HEAT EXCHANGERS

Gases tend to transfer heat slower than liquid.

Viscosity,
flow rate (slower fluid move more heat is transferred),
better turbulence better heat transfer,
greater the difference in temperature the faster is the heat transfer.
Corrosion or contaminant can reduce heat transfer

Coolers reduce the temp of liquid or gas using water to remove heat
Heaters increase the temp of liquid or gas by adding heat using condensed steam, hot oil or
other sources
Condensers remove heat from a gas changing it to liquid
Vaporizers add heat to a liquid changing it to a gas
Reboiler provide heat to a liquid in the bottom of the distillation tower, either steam or hot
process stream supply heat
Chillers cool a liquid or gas using a refrigerant instead of water

Heat exchangers are used for:

Heat cold process stream by using a hot process fluid
Cool a hot process stream by using a cold process fluid

THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:

Double pipe well suited for high pressure applications

Plate – are made out of series of plates separated by gaskets, the contact surface area can
be changed by adding or removing plates, making this types of heat exchangers versatile.
However, pressure rating may limit the service of this type of heat exchanger

Shell and tube – The most widely used in a petroleum industry. Consist of a bundle of tubes
incased in a larger shell

Aerial coolers – Consist of a series of tubes containing hot process fluid exposed to a stream
of air moving across the tubes. A motor driven fan creates air movement.

FLOW PATH

Parallel flow – The fluid flowing through the tubes moves in the same direction as the fluid
outside the tube (The least amount of heat transfer because it does not maintain the high
temp difference between fluids)
Counter flow – The most heat transfer because the temp difference remains relatively high
all the way through the heat exchanger
Cross-flow – fluid outside the tubes flows at right angle angle to the fluid inside the tubes
Tube arrangement

Straight arrangement – Single pass

U-tube arrangement – Double pass
Multiple pass – arrangement changes multiple times
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Bolts & Nuts for flanged connections
TYPES OF BOLTS
In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections Stud Bolts and Hex Bolts are
used. The Stud Bolt is a threaded rod with 2 heavy hexagon nuts, while the Hex Bolt
has a head with one nut. Nuts and head are both six sided.

STUD BOLTS GENERAL

The quantity of bolts for a flange connection will be given by the number of bolt
holes in a flange, diameter and length of bolts is dependent of flange type and
Pressure Class of flange.
Stud Bolt length are defined in ASME B16.5 standard. The length in inches is equal
to the effective thread length measured parallel to the axis, from the first to the first
thread without the chamfers (points). First thread is defined as the intersection of
the major diameter of the thread with the base of the point.