Lecture 4 Design of Foundations PDF

DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Email: iznisyahrizal@utm.my
Introduction
• Foundation – Part of structure which

transmits load from the structure to the
underlying soil or rock
• All soils compress noticeably when loaded
causing structure to settle
Introduction
• Requirements in the design of foundations:
(i) Total settlement of the structure to be

limited to a tolerably small amount
(ii) Differential settlement of various parts
of structure shall be eliminated
Introduction
• To limit settlement, it is necessary to transmit the

structure load to a soil stratum of sufficient
strength
• Spread the structure load over a sufficiently large
area of stratum to minimize bearing pressure
• Satisfactory soil: Use footings

• Adequate soil: Use deep foundations i.e. piles
Introduction
• Pressure distribution under a footing
Uniform Cohesive soil Cohesionless soil

distributed
Types of Foundation
Pad Footings
• Transmit load from piers and

columns
• Simplest and cheapest type
• Use when soil is relatively strong or
when column loads are relatively
light
• Normally square or rectangular
shape in plan
• Has uniform thickness
Types of Foundation
Combine Footings
• Use when two columns are closed

together
• Combine the footing to form a
continuous base
• Base to be arranged so that its
centreline coincides with the centre
of gravity of the load – provide
uniform pressure on the soil
Types of Foundation
Strap Footings
• Use where the base for an exterior

column must not project beyond
the property line
• Strap beam is constructed between
exterior footing & adjacent interior
footing
• Purpose of strap – to restrain
overturning forces due to load
eccentricity on the exterior footing
Types of Foundation
Strap Footings (continued)
• Base area of the footings are

proportioned to the bearing
pressure
• Resultant of the loads on the two
footings should pass through the
centroid of the area of the two
bases
• Strap beam between the two
footings should NOT bear against
the soil
Types of Foundation
Strip Footings
• Use for foundations to load-bearing

wall
• Also use when pad footings for
number of columns are closely
spaced
• Also use on weak ground to
increase foundation bearing area
Types of Foundation
Raft Foundations
• Combine footing which covers the

whole building
• Support all walls & columns
• Useful where column loads are
heavy or bearing capacity is low –
need large base
• Also used where soil mass contains
compressible layers or soil is
variable – differential settlement
difficult to control
Types of Foundation
Pile Foundations
• More economic to be used when

solid bearing stratum i.e. rock is
deeper than about 3 m
• Pile loads can either be transmitted
to a stiff bearing layer (some
distance below surface) or by
friction along the length of pile
• Pile types – precast (driven into the
soil) or cast in-situ (bored)
• Soil survey is important to provide
guide on the length of pile and safe
load capacity of the pile
Types of Foundation
Pile Foundations
Load from
Structure
Pile Cap
Lower Density
P P P P
Medium Density I I I I
L L L L
E E E E
High Density
Design of Pad Footing
Thickness and Size of Footing
Area of pad:
𝑮𝒌 + 𝑸𝒌 + 𝑾
𝑨=
𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
Minimum effective depth of pad:
𝑵𝑬𝒅
𝒅=
𝒗𝒓𝒅,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∙ 𝒖𝒐
NEd = Ultimate vertical load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

𝑓 𝑓𝑐𝑘
vrd,max = 0.5vfcd = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑐𝑘
250 1.5
uo = Column perimeter
Design for Flexure
• Critical section for bending – At the face of the column

• Moment is taken on a section passing completely across the
footing and due to ultimate load on one side of the section
• Moment & shear is assessed using STR (Structure) combination
x
STR Combination 1:
y
y 𝑵 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝑮𝒌 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝑸𝒌
x
Check for Shear
• May fail in shear as vertical shear or punching shear

Vertical shear Punching shear
sections perimeters
2d
Bends may be
d required
h d
Check for Shear

(i) Vertical Shear
• Critical section at distance d from the face of column

• Vertical shear force =  Load acting outside the section
• If VEd  VRd,c = No shear reinforcement is required
Check for Shear

(ii) Punching Shear
Axial Force Only
• Critical section at a perimeter 2d from the face of the column

• Punching shear force =  Load outside the critical perimeter
𝑽𝑬𝒅
• Shear stress, 𝒗𝑬𝒅 = where u = Critical perimeter
𝒖∙𝒅
• If vEd  vRd,c = No shear reinforcement is required
• Also ensure that VEd  VRd,max
Check for Shear

(ii) Punching Shear (continued)
Axial Force & Bending Moment
• Punching shear resistance can be significantly reduced of a co-

existing bending, MEd
• However, adverse effect of the moment will give rise to a non-
uniform shear distribution around the control perimeter
• Refer to Cl. 6.4.3(3) of EC2
Check for Shear

𝜷𝑽𝑬𝒅
Shear stress, 𝒗𝑬𝒅 =
𝒖𝟏 ∙𝒅
where;
 = factor used to include effect of eccentric load & bending moment =
𝑀𝐸𝑑 𝑢1
1+𝑘
𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑊1
k = coefficient depending on the ratio between column dimension c1 & c2
c1/c2  0.5 1.0 2.0  3.0
k 0.45 0.60 0.70 0.80
u1 = length of basic control perimeter

W1 = function of basic control perimeter corresponds to the distribution of
shear = 0.5𝑐1 2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 4𝑐2 𝑑 + 16𝑑 2 + 2𝜋𝑑𝑐1
Check for Shear

