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What is Machine Learning (ML)?

The biggest area of AI research today seeks to enable computers to make


inferences from complex data. Techniques to do this are termedmachine learning.
Two examples below illustrate classification (of iris flowers)
and regression (estimating the quality of wine from scientific measurements).

Common to these methods is that data is represented by numerical features.


Machine learning creates a model of these features. For the two examples above,
we start with some training data points where the desired output is known, and can
use this to teach the model (by updating its internal weights) to predict these wanted
values. Once trained, the model can then be used to make predictions with unseen
data. This is known assupervised learning.
However, there are many scenarios where outputs are not available, but machine
learning can still be used to identify patterns in data. Models can be trained to pick
out distinct, independent features, for example different types of sound, or classify
data into similar groups. Other approaches teach models to predict future values in a
series using historical data, for example to learn how share prices change. These
processes are collectively termed unsupervised learning.
Reinforcement learning is a way of getting ML to teach itself to solve problems by
training to maximise a reward like a points score, and was impressively used by
Deepmind to learn how to play computer games, and then the board game, Go.
Model structures and training processes vary widely. Especially when data is scarce,
decades-old regression methods can often give good solutions. More recent
approaches include decision forests, gradient boosted decision trees, support vector
machines, neural networks, belief networks, convolutional networks and recurrent
networks.

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