Joe Naylor 12AH

27/9/17
The Miller and The Sweep.

The Miller and the Sweep is an example of an early film, being filmed in 1897. The film is very minimalistic only using a single
shot with a static camera. the film shows a miller (dressed in white) walking from a windmill and bumps into a chimney
sweep (dressed in black) when they begin to lash out on each other with bags full of white powder. The director uses a static
camera due to early cameras being heavy and not very mobile so the film is laid out like a theatre production which would
have been common to watch.

The 180 degree rule would have been applied as it would allow the audience to stay focused at all times on the characters
and the plot The director (George Albert Smith) also uses binary opposition; which is the juxtaposition of costumes to portray
that the characters on the opposite side to each other; to allow the audience to understand clearly that the two characters
are not the same and dislike each other as well as differentiating them.
La voyage dans la lune (trip to the moon)
George melies’ “trip to the moon” (1902) is another early example of editing within the film and is about a group of
astronomers who take a trip to the moon via a cannon but get captured by a group of lunar inhabitants. They eventually
escape but bring back an inhabitant of the moon. Melies used destructive editing, which is a form of editing in which there
is only one film which is cut up and spliced together to create overlays and transition into a new scene due to dissolving the
film.

Melies also created the first form of dolly in which the man was dressed in black in front of a black screen and moved towards
the camera in order to create the effect of the moon getting closer to the camera. The scene then cuts to the moon getting hit
in the eye by the astronomers missile.
The great train robbery (1903)

The great train robbery is one of the first films to show different narrative and perspective. The director,
Edwin S Porter, changes the narrative from the robbers perspective of tieing up the guard, hijacking the
train and robbing all the passengers, to the guards perspective of being let free from the ropes by his
daughter and getting the sheriff's. However we see a ‘meanwhile’ scene of the sheriff's posse dancing
around then being told about the train robbery. This was an early example of cross-cutting between
scenes and showing different perspectives from different characters.

Another aspect which would have been fairly new to film would have been breaking the fourth wall at the end of the film as
one of the robbers begins to shoot towards the camera. This would have shocked/startled the audience as they would not
be familiar with this and would have looked very realistic, scaring them and making them feel uneasy due to the thoughts of
a real shooting.
The birth of a nation (1915)
The birth of a nation is one of the first long length big screen films directed by D.W Griffiths and is based on the novel/play called ‘the
clansman’ and was the first 12 reel film in america as well as the first film to be screened in the white house. The birth of a nation is
described as highly controversial and brings up topics such as racism and sexual assault due to the portrayal of black males and how
they are conveyed as ‘unintelligent’ and ‘sexually aggressive’ towards white women.

The birth of a nation is also an early example of placards which show what the character in shot is saying. This would have gave the
audience a clearer idea of the narrative and on goings in the film. Other techniques are used like an iris lense and the use of colour
change to suggest a flashback in time and the focus on the characters in shot. We then see the use of this lense again to focus on the
young boy which could be to makes us feel sympathetic towards him.

There is also a very early example of a point of view shot which allows the audience to see the perspective of the character that was
just in shot as well as allowing them to get a clearer idea of the narrative as well.
Moviola
The moviola was a type of cutting machine which was used to cut film. It was developed in the 1920’s and was one of the first
machines to allow editors and directors see the film whilst editing. It was developed by iwan serrurier in 1924.

He had a good idea idea , however found it hard to sell during the time period as it costed $600 which was equivalent to $20000 today
back then. Not many people could afford it and he only sold 3 between 1923 and 1924.

The original use was for a home movie projector which would allow people to watch films in the comfort of their own home. This is
where the moviola got its name as it was adapted from the victrola which was a home music player.

An editor at douglas fairbanks studios gave serrurier the idea to change the projector into a movie editor which has been sold to many
big companies such as warner bros, universal, charles chaplin studios and even douglas fairbank himself.
 Citizen kane (1941)
Citizen kane is a film directed and produced by orson welles and is about the life of a publisher for a newspaper and his rise to fame, rags to riches story
and how he soon becomes power hungry and ruthless.