Cracking & Detailing Requirements

• All reinforcements should extend the full length of the footing
• If 𝐿𝑥 > 1.5 𝑐𝑥 + 3𝑑 , at least two-thirds of the reinforcement parallel
to Ly should be concentrated in a band width 𝑐𝑥 + 3𝑑 centred at
column where Lx & Ly and cx & cy are the footing and column dimension
in x and y directions
• Reinforcements should be anchored each side of all critical sections for
bending. Usually possible to achieve using straight bar
• Spacing between centre of reinforcements  20 mm for fyk = 500
N/mm2
• Reinforcements normally not provided in the side face nor in the top
face (except for balanced & combined foundation)
• Starter bar should terminate in a 90 bend tied to the bottom
reinforcement, or in the case of unreinforced footing spaced 75 mm
off the building
Example 1
PAD FOOTING
(AXIAL LOAD ONLY)
Example 1: Pad Footing (Axial Load)
Axial Force, N:
Gk = 600 kN
Qk = 400 kN
Column size:
• fck = 25 N/mm2
300  300 mm
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 150 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
h • Design life = 50 years
• Exposure Class = XC2
• Assumed bar = 12 mm
H
Durability & Bond Requirements
Min cover regards to bond, cmin,b = 12 mm cmin = 25 mm

Min cover regards to durability, cmin,dur = 25 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, cdev = 10 mm
Nominal cover, cnom = cmin + cdev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm
 cnom = 35 mm
Size
Service load, N = 1000 kN

Assumed selfweight 10% of service load , W = 100 kN
𝑁+𝑊 1000+100
Area of footing required = = = 7.33 𝑚2
𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 150
 Try footing size, B  H  h = 3 m  3 m  0.45 m

Area, A = 9 m2
Selfweight, W = 9 0.45  25 = 101 kN
𝑵+𝑾 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟏
Check Service Soil Bearing Capacity = =
𝑨 𝟗
= 122 kN/m2  150 kN/m2  OK
Analysis
Ultimate axial force, NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= 1.35 (600) + 1.5 (400) = 1410 kN
𝑁 1410
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = 𝐸𝑑 = = 157 kN/m2
𝐴 9
Soil pressure per m length, w = 157  3 m = 470 kN/m
0.3 m
1.35 m 1.35 m
w = 470 kN/m
Analysis
Ultimate axial force, NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

= 1.35 (600) + 1.5 (400) = 1410 kN
𝑁 1410
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = 𝐸𝑑 = = 157 kN/m2
𝐴 9
Soil pressure per m length, w = 157  3 m = 470 kN/m
MEd
0.3 m
1.35 m 1.35 m 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓
𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓 ×
𝟐
= 428 kNm
w = 470 kN/m
Main Reinforcement
Effective depth, d = h – c – 1.5bar = 450 – 35 – (1.5  12) = 397 mm
𝑀𝐸𝑑 428×106
𝐾= = = 0.036  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 25×3000×3972
 Compression reinforcement is NOT required
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.97𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 428×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟏 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×397
Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.56
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013  3000  397 = 1589 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  3000  397 = 54000 mm2
Provide 24H12 (As,prov = 2715 mm2)

(i) Vertical Shear 3m
VEd
d = 397 mm
1.35 m 953 mm
3m
w = 470 kN/m
0.953 m
Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column:
 Design shear force, VEd = 470  0.953 = 448 kN

(i) Vertical Shear
200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.71  2.0
𝑑 397
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 953 – 35 = 918 mm
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 40∅ + 𝑑 = 40 × 12 + 397 = 877 mm  Asl = 2715 mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑙 2715
𝜌𝑙 = = = 0.0023 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑 3000 × 397
(i) Vertical Shear
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.71 100 × 0.0023 × 25 1/3 3000 × 397 = 436463 N = 436 kN
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 1.713/2 25 3000 × 397 = 465970 𝑁 = 466 kN
VEd (448 kN)  Vmin (466 kN)  OK

(ii) Punching Shear

Critical shear at 2.0d from face of column: 1350
Average d = 450 – 35 – 12 = 403 mm

 2d = 806 mm 2d = 806 300 2d = 806
Control perimeter, u = (4  300) + (2  806) = 300
6265 mm
Area within perimeter, A = (0.30  0.30) + (4 

0.30  0.806) + (  0.8062) = 3.10 m2
544
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 40∅ + 𝑑 = 40 × 12 + 397 = 877
mm
 Reinforcement NOT contributed to punching
resistance
Aall = 9 m2
(ii) Punching Shear
Punching shear force:
VEd = 157 (32 – 3.10) = 925 kN Aperimeter = 3.10 m2
Punching shear resistance:

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/2 𝑢𝑑
= 0.035 1.71 3/2 25 1/2 6265 × 403
= 983199 N = 983 kN  VEd (925 kN)  OK
Soil pressure = 157 kN/m2

(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter

Aall = 9 m2
Maximum punching shear force:

VEd,max = 157 (32 – 0.09) = 1400 kN
Acolumn = 0.09 m2
Maximum shear resistance:

𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
25 25
= 0.5 4 × 300 × 403 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
= 2176 kN  VEd,max  OK
Cracking
h = 450 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing
𝐺𝑘 +0.3𝑄𝑘 𝐴𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 =
1.35𝐺𝑘 +1.5𝑄𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15
600+0.3×400 2611 500
= = 213 N/mm2
1.35×600+1.5×400 2715 1.15
For design crack width 0.3 mm:

Maximum allowable bar spacing = 200 mm
3000−2 35 −12
Actual bar spacing = = 127 mm  200 mm
23
Cracking OK
Detailing
3000
24H12
3000
450
24H12
3000
24H12
Plan View Section View

Example 2
PAD FOOTING
(AXIAL LOAD & MOMENT)
Example 2: Pad Footing (Axial Load &
Moment)
Axial Force, N = 1500 kN
Moment = 50 kNm
Column size: • Design Life = 50 years (Table 2.1: EN

250  350 mm 1990)
• Exposure Class = XC3
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
h
• soil = 150 N/mm2
H
Moment)
Durability & Bond Requirements
Min cover regards to bond, cmin,b = 12 mm cmin = 25 mm

Min cover regards to durability, cmin,dur = 25 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, cdev = 10 mm
Nominal cover, cnom = cmin + cdev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm
 cnom = 35 mm
Moment)
Size
Service axial, N = 1500 kN / 1.40 = 1071 kN

