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Pad Footings
Combine Footings
Strap Footings
Strip Footings
Raft Foundations
Pile Foundations
Pile Foundations
Load from
Structure
Pile Cap
Lower Density
P P P P
Medium Density I I I I
L L L L
E E E E
High Density
Design of Pad Footing
Area of pad:
𝑮𝒌 + 𝑸𝒌 + 𝑾
𝑨=
𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝒅=
𝒗𝒓𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∙ 𝒖𝒐
x
STR Combination 1:
y
y 𝑵 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝑮𝒌 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝑸𝒌
x
Design of Pad Footing
2d
Bends may be
d required
h d
Design of Pad Footing
Column size:
• fck = 25 N/mm2
300 300 mm
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 150 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
h • Design life = 50 years
• Exposure Class = XC2
• Assumed bar = 12 mm
H
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
cnom = 35 mm
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
Size
𝑁+𝑊 1000+100
Area of footing required = = = 7.33 𝑚2
𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 150
𝑵+𝑾 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟏
Check Service Soil Bearing Capacity = =
𝑨 𝟗
= 122 kN/m2 150 kN/m2 OK
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
Analysis
𝑁 1410
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = 𝐸𝑑 = = 157 kN/m2
𝐴 9
Soil pressure per m length, w = 157 3 m = 470 kN/m
0.3 m
1.35 m 1.35 m
w = 470 kN/m
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
Analysis
𝑁 1410
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = 𝐸𝑑 = = 157 kN/m2
𝐴 9
Soil pressure per m length, w = 157 3 m = 470 kN/m
MEd
0.3 m
1.35 m 1.35 m 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓
𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 ×
𝟐
= 428 kNm
w = 470 kN/m
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
Main Reinforcement
𝑀𝐸𝑑 428×106
𝐾= = = 0.036 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 25×3000×3972
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.97𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 428×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟏 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×397
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.56
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013 3000 397 = 1589 mm2
VEd
d = 397 mm
1.35 m 953 mm
3m
w = 470 kN/m
0.953 m
200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.71 2.0
𝑑 397
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 953 – 35 = 918 mm
𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 40∅ + 𝑑 = 40 × 12 + 397 = 877 mm Asl = 2715 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑙 2715
𝜌𝑙 = = = 0.0023 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑 3000 × 397
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
6265 mm
Aall = 9 m2
(ii) Punching Shear
Punching shear force:
VEd = 157 (32 – 3.10) = 925 kN Aperimeter = 3.10 m2
Cracking
h = 450 mm 200 mm
Max bar spacing
𝐺𝑘 +0.3𝑄𝑘 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 =
1.35𝐺𝑘 +1.5𝑄𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15
600+0.3×400 2611 500
= = 213 N/mm2
1.35×600+1.5×400 2715 1.15
Cracking OK
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
Detailing
3000
24H12
3000
450
24H12
3000
24H12
H
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Durability & Bond Requirements
cnom = 35 mm
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Size
𝑁+𝑊 1071+107.1
Area of footing required = = = 7.85 𝑚2
𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 150
𝐵𝐻 3 2.8×3.53
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = = = 10.0 m4
12 12
𝐻 3.5
𝑦= = = 1.75 m
2 2
x
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Analysis
𝑁 𝑀𝑦 1500 x
Ultimate soil pressure, 𝑃 = ± = ±
𝐴 𝐼 9.80
50×1.75
= 153 ± 8.7 kN/m2
10.0 1.275
y y
Pmin = 144 kN/m2 and Pmax = 162 kN/m2
x
0.35 m
1.575 m 1.575 m
144
162 144
154
162
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Analysis (Continued)
𝑀𝑥𝑥 x
1.5752
= 154 ×
2 1.275
1.575 2 y y
+ 162 − 154 × 1.575 ×
2 3
= 197 kNm/m 2.80 m = 553 kNm
x
1.2752
𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑 × = 124 kNm/m 3.50 m = 0.35 m
2
435 kNm 1.575 m 1.575 m
144 + 162
=
2
144
154
162
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Effective Depth
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝑥𝑥 553×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟕 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×609
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013 2800 609 = 2217 mm2
𝑀𝑦𝑦 435×106
𝐾= = = 0.018 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 30×3500×5972
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝑦𝑦 435×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×597
