Variables A. Heating of copper(II) carbonate
 Manipulated variable: Mass of copper(II) carbonate
 Responding variable: Mass of copper oxide formed / Volume of
carbon dioxide liberated
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Pressure
B. Reaction of ammonia gas and hydrochloric acid / Formation of ammonium
chloride
 Manipulated variable: Concentration of ammonia and hydrochloric
acid
 Responding variable: Ammonium chloride formed
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure
C. Reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide / Precipitation of lead(II)
iodide
 Manipulated variable: Volume of lead(II) nitrate solution and volume of
potassium iodide solution
 Responding variable: Mass of lead(II) iodide formed
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Temperature and pressure

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Chapter 4 – Periodic Table of Elements
List of PEKA experiments:
1. Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium
2. Chemical properties of Group 17 elements
3. Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3
Number Experiment 4.1
Pg. 35
Title Chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium
Aim To investigate the chemical properties of lithium, sodium and potassium
Problem Statement How does the reactivity of Group 1 elements change when they react with
water and oxygen gas, O2?
Hypothesis When going down Group 1, alkali metals become reactive in their reactions
with water
Apparatus  Water troughs
 Small knife
 Forceps
 Gas jars
 Gas jar spoons
 Gas jar covers
Material  Small pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium
 Filter paper
 Distilled water
 Red litmus paper
 Three gas jars filled with oxygen gas, O2
Variables  Manipulated variable: Different types of alkali metals
 Responding variable: Reactivity of metals
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Water, size of metals
Operational An alkali metal that reacts more vigorously with water is more reactive metal
Definition
===============================================
Number Experiment 4.2
Pg. 39
Title Chemical properties of Group 17 elements
Aim To investigate the chemical properties of Group 17 elements
(A) Reactions of halogens with water
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
(C) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
Problem Statement How do halogens react with water, iron and sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution?
Hypothesis (A) Reactions of halogens with water
1. Halogens forms acidic solutions when they react with water
2. Halogens show bleaching properties when they react with water
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
Halogens form iron(III) halides when they react with iron / When going down
Group 17, halogens become less reactive in their reactions with iron
(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
Halogens form sodium halide, sodium halite(I) and water when they react
with sodium hydroxide / When going down Group 17, halogens become less
reactive in their reactions with sodium hydroxide solution
Apparatus  Test tubes
 Dropper
Test tube holders
 Stoppers
 Combustion tubes
 Delivery tubes
 Bunsen burner
 Retort stand and clamp
Material  Chlorine gas, Cl2 (produce after mixing potassium manganate(VII)
salts with concentrated hydrochloric acid)
 Liquid bromine, Br2
 Solid iodine, I2
 Blue litmus paper
 Water
 Iron wool
 Soda lime
 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
Variables (A) Reactions of halogens with water
 Manipulated variable: Type of halogens
 Responding variable: Change in colour of the blue litmus paper /
Reactivity of halogens
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Water
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
 Manipulated variable: Types of halogens
 Responding variable: Appearance of brown solid / Reactivity of
halogens
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Iron
(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
 Manipulated variable: Types of halogens
 Responding variable: Formation of a colourless solution from a
coloured halogen / Reactivity of halogens
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Sodium hydroxide solution
Operational (A) Reactions of halogens with water
Definition 1. When blue litmus paper turns red, the solution formed shows acidic
property
2. When blue litmus paper turns white, the solution formed shows
bleaching property
(B) Reactions of halogens with iron
The appearance of a brown solid shows the formation of iron(III) halides
(C) ) Reactions of halogens with sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
The formation of a colourless solution indicates that salts of sodium halide,
sodium halite(I) and water are formed
===============================================
Number Experiment 4.3
Pg. 45
Title Properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3
Aim To study the properties of the oxides of elements in Period 3
Problem Statement How do the acid-base properties of the oxides of elements change across
Period 3?
Hypothesis Acidic properties of the oxides of elements increase whereas basic
properties of the oxides of elements decrease across Period 3
Apparatus  Boiling tubes
 Test tubes
 Test tube holder
 Glass rod
 Spatula
 Gas jar
 Gas cover
 100 cm3 measuring cylinder
Material  Sodium oxide, Na2O
 Magnesium oxide, MgO
 Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
 Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2
 Phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5
 Sulphur dioxide gas, SO2
 Dichlorine heptoxide, Cl2O7
 Universal Indicator
 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3
 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
Variables  Manipulated variable: Oxides of elements of Period 3
 Responding variable: pH values in water and solubility in acid or alkali
 Controlled / Fixed variable: Water or nitric acid, HNO3 or sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution
Operational 1. Oxide that dissolves in water to form solution with pH less than 7 is
Definition acidic and pH more than 7 is alkaline
2. Oxide that can dissolve in an acid exhibits basic properties
3. Oxide that can dissolve in an alkali exhibits acidic properties
4. Oxide that can dissolve in both acid and alkali exhibits amphoteric
properties

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Chapter 5 – Chemical Bonds
List of PEKA experiments:
1. Ionic compound
2. Properties of ionic and covalent compounds
Number Activity 5.1
Pg. 52
Title Ionic compound
Aim To prepare ionic compounds(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO
(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl
(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3
Apparatus (A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO
 Sandpaper
 Crucible
 Spatula
 Pipe-clay triangle
 Tripod stand
 Bunsen burner
(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl
 Knife
 Forceps
 Filter paper
 Spatula
 Gas jar spoon / Deflagrating spoon
 Gas jar cover
 Gas jar
(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3
 Spatula
 Asbestos paper
 Combustion tube
 Stopper with delivery tube
 Retort stand and clamp
 Bunsen burner
Material (A) Preparation of magnesium oxide, MgO
 Magnesium ribbon
(B) Preparation of sodium chloride, NaCl
 Sodium
 Chlorine gas, Cl2
(C) Preparation of iron(III) chloride, FeCl3
 Iron filling
 Chlorine gas, Cl2
===============================================
Number Activity 5.3
Pg. 55
Title Properties of ionic and covalent compounds
Aim To compare the properties of ionic and covalent compounds(A) Melting point
and boiling point
(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents
(C) Electrical conductivity
Apparatus (A) Melting point and boiling point
 Spatula
  Evaporating dish
 Dropper
(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents
 Spatula
 Glass rod
 Test tubes
 Test tube rack
(C) Electrical conductivity
 Spatula
 Glass rod
 Switch
 Connecting wires with crocodile clips
 Batteries
 Bulb
 Carbon electrodes
 Beakers
 Crucible
 Tripod stand
 Pipe-clay triangle
 Bunsen burner
Material (A) Melting point and boiling point
 Magnesium chloride, MgCl2
 Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
 Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O
 Hexane, C6H14
(B) Solubility in water and organic solvents
 Distilled water
 Magnesium chloride, MgCl2
 Cyclohexane, C6H12
 Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
 Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O
 Hexane, C6H14
(C) Electrical conductivity
 Solid lead(II) bromide, PbBr2
 Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 solution
 Naphthalene, C10H8