Service moment, M = 50 kNm / 1.40 = 36.1 kNm
Assumed selfweight 10% of service load , W = 100 kN
𝑁+𝑊 1071+107.1
 Try footing size, B  H  h = 2.80 m  3.50 m  0.65 m

Area, A = 9.80 m2
Selfweight, W = 9.80 0.65  25 = 159 kN
Moment)
Size (Continued)
𝐵𝐻 3 2.8×3.53
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = = = 10.0 m4
12 12
𝐻 3.5
𝑦= = = 1.75 m
2 2
𝑁+𝑊 𝑀𝑦 1071+159 50×1.75

Maximum soil pressure, 𝑃 = + = +
𝐴 𝐼 9.80 10.0
= 132 kN/m2  150 kN/m2  OK
B
x
x
Moment)
Analysis
𝑁 𝑀𝑦 1500 x
Ultimate soil pressure, 𝑃 = ± = ±
𝐴 𝐼 9.80
50×1.75
= 153 ± 8.7 kN/m2
10.0 1.275
y y
 Pmin = 144 kN/m2 and Pmax = 162 kN/m2
x
0.35 m
1.575 m 1.575 m
144
162 144
154
162
Moment)
Analysis (Continued)
𝑀𝑥𝑥 x
1.5752
= 154 ×
2 1.275
1.575 2 y y
+ 162 − 154 × 1.575 ×
2 3
= 197 kNm/m  2.80 m = 553 kNm
x
1.2752
𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑 × = 124 kNm/m  3.50 m = 0.35 m
2
435 kNm 1.575 m 1.575 m
144 + 162
=
2
144
154
162
Moment)
Effective Depth
dx = h – c – 0.5bar = 650 – 35 – (0.5  12) = 609 mm

dy = h – c – 1.5bar = 650 – 35 – (1.5  12) = 597 mm
Main Reinforcement – Longitudinal Bar

𝑀𝑥𝑥 553×106
𝐾= = = 0.018  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 30×2800×6092
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝑥𝑥 553×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟕 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×609
Moment)
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013  2800  609 = 2217 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2800  609 = 72800 mm2
Since As  As,min, Use As,min = 2217 mm2
Provide 21H12 (As = 2375 mm2)

Moment)
Main Reinforcement – Transverse Bar
𝑀𝑦𝑦 435×106
𝐾= = = 0.018  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 30×3500×5972
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝑦𝑦 435×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×597
Moment)
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0013𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0013bd = 0.0013  3500  597 = 3147 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  3500  597 = 91000 mm2
Since As  As,min, Use As,min = 3147 mm2
Provide 28H12 (As = 3167 mm2)

Moment)
(i) Vertical Shear 2.891

2.8
Average pressure at critical section:
2.891
= 144 + × 18 = 159 kN/m2
d = 0.609
3.50
0.966
 Design shear force, VEd = 159  0.966 
2.80 = 431 kN
144
159 162
Note:
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 12 + 609 = 1041 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
Moment)
(i) Vertical Shear
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.57  2.0
𝑑 609
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = =0
𝑏𝑑
 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.57 100 × 0 × 30 1/3 2800 × 609 = 0 N = 0 kN
 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
= 0.035 × 1.573/2 30 2800 × 609 = 644949 𝑁 = 645 kN
VEd (430 kN)  Vmin (645 kN)  OK

Moment)
(ii) Punching Shear
609+597
Average 𝑑 = = 603 mm
2
 2d = 1206 mm 3500
Control perimeter;
u = 2(350 + 250) + (2  1206) = 8779 mm 2d = 1206 350 2d = 1206
2800
250
Area within perimeter;
A = (0.35  0.25) + (2  0.35  1.206)
+ (2  0.25  1.206) + (  1.2062) = 6.10 m2
69
369
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 12 + 609 = 1041 mm
 Reinforcement NOT contributed to punching resistance
Moment)
(ii) Punching Shear
Average punching shear force at control perimeter:
VEd = 153 [(2.80  3.50) – 6.10] = 566 kN Aall = 2.8  3.5 m
Punching shear stress:

Aperimeter = 6.10 m2
𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 =
𝑢𝑑
𝑀 𝑢1
Where 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑘 𝑉 𝐸𝑑
𝐸𝑑 𝑊1
𝑐1 350
k = 0.65  = 250 = 1.4
𝑐2
W1 = 0.5𝑐1 2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 4𝑐2 𝑑 + 16𝑑 2 + 2𝜋𝑑𝑐1
= 0.5(3502 ) + 350 × 250 + 4 × 250 × 603 +
16 6032 + 2𝜋 × 603 × 350 = 7.9  106 mm2 Soil pressure = 153 kN/m2
50×106 8779
 𝛽 = 1 + 0.65 566×103 7.9×106
= 1.06
𝟏.𝟎𝟔×𝟓𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟑
Therefore, 𝒗𝑬𝒅 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 N/mm2
𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟗×𝟔𝟎𝟗
Moment)
(ii) Punching Shear
Aall = 2.8  3.5 m
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.57  2.0
𝑑 609
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/2

= 0.035 1.57 3/2 30 1/2
= 0.38 N/mm2  vEd (0.11 N/mm2)  OK

Moment)
Maximum punching shear force: Aall = 2.8  3.5 m = 9.8 m2

VEd,max = 1500 kN
Acolumn = 0.09 m2
Column perimeter, uo = 2(350 + 250) = 1200 mm

𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 =
𝑢𝑜 𝑑
𝑀 𝑢𝑜
Where 𝛽 = 1 + 𝑘 𝐸𝑑
𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑊1
𝑐1 350
k = 0.65  = = 1.4
𝑐2 250
W1 = 0.5𝑐1 2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
= 0.5(3502 ) + 350 × 250 = 0.15  106 mm2
Moment)
50×106 1200
 𝛽 = 1 + 0.65 = 1.17 Aall = 2.8  3.5 m = 9.8 m2
1500×103 0.15×106
𝟏.𝟏𝟕×𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑 Acolumn = 0.09 m2