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013 3500 597 = 3147 mm2
d = 0.609
3.50
0.966
Design shear force, VEd = 159 0.966
2.80 = 431 kN
144
159 162
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 966 – 35 = 931 mm
𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 12 + 609 = 1041 mm Asl = 0 mm2
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
(i) Vertical Shear
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.57 2.0
𝑑 609
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = =0
𝑏𝑑
609+597
Average 𝑑 = = 603 mm
2
2d = 1206 mm 3500
Control perimeter;
u = 2(350 + 250) + (2 1206) = 8779 mm 2d = 1206 350 2d = 1206
2800
250
Area within perimeter;
A = (0.35 0.25) + (2 0.35 1.206)
+ (2 0.25 1.206) + ( 1.2062) = 6.10 m2
69
369
𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 12 + 609 = 1041 mm
Reinforcement NOT contributed to punching resistance
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
(ii) Punching Shear
Average punching shear force at control perimeter:
VEd = 153 [(2.80 3.50) – 6.10] = 566 kN Aall = 2.8 3.5 m
50×106 8779
𝛽 = 1 + 0.65 566×103 7.9×106
= 1.06
𝟏.𝟎𝟔×𝟓𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟑
Therefore, 𝒗𝑬𝒅 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 N/mm2
𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟗×𝟔𝟎𝟗
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
(ii) Punching Shear
Punching shear resistance:
Aall = 2.8 3.5 m
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.57 2.0
𝑑 609
Aperimeter = 6.10 m2
50×106 1200
𝛽 = 1 + 0.65 = 1.17 Aall = 2.8 3.5 m = 9.8 m2
1500×103 0.15×106
h = 650 mm 200 mm
Max bar spacing
Cracking OK
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Detailing
3500
28H12
2800
650
21H12
3500
21H12
28H12
NA = 1610 kN NB = 1950 kN
(Ultimate) (Ultimate)
3.4 m
H
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
Size
𝑁+𝑊 2543+254.3
Area of footing required = = = 14.0 𝑚2
𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 200
Size (Continued)
𝑁+𝑊 2543+252.7
Check Service Soil Bearing Capacity = =
𝐴 16.2
= 173 kN/m2 200 kN/m2 OK
Ntotal = 2543 kN
MA = 0
NA = 1150 kN NB = 1393 kN
1393(3.4 ) + 2543x = 0
x x = 1.86 m
3.4 m
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
Analysis
𝑁 (1610+1950)
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = 𝐸𝑑 = = 219.8 kN/m2
𝐴 16.2
Soil pressure per m width, w = 219.8 2.7 m = 593.5 kN/m
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
0.65
593.5 kN/m
964 1082
587 676
1.43 1.62
SFD (kN)
868 749
934 846
353
250
BMD (kNm)
289 430 473
384
634
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
Main Reinforcement
𝑀𝐸𝑑 473×106
𝐾= = = 0.014 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 35×2700×6042
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 473×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒 mm2 As,min = 2722 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×604
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
Main Reinforcement
𝑀𝐸𝑑 353×106
𝐾= = = 0.010 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 35×2700×6042
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 353×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑 mm2 As,min = 2722 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×604
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 3.2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0017𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min = 0.0017bd = 0.0017 2700 604 = 2722 mm2
Main Reinforcement
0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟐
1.2 m 1.2 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏. 𝟐 ×
𝟐
= 158 kNm/m
w = 219.8 kN/m
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
Main Reinforcement
𝑀𝐸𝑑 158×106
𝐾= = = 0.013 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 35×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×5922
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 158×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟔𝟒𝟕 mm2/m As,min = 988 mm2/m
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×592
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 3.2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0017𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min = 0.0017bd = 0.0017 1000 592 = 988 mm2/m
604+592
Average 𝑑 = = 598 mm
2
2d = 1196 mm 2d = 1196 400 2d = 1196
2700
400
Control perimeter;
u = 2(400 + 400) + (2 1196) = 9116 mm
Cracking
h = 650 mm 200 mm
Max bar spacing
Cracking OK
Example 4
DESIGN OF STRAP FOOTING
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
NB • fck = 30 N/mm2
NA
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
Gk = 800 kN, Qk = 275 kN Gk = 1000 kN, Qk = 525 kN
• soil = 200 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25