The opening sequence uses dissolves to suggest the idea of Kane’s rags to riches story with a fence which which has no trespassing in the audience’s
eyeline which could suggest how he is young and has little status and can not go into the place which is fenced off. The camera then pans upwards which
could portray the idea of growth and how he is getting older but also how he is getting higher in status. We see the fence change by the use of a dissolve
transition which could also suggest the passing of years. The use of the subjective camera suggests that the director knows what he wants us to see and
that’s all he wants us to see. We then see another dissolve which shows the climb in status but now we see a gate which is opened with initial on
suggesting he now owns the property

We see as an audience the use of dissolves a lot through the opening sequence, many being different places which could suggest how the character
being portrayed may have been of a high status as he travelled a lot, which could suggest wealth. We also see the camera begin to get closer to the
window, we see this window in a long shot with the light on when we cut to a close up of it. The music starts to build then stops as this light goes out. This
could foreshadow the death of the character that we see later in another shot. An action match is then used to get us from outside the house to inside
where we see a body when the shot dissolves to show snowfall, with a little cottage when the camera zooms out fast to show us a snow-globe in the
hands of someone. We then see a extreme close-up of a man's lips saying “rosebud” when the snow globe is dropped and smashes on the floor. A fish
eyed lense is used to get the reflection of a maid walking in, crossing his arms and pulling the cover over him, symbolising his death to back where we
started when we first entered the room. The use of editing in this whole sequence is almost a flash back and gives the audience a clear understanding to
what's going on as to if the characters dead but also creates a sense of intrigue into who he is and what has happened, sparking the idea of enigma as
well as suspense and tension through editing.
Citizen kane - El Rancho
Another scene that we see in citizen kane is the scene at el rancho when we see susan alexander. We begin at the front of a club with
a picture of miss alexander, when we begin to venture up the building, passing through a sign with the name “el rancho” in flashing
lights and “susan alexander kane” but the name not litten up suggesting that she might be fading away from the limelight. We also see
twice nightly which suggests she performs but might not being enjoying it because it’s tiring.

As we go through the sign we enter the club through a crack in the a window on the roof. This could suggest how we are seeing a part
of her life in which she doesn't want us to see. This shows the audience how she could start becoming depressed in life but doesn't
want it to effect her work but its effect her mental health, suggesting that we are not going through the front door as we are seeing
something that isn't meant to see through her cracks and flaws through a crack in the window.
Citizen kane

Within citizen kane we a scene in which we see kane and his wife’s relationship within a montage and how it changes overtime. The
scene starts with a man being interviewed as he explains how he knew emily (the wife) from dancing school. We are then shown how
at the beginning of the relationship, they are both in love and feel strongly about each other as it shown by kane saying he “adores” her
and is also suggested by the close proxemics. These proxemics begin to change as we see them slowly become distant from each
other , going from wanting to be close to each other to not wanting to be near each other. The use of curtain wipes to transition into the
next shot to show us that it is not taking place on the same day but over a long period of time in only a few minutes. We begin to see
Kane become more power hungry and bitter towards the world as well as his wife. This shows us that his growth in status has started
to make him greedy and opinionated. The final scene is silent as the camera has a shot reverse shot then pans out to show the table
has become longer from when we last saw it and both Kane and Emily on opposite sides, not communicating showing the failed
relationship.
The steenbeck flatbed editor 1953

The flatbed editor is used in motion picture and is destructive editing tool which allows the editor to see the film on a screen whilst
editing. The film is usually filmed in two parts; the picture and the sound, filmed separately and put together. The editor would then
mark on the two reels where he will cut one shot into another and mark points on both rolls of film and would have to cut and splice into
the next shot.

The flatbed has been used in recent films such as jimmy’s hall. Director ken loach only uses steenbeck flatbed editors as he feels they
are traditional.
Linear vs Non-linear editing is a type of audio, image or video editing
and are edited with a specialist software. The original content
Non linear is not changed in the course of the edit. It's created on a

editing system that performs non-destructive editing on source

material. Non-linear editing can prevent quality loss of shots
and is almost simultaneous