Therefore, 𝒗𝑬𝒅 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 N/mm2
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟔𝟎𝟑

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − Soil pressure = 153 kN/m2
250 1.5
= 5.28 N/mm2  vEd  OK
Moment)
Cracking
h = 650 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing
Assume steel stress is under quasi-permanent loading:

𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 500 2197
= 0.6 = 0.6 = 241 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2375

2800−2 35 −12
Actual bar spacing at x-x = = 136 mm  150 mm
20
3500−2 35 −12
ctual bar spacing at y-y = = 126 mm  150 mm
27
Cracking OK
Moment)
Detailing
3500
28H12
2800
650
21H12
3500
21H12
28H12
Plan View Section View

Example 3
DESIGN OF COMBINED
FOOTING
Example 3: Design of Combined Footing
NA = 1610 kN NB = 1950 kN
(Ultimate) (Ultimate)
3.4 m
Column size: Column size: • fck = 35 N/mm2

300  300 mm 400  400 mm • fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 200 N/mm2
h • Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Cover = 40 mm
B
H
Size
Service axial: NA = 1610 kN / 1.40 = 1150 kN

NB = 1950 kN / 1.40 = 1393 kN
Total service axial, Ntotal = 1150 + 1393 = 2543 kN
Assumed selfweight 10% of service load , W = 254.3 kN
𝑁+𝑊 2543+254.3
 Try footing size, B  H  h = 2.70 m  6.00 m  0.65 m

Area, A = 16.2 m2
Selfweight, W = 16.2 0.65  25 = 252.7 kN
Size (Continued)
𝑁+𝑊 2543+252.7
Check Service Soil Bearing Capacity = =
𝐴 16.2
= 173 kN/m2  200 kN/m2  OK
Arrange position of footing so that the distribution of soil pressure is uniform:
Ntotal = 2543 kN
MA = 0
NA = 1150 kN NB = 1393 kN
1393(3.4 ) + 2543x = 0
x x = 1.86 m
3.4 m
Analysis
𝑁 (1610+1950)
Soil pressure at ultimate load, P = 𝐸𝑑 = = 219.8 kN/m2
𝐴 16.2
Soil pressure per m width, w = 219.8  2.7 m = 593.5 kN/m
Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

3m 3m
1610 kN 1950 kN
0.99 0.3 1.71 1.34 0.4 1.26

x = 1.86
0.65
593.5 kN/m
964 1082
587 676
1.43 1.62
SFD (kN)
868 749
934 846
353
250
BMD (kNm)
289 430 473
384
634
Main Reinforcement
Longitudinal Reinforcement: Bottom
Effective depth: dx = h – c – 0.5bar = 650 – 40 – (0.5  12) = 604 mm
𝑀𝐸𝑑 473×106
𝐾= = = 0.014  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 35×2700×6042
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 473×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒 mm2  As,min = 2722 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×604
Main Reinforcement
Longitudinal Reinforcement: Top
𝑀𝐸𝑑 353×106
𝐾= = = 0.010  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 35×2700×6042
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 353×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑 mm2  As,min = 2722 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×604
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0017𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0017bd = 0.0017  2700  604 = 2722 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2700  650 = 70200 mm2
Provide 25H12 at both top and bottom (As,prov = 2828 mm2)

Main Reinforcement
Transverse Reinforcement: Bottom
Consider b = 1000 mm:

 Soil pressure per 1 m width, w = 219.8  1.0 m = 219.8 kN/m
MEd
0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟐
1.2 m 1.2 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏. 𝟐 ×
𝟐
= 158 kNm/m
w = 219.8 kN/m
Main Reinforcement
Transverse Reinforcement: Bottom
Effective depth: dy = h – c – 1.5bar = 650 – 40 – (1.5  12) = 592 mm
𝑀𝐸𝑑 158×106
𝐾= = = 0.013  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 35×𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎×5922
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 158×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟔𝟒𝟕 mm2/m  As,min = 988 mm2/m
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×592
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0017𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0017bd = 0.0017  1000  592 = 988 mm2/m
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  1000  650 = 26000 mm2/m
Since As  As,min, then use As,min = 988 mm2/m

Provide H12-100 (As,prov = 1131 mm2/m)
For secondary bar reinforcement:

Provide H12-100 (As,prov = 1131 mm2/m)
(i) Vertical Shear

Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column: VEd
1082
964
1.02 587 676
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = × 964 = 𝟔𝟎𝟓 kN 1.43
1.62
1.02
d = 0.604 749
846 868
200 200 934 1.62
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.6  2.0
𝑑 604
𝐴𝑠𝑙 2828
𝜌𝑙 = = = 0.0017 ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑑 2700 × 604
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.6 100 × 0.0017 × 35 1/3 2700 × 604 = 562369 N = 562.4 kN
 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
= 0.035 × 1.63/2 35 2700 × 604 = 6667734 𝑁 = 667 kN
VEd (605 kN)  Vmin (667 kN)  OK

(ii) Punching Shear

604+592
Average 𝑑 = = 598 mm
2
 2d = 1196 mm 2d = 1196 400 2d = 1196
2700
400
Control perimeter;
u = 2(400 + 400) + (2  1196) = 9116 mm
Area within perimeter;

A = (0.40  0.40) + (2  0.40  1.196) 104
+ (2  0.40  1.196) + (  1.1962) = 6.57 m2
(ii) Punching Shear

Average punching shear force at control perimeter:
VEd = 1950 – (219.8  6.57) = 506 kN

𝑉𝐸𝑑 506×103
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = = = 0.09 N/mm2
𝑢𝑑 9116×598