6000 kN/m3
• Cover = 40 mm
• Assumed bar = 12 mm
Column size: Beam size: Column size:
300 300 mm 300 900 mm 300 300 mm
700
RA RB
H S
2000 S
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
Loading
Size
𝑀@𝐵 = 0
WA WB 0.7 m
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 + 𝑊𝐴 + 𝑊𝐵 + 𝑊𝑅
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 1075 + 1525 + 108 + 153 + 38
RA RB 𝑅𝐵 = 2898 − 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐵 = 2898 − 1382 RA = 1516 kN
𝑅𝐵
= 200
H S 𝑆2
1516
= 200 S = 2.75 mm
𝑆2
2893
Soil pressure = = 199 kN/m2 200 kN/m2 OK
14.56
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
NA = 1075 kN NB = 1525 kN
6m
Footing Self Weight R = 2893 kN
X’
0.3 m
0.3 m
WA = 123 kN WB = 132 kN
WR = 38 kN
Analysis
Design Load:
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 4026
Ultimate soil pressure = = = 276 kN/m2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 14.56
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
165 179
276.5 − = 253 × 3.5 = 885 kN/m 276.5 − = 253 × 2.75 = 695 kN/m
2.0×3.5 2.75×2.75
1.40 1077
262
237
SFD (kN)
-852
-1227
-1044 -1004
DESIGN OF FOOTING A
Main Reinforcement
Soil pressure, w = 253 2.0 m = 506 kN/m
MEd
0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟔
1.6 m 1.6 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟓𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏. 𝟔 ×
𝟐
= 647 kNm
w = 506 kN/m
𝑀𝐸𝑑 647×106
𝐾= = = 0.025 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 30×2000×6522
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 647×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟐 mm2/m As,min
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×652
2.0
d = 0.652
Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column:
0.948
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 948 – 40 = 908 mm
𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 652 = 1228 mm Asl = 0 mm2
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.55 2.0
𝑑 652
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = =0
𝑏𝑑
Cracking
h = 700 mm 200 mm
Max bar spacing
Cracking OK
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
DESIGN OF FOOTING B
Main Reinforcement
Soil pressure, w = 253 2.75 m = 695.75 kN/m
MEd
0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓
1.225 m 1.225 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟔𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 ×
𝟐
= 522 kNm
w = 695.75 kN/m
𝑀𝐸𝑑 522×106
𝐾= = = 0.016 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 30×2750×6362
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 522×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟓 mm2/m As,min = 2623 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×636
2.75
d = 0.636
Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column: 0.589
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 589 – 40 = 549 mm
𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 636 = 1212 mm Asl = 0 mm2
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.56 2.0
𝑑 636
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = =0
𝑏𝑑
Cracking
h = 700 mm 200 mm
Max bar spacing
Cracking OK
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
Moment Design
Shear Design for
for Flexural
Shear Links Cracking Checks
Reinforcement
H6-150
5H32
DESIGN OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS
Design of Pile Foundation
Load from
Structure
Pile Cap
Lower Density
P P P P
Medium Density I I I I
L L L L
E E E E
High Density
Design of Pile Foundation
• Safe load:
a) Determined from test loading of a pile or using a
pile formula
b) Ultimate load divided by safety factor between 2 &
3
c) Depends on size & depth, & whether the pile is of
the end bearing or friction type
• Pile formula – gives resistance from the energy of the
driving force & the final set or penetration of the pile
per blow
Design of Pile Foundation
𝑵+𝑾
𝑭𝒂 =
𝒏
• Pile cap assumed to rotate about the centroid of the pile group
• Piles load resisting moment vary uniformly from zero at the
centroidal axis to a maximum for the piles farthest away
𝑵+𝑾 𝑴𝒙𝒊
𝑭𝒂𝒊 = ±
𝒏 𝑰𝒚
Fai = Load per pile i
M = Moment
xi = Distance from pile i to centroid of pile cap
Iy = Moment of inertial of pile group = 𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 2
Design of Pile Cap
Design of Pile Cap
pile cap
Design of Pile Cap
Main Reinforcement
/5
Detailing of Reinforcement
Detailing of Reinforcement
Starter bars for columns
N • Axial Load, N:
o Gk = 3500 kN & Qk = 2500 kN
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 200 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Column size = 500 mm 500 mm
• Cover = 75 mm
• Assumed bar = 25 mm
• Pile:
o Pre-stressed spun pile: 500 mm dia.