Before non-linear editing, the use of linear editing occurred

until the early 1990’s. Linear editing is the process of
selecting, arranging and modifying sound and images in a set
order no matter the way it was recorded. This would only allow
editors to edit certain parts at a time and not allow them to
access all parts of the film they want. Linear editing hit its peak
in the 1970’s and took 20 years for new sources to take over.
1996 Trainspotting 30 degree rule.
In the film trainspotting, directed by Danny boyle, we see a scene in which Spud is applying for a job but feels anxious, so his pal
Renton tells him to take some speed to ease his nerves, being a junky Spud accepts and goes into the interview. The scene cross cuts
quickly to suggest that spuds on drugs as we see the 30 degree rule being broken. The 30 degree rule is used to keep the audience
from feeling disorientated and stops the shots from looking like jump cuts however the editor deliberately does this in Trainspotting to
portray how Spud is on drugs and that's what's making him so fidgety and fast. This is shown by the use of breaking the 30 degree rule
as it is showing us as an audience that his head is not functioning properly and so ours should not be to enable us to feel a similar way
to him and to create this clearer image of how his on drugs.

Danny Boyle could have tried to create emotion in the scene in the way we feel slightly empathetic for Spud as his interview is not
going well. We get from this scene that spud is quite a dopey character and is not the brightest person which could leave an impact on
the audience and make them feel sorry for him as he is childlike with his characteristics.
CGI/Green screen
CGI stands for computer generated imagery and is the process of making something on screen there but not during filming. CGI and
green screens can be used in many different ways to create images and enhance the movie experience. It can be used to increase the
amount of people in shot, change the scenery of the film and put different animals or creatures etc. in the scene which a director might
not normally be able to get. This allows films to have certain special effects, allows mythical creatures come to life and characters go to
places which they might not normally go to e.g space.

The green screen layers one image or video over another through chroma keying and depends on the colour hue, the most common
colours used for the screen is green or blue as they are the colours the most distinctive compared to human skin.

We see greenscreen used in saving private ryan in the omaha beach scene to enhance the amount of soldiers, as well as in world war
z to create more of the infected and in rise of an empire.
Motion capture
Motion capture or performance capture is the process in which a human is used to record actions of an animal or creature in order to
animate a 2d or 3d animation. Performance capture is when the face, hands or subtle expressions are included. Motion capture has been
used in many films, some being lord of the rings, planet of the apes and avatar. It is also used in many video games.

The way it works is by several cameras picking up the signal in the balls which is then calibrated by a computer to make a 3d animated
model in which editors can enhance and add to to create the image they want.
Introduction to montage
Montage was mainly introduced by russians including Sergei Eisenstein and other soviet film-makers from
the moscow film school/VGIK. It was used to create an image of creative editing as well as adding to the
agitated propaganda or agitprop. The agitprop was used to get the audience/people on the side of the
bolsheviks regime and to go against the dictatorship which was currently in power. Soviet russia went into
famine after world war one due to the government, some peasants resorting to cannibalism and
film-making was a platform for which directors could put their political views into the film in order to get the
audience on side and ready for the Bolsheviks to take over.

Montage is mainly non-continuity or non-linear editing meaning it is more random and not in any specific
order but randomly put together. Shots being put together not usually in order and can be used to do many
things including; manipulating time, showing development, stimulating the audience,
Sergei Sergei Eisenstein was a soviet film maker who worked and developed the ideas of the montage
techniques. He used these montage techniques (metric,tonal,overtonal,rhythmic and intellectual) in
his films to create an impact on the audience. In Eisenstein's film Battleship potemkin, EIsenstein

Eisenstein uses all 5 of these montage techniques to build suspense and make the audience feel tense.
Battleship Potemkin was a agitpop film meaning it was used as agitated propaganda for soviet
russia.

Metric - eisenstein used real time and/or mythical time for example when the pram begins to fall
down the stairs it should only take seconds for it to reach the bottom, however a mythical time is
created where the pram falls slower to build tension and suspense.

Rhythmic - The rhythm of the soldiers feet on the steps compared to the baby carriage falling
suggests the idea of two opposing forces as the rhythm from the soldiers suggests this menacing
atmosphere and the pram is meant to symbolise innocents and how they are both ascending the
same steps.

Tonal - relates to the emotion in which the editing creates by the use of lights, shadow and framing in
order to create a certain tone.

Overtonal - the use of three montage methods: rhythmic, tonal and metric montage. ‘’Fragments
(cinematic shots) has no meaning of its own but is a unit of discourse and as such participates in
creating meaning through its relationship with other fragments".