200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.57  2.0
𝑑 609
3/2 1/2 Soil pressure = 219.8 kN/m2

𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 0.035 1.6 3/2 35 1/2
= 0.41 N/mm2  vEd (0.09 N/mm2)  OK
Maximum punching shear force:

VEd,max = 1950 kN
Acolumn = 0.16 m2
Column perimeter, uo = 4  400 = 1600 mm

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑢𝑑 0.6 1 −
250 1.5
35 35
= 0.5 × 1600 × 598 0.6 1 − Soil pressure = 219.8 kN/m2
250 1.5
= 2880 kN  VEd,max  OK
Cracking
h = 650 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing

= 0.6 = 0.6 = 175 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2828

2700−2 40 −12
Actual bar spacing 1 = = 109 mm  250 mm
24
2700−2 40 −12
24
Actual bar spacing 3 = 100 mm  250 mm
Cracking OK
Example 4
DESIGN OF STRAP FOOTING
Example 4: Design of Strap Footing
NB • fck = 30 N/mm2
NA
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
Gk = 800 kN, Qk = 275 kN Gk = 1000 kN, Qk = 525 kN
• soil = 200 N/mm2
• Unit weight of concrete = 25
6000 kN/m3
• Cover = 40 mm
Column size: Beam size: Column size:
300  300 mm 300  900 mm 300  300 mm
700
RA RB
H S
2000 S
Loading
Column Size (mm × mm) Load (kN)

Gk Qk Total (1.0Gk + 1.0Qk)
Column A 300 × 300 800 275 1075
Column B 300 × 300 1000 525 1525
Size
Assumed self weight of footing is 10% of service load:

 WA = 108 kN and WB = 153 kN
Beam self weight, WR = 25 (0.3  0.9  5.7) = 38 kN

𝑀@𝐵 = 0
Size 𝑅𝐴 − 𝑊𝐴 6.15 − 1.0 − 𝑁𝐴 6.0 − 𝑊𝑅 3.0 = 0

𝑅𝐴 − 108 6.15 − 1.0 − 1075 6.0 − 38 3.0
NA = 1075 kN NB = 1525 kN =0
𝑅𝐴 − 108 = 1275  RA = 1382 kN
6m 𝑅𝐴
= 200
2.0𝐻
1382
= 200  H = 3.46 mm
2.0𝐻
0.3 m WR 0.3 m Footing A size: 2.00 × 3.50 m
WA WB 0.7 m
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐵 + 𝑊𝐴 + 𝑊𝐵 + 𝑊𝑅
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 1075 + 1525 + 108 + 153 + 38
RA RB 𝑅𝐵 = 2898 − 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐵 = 2898 − 1382  RA = 1516 kN
𝑅𝐵
= 200
H S 𝑆2
1516
= 200  S = 2.75 mm
𝑆2
Footing B size: 2.75 × 2.75 m

2m S
Footing Size Checks
Total service load = 1075 + 1525 + 123 + 132 + 38 = 2893 kN
Area of footing = (2.0  3.5) + (2.75  2.75) = 14.56 m2
2893
Soil pressure = = 199 kN/m2  200 kN/m2  OK
14.56
NA = 1075 kN NB = 1525 kN
6m
Footing Self Weight R = 2893 kN
X’
0.3 m
0.3 m
WA = 123 kN WB = 132 kN
WR = 38 kN
WA = 25 (2.0  3.5  0.7) = 123 kN 2m 2.75 m

WB = 25 (2.75  2.75  0.7) = 132 kN
Distance from resultant force R to centroid of column B:

1075 × 6.0 + 123 × 5.15 + 38 × 3.0 = 2893𝑋 ′
X’ = 2.48 m
Distance from centroid of footings to centroid of column B:

2.0 × 3.50 5.15 = 2.0 × 3.5 + 2.75 × 2.75 𝑋′
X’ = 2.48 m
Analysis
Design Load:
NA = (1.35  800) + (1.50  275) = 1493 kN

NB = (1.35  1000) + (1.50  525) = 2138 kN
WA = 1.35  123 = 165 kN
WB = 1.35  132 = 179 kN
WR = 1.35  38 = 52 kN
Total Design Load, Ptotal = 4026 kN
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 4026
Ultimate soil pressure = = = 276 kN/m2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 14.56
Shear Force & Bending Moment Diagram

1493 kN 2138 kN
1.7 2.775 1.225 1.225

0.3 0.3
52
= 9.1 kN/m
5.7
165 179
276.5 − = 253 × 3.5 = 885 kN/m 276.5 − = 253 × 2.75 = 695 kN/m
2.0×3.5 2.75×2.75
1.40 1077
262
237
SFD (kN)
-852
-1227
-1044 -1004
. -313 BMD (kNm)

492 522
DESIGN OF FOOTING A
Main Reinforcement
Soil pressure, w = 253  2.0 m = 506 kN/m
MEd
0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟔
1.6 m 1.6 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟓𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏. 𝟔 ×
𝟐
= 647 kNm
w = 506 kN/m
Effective depth: d = h – c – 0.5bar = 700 – 40 – (0.5  16) = 652 mm

𝑀𝐸𝑑 647×106
𝐾= = = 0.025  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 30×2000×6522
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 647×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟐 mm2/m  As,min
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×652

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  2000  652 = 1964 mm2 or 982 mm2/m
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2000  700 = 56000 mm2
Main Reinforcement: Provide 14H16 (As,prov = 2815 mm2)

Secondary Reinforcement: H16-200 (As,prov = 1005 mm2/m)

2.552
2.0
d = 0.652
0.948
 Design shear force, VEd = 253  0.948  2.0 = 479.4 kN
Note:
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 652 = 1228 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
(i) Vertical Shear
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.55  2.0
𝑑 652
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = =0
𝑏𝑑
 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.55 100 × 0 × 30 1/3 3500 × 652 = 0 N = 0 kN
 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
= 0.035 × 1.553/2 30 3500 × 652 = 484194 𝑁 = 484.2 kN
VEd (479.4 kN)  Vmin (484.2 kN)  OK