o Working load = 1800 kN
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Truss
Theory
Size of Pile Cap
p/5 = 100
400
Critical shear
section
1500
h = 1100
d
400
𝑇 1609×103
Area of reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟗 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 0.87×500
For the whole width of pile cap, 𝐴𝑠 = 2 × 3699 = 𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟗 mm2
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Truss
Theory
Main Reinforcement (continued)
8475
Load per pile = = 2119 kN
4
2 pile outside critical section Shear force, VEd = 2 2119 = 4238 kN
Pile spacing 3p Consider shear enhancement on the whole width of the
section
𝑎𝑣 350
Reduced shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 4238 × = 4238 × = 𝟕𝟓𝟏 kN
2𝑑 2×988
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Truss
Theory
Shear
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 475 + 988 – 75 = 1388 mm
𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 25 + 988 = 1888 mm Asl = 0 mm2
av = 750 – 250 – 250 + 500/5 = 350
100
400
Critical
section
1500
Critical
475 section
h = 1100
475
400
1388
200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.45 2.0
𝑑 988
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑢𝑑
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − 4 × 500 × 988 = 10428 kN VEd,max = 8475 kN
250 1.5
OK
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Truss
Theory
Cracking
h = 1100 mm 200 mm
Max bar spacing
Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 7399
= 0.50 = 0.50 = 205 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 7855
Cracking OK
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Truss
Theory
Detailing
5H16
16H25 @ 140 mm
Binders
400
h = 1100
1500
16H25 @ 140 mm
400
4200
Service load = = 3000 kN
1.40
Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 600 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 5.3 Use n = 6
𝐹𝑎 600
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Size of Pile Cap
4200
Service load = = 3000 kN
1.40
Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 600 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 5.3 Use n = 6
𝐹𝑎 600
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Size of Pile Cap
4200
Service load = = 3000 kN
1.40
Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 600 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 5.3 Use n = 6
𝐹𝑎 600
p/5 = 60
x
300
Critical shear
section
y y
900
300
300 900
x
900 300
I = 4(0.9)2 = 3.24 m2
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Analysis
75
Service moment, Mservice = = 53.6 kNm
1.40
𝑁+𝑊 𝑀𝑥
Maximum service load per pile, 𝐹 = +
𝑛 𝐼
3000+99 53.6×0.90
= + = 531 kN 600 kN OK
6 3.24
Effective depth:
dx = h – c – 0.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 0.5(16) = 1017 mm
dy = h – c – 1.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 1.5(16) = 1001 mm
Longitudinal Bar
𝑀𝐸𝑑 1009×106
𝐾= = = 0.022 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 30×1500×10172
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 1009×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟏 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×1017
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015 1500 1017 = 2298 mm2
𝑀𝐸𝑑 525×106
𝐾= = = 0.007 Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 30×2400×10012
Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.9𝑑 0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 525×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟗 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×1001
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.90
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015 2400 1001 = 3618 mm2
Pile spacing 3p Consider shear enhancement on the whole width of the
section
𝑎𝑣 610
Reduced shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 1442 × = 1442 × = 𝟒𝟑𝟐 kN
2𝑑 2×1017
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Shear
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 315 + 1001 = 1316 mm
𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 1001 = 1577 mm Asl = 0 mm2
av = 610
60
300
Critical
section
Critical
900
315 section
h = 1100
315
300
1316
200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.45 2.0
𝑑 1001
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑢𝑑
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − 4 × 400 × 1017 = 8456 kN VEd,max = 4200 kN
250 1.5
OK
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Cracking
h = 1100 mm 200 mm
Max bar spacing
Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 2401
= 0.55 = 0.55 = 238 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2413
Cracking OK
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
Detailing 12H16
300
18H16
900
4H12
300
Binders
h = 1100