Intellectual - through juxtaposition of two or more shots which collide to produce another image
which ‘’becomes purely conceptual’’ and allows the audience to create their own concepts and
beliefs/meanings for the shot.
Lev Kuleshov
Lev kuleshov was a soviet film maker who was one of the first to dissect the effects of juxtaposition. He created the theory that the use
of editing can change the emotions of a shot. This is shown by three different images being put in front of the same image of a man
and how the audience's opinion changed with the different photos shown. The first showed a bowl of soup and the audience believed
the man to be starving, staring at the bowl of soup as if he hadn't eaten in ages shown through his expressions. The next was a picture
of a dead girl in a coffin. The audience felt that he was grieving and tortured by this news of the death. The last was a picture of a
attractive women who the audience believed the man was feeling lustful towards and desired her, wanting to worship her. Kuleshov
showed that the initial shot of the man had no meaning until it was accompanied with something else.
Vsevolod Pudovkin

Vsevolod Pudovkin was a student of Kuleshov's in VGIK or the Moscow film school.

Pudovkin had 5 editing techniques which he used:

Contrast- contrast is the use of opposite images and the use of juxtaposition to create a stronger image, for example in the Godfather where he is baptising his child
vs the shootings he's organised to suggest this clearer image of sin even tho he is trying to be holy and promising god to lead a good life.

Parallelism- is the idea of cross cutting from two different scenes that focus on the same idea or opposite ideas towards something for example in bowling for
columbine, the focus on marilyn manson and parents of teenagers who are against him. They interview the parents and ask why they're against him and use footage
of marilyn manson to make their points wrong.

Symbolism- visual or auditory representation on an other idea or object etc. the use of a ‘symbol’ to suggest something else, for example a cross which would
suggest christianity and something being holy.

Simultaneity- is the use of cross-cutting to show an action occurring, cutting away from one action to another

Leitmotif - The use of musical score in a movie to suggest something is happening like in jaws, the music suggests that jaws is close or star wars the imperial march
or the Rocky training theme etc. This gives the audience a wider understanding and more involvement as they then know what's happening
1960 - Hitchcock psycho - shower scene
Alfred Hitchcock is a British writer and director who has created many influential films over the years he has been working.
One of this films which was groundbreaking for its time was ‘psycho’ in which we begin to follow the story of marion crane
until we see her get brutally murdered in the shower. Hitchcock uses an intellectual montage to suggest to the audience
something more than the actual image, this is shown through a pan down the stream of water to the plug socket in which
the water is going down followed by the blood as it spirals, in which we see a graphic match of cranes eye as the camera
begins to spiral the same way as the water did. This suggest how her life has went down the drain literally through her blood
and that a life has been wasted as well as symbolising her death.
1970’s - Rocky Training Montage - use of montage in hollywood

The purpose of the Rocky training montage is to reduce or condense time through non-continuity editing to reduce the amount of time
shown on screen of the training he goes through. Ellipsis editing is used to show the progression of his training and the use of costume
changes and setting to suggest that it’s occurring over a long period of time, also suggests he has been training hard for the fight
through the change of season.

The director also uses leitmotif in the scene to suggest to the audience that rocky is hard at training just because of the score created
for the montage, but also suggests that the trainings coming through the use of music as the audience know when the score comes on
that Rocky is beginning to train,involving the audience.
1999 - Bowling for columbine political statement
The use of montage in the documentary ‘bowling for columbine’ is a montage which establishes american life in a way but also brings
forward political views about the president of the time and also laws within the country that the director of the documentary may
disagree with, for example when it mentions the president ‘bombing another country which name we can’t pronounce’ shows us that
the director disagrees with the views of the president of the time and feels like he's not doing his job right. Towards the end of the
montage there is a shot which is different to all the rest when it mentions two kids bowling at 6am in columbine which wouldn't usually
be typical of an american stereotype however is made to be significant as it has been singled out making the audience feel that this is
rather specific. This is the use of an intellectual montage. Michael moore uses Intellectual montage to allow the audience to think and
get their own idea of what is going on and involves them in the scene. It also makes them use their mind to think and analyse the
shots. The montage finishes with a women holding a gun which suggests the “American dream” and then the statue of liberty
suggesting this idea of american life and how guns are seen as normal in everyday life in america due to it being the symbol of
freedom.