Cracking
h = 700 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing

= 0.59 = 0.59 = 219 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2815

2000−2 40 −16
13
Cracking OK
DESIGN OF FOOTING B
Main Reinforcement
Soil pressure, w = 253  2.75 m = 695.75 kN/m
MEd
0.3 m 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓
1.225 m 1.225 m 𝑴𝑬𝒅 = 𝟔𝟗𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 ×
𝟐
= 522 kNm
w = 695.75 kN/m
Effective depth: d = h – c – 1.5bar = 700 – 40 – (1.5  16) = 636 mm

𝑀𝐸𝑑 522×106
𝐾= = = 0.016  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2 30×2750×6362
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.99𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 522×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟓 mm2/m  As,min = 2623 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×636

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  2750  636 = 2623 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2750  700 = 77000 mm2
Main Reinforcement: Provide 15H16 (As,prov = 3016 mm2)


2.161
2.75
d = 0.636
Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column: 0.589
 Design shear force, VEd = 253  0.589  2.75 = 409.5 kN
Note:
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 636 = 1212 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
(i) Vertical Shear
200 200
𝑘 = 1+ =1+ = 1.56  2.0
𝑑 636
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = =0
𝑏𝑑
 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

= 0.12 × 1.56 100 × 0 × 30 1/3 2750 × 636 = 0 N = 0 kN
 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
= 0.035 × 1.563/2 30 2750 × 636 = 653774 𝑁 = 653.8 kN
VEd (409.5 kN)  Vmin (653.8 kN)  OK

Cracking
h = 700 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing

= 0.54 = 0.54 = 204 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 3016

2750−2 40 −16
14
Cracking OK
DESIGN OF TIE BEAM
Design similar to beam design. Refer to RC1.
Moment Design
Shear Design for
for Flexural
Shear Links Cracking Checks
Reinforcement
H6-150
5H32
DESIGN OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS
Design of Pile Foundation
• To be used when the soil conditions are poor and

uneconomical, or not possible to provide adequate
spread foundations
• The piles must extend down to firm soil
• Load carried by either end bearing, friction or
combination of both
Load from
Structure
Pile Cap
Lower Density
P P P P
Medium Density I I I I
L L L L
E E E E
High Density
Selection of Piles Type
• Depends on loading, type of structure, soil strata & site

conditions
• Main types:
a) Precast reinforced or pre-stressed concrete piles
b) Cast in-situ reinforced concrete piles
c) Timber piles
d) Steel piles
e) Bakau piles
Determination of Pile Capacity
• Safe load:
a) Determined from test loading of a pile or using a
pile formula
b) Ultimate load divided by safety factor between 2 &
3
c) Depends on size & depth, & whether the pile is of
the end bearing or friction type
• Pile formula – gives resistance from the energy of the
driving force & the final set or penetration of the pile
per blow
Determination of Piles Number & Spacing
• Pile load  Single pile capacity

• Piles are usually arranged symmetrically with respect to
the column axis

Foundation Subjected to Axial Load Only
Load applied at centroid of the group of piles:
𝑵+𝑾
𝑭𝒂 =
𝒏
N = Axial load from column

W = Self weight of pile cap
n = Number of piles

Foundation Subjected to Axial Load & Moment
• Pile cap assumed to rotate about the centroid of the pile group
• Piles load resisting moment vary uniformly from zero at the
centroidal axis to a maximum for the piles farthest away
𝑵+𝑾 𝑴𝒙𝒊
𝑭𝒂𝒊 = ±
𝒏 𝑰𝒚
Fai = Load per pile i
M = Moment
xi = Distance from pile i to centroid of pile cap
Iy = Moment of inertial of pile group = 𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 2
Design of Pile Cap
Design of Pile Cap
pile cap
Design of Pile Cap
Size & Thickness
• Depends of number of piles used, arrangement of

piles & shape of piles
• Thickness of the cap should be sufficient to provide
adequate bond length for bars projecting from the
piles as well for the dowel bars of the column
Design of Pile Cap
Main Reinforcement
• Using bending theory or truss theory

• Truss Theory: Force from the supported column is
assumed to be transmitted by a triangular truss action
– concrete providing the compressive members of the
truss & steel reinforcement providing tensile force
Design of Pile Cap
Truss Theory – Axial Force

Design of Pile Cap
Truss Theory – Axial Force

Design of Pile Cap
Pile Cap Size

Design of Pile Cap
Pile Cap Size

Design of Pile Cap
Design for Shear
• Critical section taken to be 20%  pile diameter (or

p/5) inside the face of the column
• Shear enhancement may be considered such that the
shear resistance of the concrete maybe increased to
𝟐𝒅
𝑽𝑹𝒅,𝒄 × where av = distance from the face of column
𝒂𝒗
to the critical section
• For spacing of piles  3  pile diameter, this
enhancement may be applied across the whole critical
section
Design of Pile Cap
Design for Shear
• For spacing  3  pile diameter, then the pile cap

should be checked for punching shear on the
perimeter
• Check shear force at column face  0.5𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑢𝑑 =
𝑓𝑐𝑘
0.5𝑣1 𝑢𝑑 where u is the perimeter of the column
1.5
𝑓𝑐𝑘
and strength reduction factor, 𝑣1 = 0.6 1 −
250
Design of Pile Cap
Design for Shear

/5 Vertical shear @ 1.0d from
column face
/5
Punching shear @ 2.0d from

column face
Design of Pile Cap
Detailing of Reinforcement
• Main tension reinforcement should continue pass each

pile and bent-up vertically to provide full anchorage
length beyond the centre line of each pile
• Normal to provide fully lapped horizontal link of size 
12 mm @ spacing  250 mm
Design of Pile Cap
Detailing of Reinforcement
Starter bars for columns
Links for starter bars