Michael moore also shows the audience how easy it is to get a firearm in america suggesting anyone can get one and how dangerous
which could show how he may not agree with the gun laws.
2000’s - Team America parody montage
Team America use montage in their film to parody or mock montage in all films it is used. Trey parker and matt stone do this by
showing the protagonist of the film failing and struggling with tasks at the beginning, practicing karate but not being good, the
development of weights and shooting accuracy. He slowly begins to improves on his skills and becomes stronger, portraying a pattern
in most action montages, suggesting they’re are cliche and follow the same rules.

The montage also shows storyline and shots of important images to suggest whats going on during the training so the audience don't
become confused.

The use of costume change is one reason the audience understands that the montage takes place over a period of time, as well as the
song played over the top which is added for comedic effect to but to also add to the idea of montages in action films being very
predictable and cliche of typical montages in all genres of film (action: gets better at shooting, rom-com: shaves his beard/changes
appearance to “get the guy” and also mocks the karate kid montage)
Hip Hop montage
A hip hop montage is a group of shots cut fast to show a series of simple actions in a fast motion in order to create a more complex
action and is usually accompanied with sound effects. It was originated in the 1990’s and was given its name by darren aronofsky who
used the techniques to convey drug use in his film ‘Requiem for a Dream’ the technique originates from the hip hop culture of the 1990s and
the jump cuts formed from the french new wave in the 1950s to 1960s and is where the film or video is repeated for effect.

More examples of hip hop montage are found in the film snatch, directed by guy ritchie to show the move from the us to the uk and edgar
wright and simon pegg in the cornetto series (shaun of the dead, hot fuzz and the world's end) using hip hop montage for a comedic effect.
Shaun of the dead
Montage is used in shaun of the dead to suggest many things, One being an aspect of comedy. The plan montage creates
a comedic effect by showing how they have to adapt to the situation and how the dialogue shortens each time the plan is
repeated in order for it to come across quicker but also gives an idea of comedy.

The montage is also used in shaun of the dead to show the audience a quick overlay of the plot and how the characters are
going to try to adapt to the situation and the plan they have to try and stay safe but could also suggest how the audience
may think the plan might not go as smoothly as planned and may foreshadow a tragedy.

There is also a use of whip pans, this allows the audience to have a clearer understanding of the montage and how it’s all
thoughts and not real, the whip pans allow us to transition into the montage and see their plan.
Captain video and his video rangers
Captain video was a sci-fi series which first aired in the early 1950’s. The program was about the Earth’s distant future and a group of
video rangers who fought for justice from a secret base on a mountain top. Led by captain video, the video rangers received orders
from the commissioner of public safety. The show was filmed live and crosscut or changed narrative or camera angle by using a vision
mixer which allows the creators to perform live edits.

The opening includes a lot including; a voice over which establishes where the program is based, the characters, recaps on previous
events and gives backstory of the programme. There is also an iris shot of captain video to establishes he’s the main character.

The episode we focused on had 3 different perspectives; the narrative of the hijackers which take over a video ranger ship, another
video ranger, Sam Screed’s perspective and captain videos himself. The narratives are changed by cross dissolves which portrays
different perspectives for the viewers.
 1970s - Dr Who - sci-fi
Doctor who is a british sci-fi drama which used continuity editing and montage. Most episodes consist of doctor who, a time lord and his companion travelling through time
and different dimensions etc. In the 70’s, doctor who would have become more popularised due to the use of special effects such as green screen which would have been
used to show space. Within the episode that we watched, green screen was used to create the image of space and the background of a space station. Another reason
doctor who may have popularised sci-fi is due to it being one of the first of its genre to be presented in colour, compared to captain video which may have seemed a bit more
dull due to the lack of colour. This may also suggest that technology was more advanced in the filming of doctor who due to the green screen, colour and overall quality.

There is also a lot of iconography to suggest the genre of the programme through mise-en-scene. The use of a blue filter light in the shot would suggest the idea of the sci-fi
due to its unrealistic nature and would not occur in real life. The use of beeps and other sound effects also suggest the genre as this is also an iconography of science fiction
and control panels being involved with space as well as the use of space suits and ship models in the scene to show the concept of space. Characters also mention mars
and space, enforcing this idea of science fiction the opening scene also follows this trend with bright neon colours, adding to the sci-fi feel.

Editing techniques are also used in the scene, one being a montage edit. We see this after an action match of an astronaut opening a hatch to another spacecraft when we
hear a loud, ,metallic ringing. We then see a montage of the reactions of all the characters which have heard it and how it has left them disorientated. Enigma is created as
we do not see what causes the ringing noise. One thing that the director has done which is not advanced but rather a nod back in time is in camera editing where the
camera operator would stop rolling to allow the person to get out of frame in order to create the effect that he/she has just vanished which was also used in the 1902 film
‘voyage dans la lune’ by george Melies and was one of the first examples of an editing technique.
 1990s sci-fi - Farscape.
Farscape is an Australian-American sci-fi series which includes a diverse range of characters who are fleeing from a military like called ‘the
peacekeepers’. The main character is human but joins the a group of aliens through a wormhole near earth whilst testing an experimental
space flight.

We see a development in technology compared to both captain video and doctor who. This is shown due to the clearer, more realistic cgi
showing us the development of technology, also giving us a more enjoyable experience from the show. There is also use of iconography in
farscape with the use of control panels, flashing lights and diegetic sounds such as beeps and coloured filter which emphasise the idea of the
science fiction as well as the different coloured characters which is the first time we have seen this in a programme so far but also conveys the
idea of aliens and sci-fi.

We also see the use of montage in the opening sequence. This gives us as the audience backstory through a flashback, what we can expect
from the show as well as cgi and visuals that portray the genre. The use of a brown filter could show the use of a flashback, the use of cgi to
create an image of space could shown the genre also establishes where they are. There is also a use of a dissolve going into the opening
credits along with a sound bridge which enforces the idea of a flashback.
 Battlestar galactica
Battlestar Galactica is the most advanced sci-fi on the time and is styled on as a type documentary about space and the spaceships shown in
the show. However is re-imaged from the 1978 tv show. The more advanced technology allows the producers and director to create a more
realistic version compared to the 1978 version.

The episode shown follows 3 narratives and crosscuts from the each; the oxygen room, apollo, and starback and the pilots. This allows us to
see what is going on around the whole ship during the battle with the other ship. This could convey the thought of a documentary style being
added to the programme.

We see a clearer image of space through an establishing shot. This could show the genre and where the show will be based. This also gives
us an idea of how much more technology has advanced compared to captain video in the 1950s and how the creators can push more
boundaries within the programme.

There is also a range of editing techniques used, including: eyeline match when apollo looks at the clock, action match when the admiral
opens the hatch of the oxygen room from the outside and on the inside when the hatch is opened. Also a shot reverse shot of the admiral and
apollo debating. The 180 degree rule is broken for storyline purposes as well as the establishing shot of space and use of cgi and special
effects.
Star Trek enterprise opening
The opening sequence to star trek enterprise includes a lot of graphic match. The use of graphic match shows the audience the
development of the human race in the show, as well as the development of technology and how everything has changed over time and
become more advanced, allowing people in the show to do more. This is shown through the cross dissolves as transportation develops
from a ship/boat, an early version of an aeroplane, submarines, more advanced planes, rockets and space ships. This conveys the
fact that in the show, humans ows have managed to improve transport to the point where they are in space, showing both human and
technological intelligence. Also shows the advancement of the enterprise due to the use of name or branding within every shot of
transportation which gives the audience an insight on what the ‘enterprise’ is about and what its used for and how it has built up over
time.
Battlestar Galactica opening sequence.
In the opening sequence of battlestar galactica, we see the use of two montages within the opening sequence. One montage shows an
overall summary of the show and what’s expected within the season, the other rounds up and summarises the episode which is about
to be viewed.

The first montage about the overall series is slow and involves a lot of cross to black dissolves, slowing down the pace of the montage
to let the audience absorb the information needed for them to analyse and understand the overall plot or storyline of the whole season.
The second montage which we see after a cross to black dissolve is a lot faster paced through the use of cross dissolves where it goes
from one shot straight to the next. This technique is used to build tension before the episode begins in order to keep the viewer
engaged with the plot as they have a slight idea of what is going to happen but are intrigued by how it will play out, creating this picture
of enigma within the show.