Bars projecting into cap
from piles Vertical links between bars
extending from piles
Horizontal links around up-

standing end of main bars (
12 mm @ 250 mm, say)
Main bars design to

resist tensile forces
Example 5
DESIGN OF PILE CAP – TRUSS
THEORY
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Truss
Theory
N • Axial Load, N:
o Gk = 3500 kN & Qk = 2500 kN
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
• soil = 200 N/mm2
• Column size = 500 mm  500 mm
• Cover = 75 mm
• Pile:
o Pre-stressed spun pile: 500 mm dia.
o Working load = 1800 kN
Theory
Size of Pile Cap
Service load = 3500 + 2500 = 6000 kN

Assumed self weight of pile cap, say W = 200 kN
Pile capacity, Fa = 1800 kN
𝑁+𝑊 (6000 + 200)
No. of pile required, 𝑛 = = = 3.4  Use n = 4
𝐹𝑎 1800
Pile spacing, 𝑙 = 𝑘∅𝑝 = 3∅𝑝 = 3 × 500 = 1500 mm

Width, B = 𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 3 + 1 × 500 + 300 = 2300 mm
Length, H = 𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 3 + 1 × 500 + 300 = 2300 mm
Depth, h = 2∅𝑝 + 100 = 2 500 + 100 = 1100 mm
Theory
Size of Pile Cap (continued)
Try size: B  H  h = 2.3  2.3  1.1 m

Self weight = 25(2.3  2.3  1.1) = 145 kN  200 kN OK
av = 750 – 250 – 250 + 500/5 = 350
p/5 = 100
400
Critical shear
section
1500
h = 1100
d
400
400 1500 400

Theory
Main Reinforcement
Effective depth, d = h – c – 1.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 1.5(25) = 988 mm

Ultimate load, N = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 1.35(3500) + 1.5(2500) = 8475 kN
From truss analogy:

𝑁𝑙 8475×1.5
Tension force, 𝑇 = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟗 kN
8𝑑 8×0.988
𝑇 1609×103
Area of reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 = = = 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟗 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 0.87×500
For the whole width of pile cap, 𝐴𝑠 = 2 × 3699 = 𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟗 mm2
Theory
Main Reinforcement (continued)

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  2300  988 = 3421 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2300  1100 = 101200 mm2

Theory
Shear
(i) Vertical Shear
Critical shear at p/5 section inside pile:
8475
Load per pile = = 2119 kN
4
2 pile outside critical section  Shear force, VEd = 2  2119 = 4238 kN
Pile spacing  3p  Consider shear enhancement on the whole width of the
section
𝑎𝑣 350
 Reduced shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 4238 × = 4238 × = 𝟕𝟓𝟏 kN
2𝑑 2×988
Theory
Shear
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 475 + 988 – 75 = 1388 mm
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 25 + 988 = 1888 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
av = 750 – 250 – 250 + 500/5 = 350
100
400
Critical
section
1500
Critical
475 section
h = 1100
475
400
1388
400 1500 400

Theory
Shear
200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.45  2.0
𝑑 988
 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 1.453/2 30 2300 × 988 × 10−3 = 760 kN
VEd (751 kN)  Vmin (760 kN)  OK

Theory
Shear
(ii) Punching Shear at Perimeter 2.0d from Column Face
Since pile spacing  3p
 No punching shear check in necessary

Theory
Shear
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑢𝑑
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − 4 × 500 × 988 = 10428 kN  VEd,max = 8475 kN
250 1.5
OK
Theory
Cracking
h = 1100 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing
= 0.50 = 0.50 = 205 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 7855

2300−2 75 −25
15
Cracking OK
Theory
Detailing
5H16
16H25 @ 140 mm
Binders
400
h = 1100
1500
16H25 @ 140 mm
400
400 1500 400 500 mm spun

pile
Example 5
DESIGN OF PILE CAP – BEAM
THEORY
Example 5: Design of Pile Cap – Beam
Theory
• Axial Load, Nultimate = 4200 kN

N • Moment, Multimate = 75 kNm
• fck = 30 N/mm2
• fyk = 500 N/mm2
M • soil = 200 N/mm2
• Column size = 400 mm  400 mm
• Cover = 75 mm
• Pile:
o Precast RC pile: 300 mm  300 mm
o Working load = 600 kN
• Safety factor = 1.40
Theory
Size of Pile Cap
4200
Service load = = 3000 kN
1.40
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
𝐹𝑎 600
Theory
Size of Pile Cap
4200
1.40
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
𝐹𝑎 600
Theory
Size of Pile Cap
4200
1.40
𝑁+𝑊 (3000 + 200)
𝐹𝑎 600
Pile spacing, 𝑙 = 𝑘∅𝑝 = 3∅𝑝 = 3 × 300 = 900 mm

Width, B = 𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 3 + 1 × 300 + 300 = 1500 mm
Length, H = 2𝑘 + 1 ∅𝑝 + 300 = 2 3 + 1 300 + 300 = 2400 mm
Depth, h = 2∅𝑝 + 500 = 2 300 + 500 = 1100 mm
Theory
Size of Pile Cap (continued)
Try size: B  H  h = 1.5  2.4  1.1 m

Self weight = 25(1.5  2.4  1.1) = 99 kN  200 kN OK
av = 1200 – 200 – 450 + 300/5 = 610
p/5 = 60
x
300
Critical shear
section
y y
900
300
300 900
x
900 300
I = 4(0.9)2 = 3.24 m2
Theory
Analysis
75
Service moment, Mservice = = 53.6 kNm
1.40
𝑁+𝑊 𝑀𝑥
Maximum service load per pile, 𝐹 = +
𝑛 𝐼
3000+99 53.6×0.90
= + = 531 kN  600 kN OK
6 3.24
Ultimate load per pile:

𝑁 𝑀 𝑥 4200 75×0.90
𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑙𝑡 + 𝑢𝑙𝑡 = + = 𝟕𝟐𝟏 kN
𝑛 𝐼 6 3.24
𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑡 4200
𝐹𝑦𝑦 = = = 𝟕𝟎𝟎 kN
𝑛 6
Maximum moment at column face:

𝑀𝑥𝑥 = 2 721 × 0.90 − 0.20 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟗 kNm
𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 3 700 × 0.45 − 0.20 = 𝟓𝟐𝟓 kNm
Theory
Main Reinforcement
Effective depth:
dx = h – c – 0.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 0.5(16) = 1017 mm
dy = h – c – 1.5bar = 1100 – 75 – 1.5(16) = 1001 mm
Longitudinal Bar
𝑀𝐸𝑑 1009×106
𝐾= = = 0.022  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 30×1500×10172
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.98𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 1009×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟏 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×1017
Theory
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  1500  1017 = 2298 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  1500  1100 = 66000 mm2

Theory
Transverse Bar
𝑀𝐸𝑑 525×106
𝐾= = = 0.007  Kbal = 0.167
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 30×2400×10012
𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑑 0.25 − = 0.9𝑑  0.95d
1.134
𝑀𝐸𝑑 525×106
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟗 mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧 0.87×500×0.95×1001
Theory
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑑 = 0.26 0.0015𝑏𝑑 ≥ 0.0013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
 As,min = 0.0015bd = 0.0015  2400  1001 = 3618 mm2
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  2400  1100 = 105600 mm2
Since As,req = 1269 mm2  As, min = 3618 mm2

Theory
Shear
(i) Vertical Shear
Critical shear at p/5 section inside pile:
2 pile outside critical section  Shear force, VEd = 2  721 = 1442 kN
Pile spacing  3p  Consider shear enhancement on the whole width of the
section
𝑎𝑣 610
 Reduced shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 1442 × = 1442 × = 𝟒𝟑𝟐 kN
2𝑑 2×1017
Theory
Shear
Note:
Bar extend beyond critical section at = 315 + 1001 = 1316 mm
 𝑙𝑏𝑑 + 𝑑 = 36∅ + 𝑑 = 36 × 16 + 1001 = 1577 mm  Asl = 0 mm2
av = 610
60
300
Critical
section
Critical
900
315 section
h = 1100
315
300
1316
300 900 900 300

Theory
Shear
200 200
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.45  2.0
𝑑 1001
 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

= 0.035 × 1.453/2 30 1500 × 1001 × 10−3 = 501 kN
VEd (432 kN)  Vmin (501 kN)  OK

Theory
Shear
(ii) Punching Shear at Perimeter 2.0d from Column Face
Since pile spacing  3p
 No punching shear check in necessary

Theory
Shear
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 0.6 1 − 𝑢𝑑
250 1.5
30 30
= 0.5 0.6 1 − 4 × 400 × 1017 = 8456 kN  VEd,max = 4200 kN
250 1.5
OK
Theory
Cracking
h = 1100 mm  200 mm
Max bar spacing
= 0.55 = 0.55 = 238 N/mm2
1.15 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 1.15 2413

2300−2 75 −16
17
1500−2 75 −16
11
Cracking OK
Theory
Detailing 12H16
300
18H16
900
4H12
300
Binders
300 900 900 300
h = 1100

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DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS

Dr. Izni Syahrizal bin Ibrahim

• Foundation – Part of structure which

• Requirements in the design of foundations:

(i) Total settlement of the structure to be

• To limit settlement, it is necessary to transmit the

• Satisfactory soil: Use footings

• Pressure distribution under a footing

Uniform Cohesive soil Cohesionless soil

• Transmit load from piers and

• Use when two columns are closed

• Use where the base for an exterior

Strap Footings (continued)

• Base area of the footings are

• Use for foundations to load-bearing

• Combine footing which covers the

• More economic to be used when

Thickness and Size of Footing

Minimum effective depth of pad:

NEd = Ultimate vertical load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Design for Flexure

• Critical section for bending – At the face of the column

Check for Shear

• May fail in shear as vertical shear or punching shear

Check for Shear

• Critical section at distance d from the face of column

Check for Shear

Axial Force Only

• Critical section at a perimeter 2d from the face of the column

Check for Shear

Axial Force & Bending Moment

• Punching shear resistance can be significantly reduced of a co-

Check for Shear

u1 = length of basic control perimeter

Check for Shear

Cracking & Detailing Requirements

Durability & Bond Requirements

Min cover regards to bond, cmin,b = 12 mm cmin = 25 mm

Nominal cover, cnom = cmin + cdev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm

Service load, N = 1000 kN

 Try footing size, B  H  h = 3 m  3 m  0.45 m

Ultimate axial force, NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Ultimate axial force, NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Effective depth, d = h – c – 1.5bar = 450 – 35 – (1.5  12) = 397 mm

Minimum & Maximum Area of Reinforcement

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04bh = 0.04  3000  397 = 54000 mm2

Provide 24H12 (As,prov = 2715 mm2)

(i) Vertical Shear 3m

Critical shear at 1.0d from face of column:

 Design shear force, VEd = 470  0.953 = 448 kN

(i) Vertical Shear

(i) Vertical Shear

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝑘 100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 1/3 𝑏𝑑

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

VEd (448 kN)  Vmin (466 kN)  OK

(ii) Punching Shear

Average d = 450 – 35 – 12 = 403 mm

Control perimeter, u = (4  300) + (2  806) = 300

Area within perimeter, A = (0.30  0.30) + (4 

Punching shear resistance:

Soil pressure = 157 kN/m2

(iii) Maximum Punching Shear at Column Perimeter

Maximum punching shear force: