British Standard

Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

Sheffield University
25 March 2003

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most

current version of this document by searching British
Standards Online at bsonline.techindex.co.uk
 DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV
1991-2-2:1996

Eurocode 1:
Basis of design and
actions on structures —
Part 2.2: Actions on structures exposed
to fire —
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

(together with United Kingdom

National Application Document)

ICS 13.220.50; 91.040

 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Committees responsible for this

Draft for Development

The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee
B/525/1, Actions (loadings) and basis of design, upon which the following bodies
were represented:

British Constructional Steelwork Association

British Iron and Steel Producers’ Association
British Masonry Society
Concrete Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property and Buildings Directorate)
Highways Agency
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Institution of Structural Engineers

National House Building Council
Royal Institute of British Architects
Steel Construction Institute

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under
the direction of the Sector
Board for Building and Civil
Engineering, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Board and comes
into effect on
Amendments issued since publication
15 September 1996
Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 03-2000

The following BSI reference

relates to the work on this Draft
for Development:
Committee reference B/525/1

ISBN 0 580 25803 3

 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of National Application Document iii
Text of ENV 1991-2-2 7
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

© BSI 03-2000 i
 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

National foreword

This Draft for Development has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1 and is
the English language version of ENV 1991-2-2:1995 Eurocode 1: Basis of design
and actions on structures — Part 2.2: Actions on structures exposed to fire, as
published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This Draft for
Development also includes the United Kingdom (UK) National Application
Document (NAD) to be used with the ENV in the design of buildings to be
constructed in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
ENV 1991-2-2:1995 results from a programme of work sponsored by the
European Commission to make available a common set of rules for the structural
and geotechnical design of building and civil engineering works.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the
status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify
the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by individual
CEN members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by [ ] in the ENV.
During the ENV period reference should be made to the supporting documents
listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in
England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The NAD takes precedence over
corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, draws attention to
the potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building
Regulation compliance.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities and anomalies. These comments will be taken into
account when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of
whether the ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of Subcommittee B/525/1,
BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the document reference,
the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision, within 2 years of the
issue of this document.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to xii,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 32 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

ii © BSI 03-2000
 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

National Application
Document
for use in the UK with
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

© BSI 03-2000 iii

 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Contents of
National Application Document

Page
Introduction v
1 Scope v
2 References v
3 Partial safety factors and other values to be used in ENV 1991-2-2 v
4 Reference Standards v
5 Additional recommendations vi
Annex A (normative) Description of occupancies ix
Annex B (normative) Thermal properties of typical compartment linings x
Figure 1 — Definition of building height vii
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses in place of
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

ENV boxed values v

Table 2 — Reference in ENV 1991-2-2 to other publications vi
Table 3 — Fire test correlation factor vi
Table 4 — Factors quantifying consequences of failure (*q1) to be used
in equation (1) vii
Table 5 — Factors quantifying risk of failure (*q2) to be used in
equation (1) viii
Table 6 — Active protection factor viii
Table 7 — Characteristic variable fire load densities viii
Table 8 — Conversion factor viii
List of references xi

iv © BSI 03-2000
 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Introduction 2.2 Informative references

This National Application Document (NAD) has
been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1. It has
been developed from the following.
a) A textual examination of ENV 1991-2-2:1995.
b) A calibration against Approved Document B
(1992 Edition) of the Building Regulations 1991
(England and Wales).
c) Trial calculations.
1 Scope
This NAD provides information to enable
ENV 1991-2-2:1995 (EC1: Part 2.2) to be used for
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
This NAD refers to other publications that provide
information or guidance. Editions of these
publications current at the time of issue of this
standard are listed on page (xi), but reference
should be made to the latest editions.
3 Partial safety factors and other
values to be used in ENV 1991-2-2
In the referenced clauses, the values given in
Table 1 shall be used for the design of buildings in
place of the “boxed” values given in the ENV.
Further recommendations on the adoption of the
approaches outlined in ENV 1991-2-2 are given in

the design of buildings to be constructed in England, clause 5 of this NAD.

Wales and Northern Ireland. Its application does
not extend to civil engineering works. 4 Reference standards
References in the ENV to national regulations refer
2 References to:
2.1 Normative references a) BUILDING AND BUILDINGS. The Building
This NAD incorporates, by reference, provisions Regulations 1991. (SI 1991 No. 2768) in England
from specific editions of other publications. These and Wales;
normative references are cited at the appropriate b) BUILDING REGULATIONS. The Building
points in the text and the publications are listed on Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1990.
page (xi). Subsequent amendments to, or revisions (SRNI 1990 No. 59) in Northern Ireland.
of, any of these publications apply to this NAD only
Reference standards cited in ENV 1991-2-2 are
when incorporated in it by updating or revision.
listed in Table 2 of this NAD. Full references are
provided on Page (x).
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses in place of ENV boxed values
ENV Clause Description “Boxed value” UK value

4.1 (4) Configuration factor (Î) 1.0 1.0

4.1 (10) Convection factor on unexposed face (µc) 9.0 9.0
4.2.1 (2) Type of test factor (radiation) (¾n,r) 1.0 0.45
1.0a
4.2.1 (2) Type of test factor (convection) (¾n,c) 1.0 1.0
4.2.1 (3) Emissivity of fire (¼f) 0.8 0.8
4.2.1 (3) Material emissivity (¼m) 0.7 0.7
4.2.2 (2) Standard curve: coefficient of heat 25 W/m °C
2
25 W/m2 °C
transfer-convection (µc)
4.2.3 (2) External curve: coefficient of heat 25 W/m2 °C 25 W/m2 °C
transfer-convection (µc)
4.2.4 (2) Hydrocarbon curve coefficient of heat 50 W/m2 °C 50 W/m2 °C
transfer-convection (µc)
D.1 (3) Active fire protection factor 0.6 0.6
0.75a
F.3.1 P (1) Partial safety factor for permanent actions in 1.0 1.0
accidental situation (¾GA)
a
Guidance on choice of value given in clause 5 of this NAD.

© BSI 03-2000 v
 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Table 2 — Reference in ENV 1991-2-2 to other publications

Document referenced
Title Status UK Document
in ENV
CPD 89/106/EEC Construction products directive EC Directive CPD 89/106/EEC
ID “Safety in the Interpretative document Published in Official Journal of European
case of fire” Communities ref. 94(c)62/01
ENV 1991-1 Basis of design ENV DD ENV 1991-1
ENV 1992-1.2 Design of concrete structures — ENV ENV 1992-1-2 (BS 8110-2)a
Structural fire design
ENV 1993-1.2 Design of steel structures — ENV ENV 1993-1-2 (BS 5950-8)a
Structural fire design
ENV 1994-1.2 Design of composite structures — ENV ENV 1994-1-2
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Structural fire design

ENV 1995-1.2 Design of timber Structures — ENV ENV 1995-1-2
Structural fire design
ENV 1996-1.2 Design of masonry structures — ENV ENV 1996-1-2 (BS 5628-3)a
Structural fire design
ENV 1999-1.2 Design of aluminium structures — In Draft BS 8118-1
Structural fire design
ISO 3898 Bases for design of structures — ISO Standard ISO 3898
Notations — general symbols
ISO 1716 Building materials — Determination ISO Standard ISO 1716
of calorific potential
a
To be used until DD ENV is published

5 Additional recommendations b) Clause 4.2.1 (2)

NOTE 5.1 to 5.7 should be followed when designing in The net heat fluxes due to radiation and
accordance with ENV 1991-2-2. convection are calculated in equations (4.1)
5.1 Section 1. General and (4.2) in a simplistic manner. Accordingly, to
correlate the results of the approach given in
Clause 1.1.2 (1) P
equations (4.1) and (4.2) with data from fire
ENV 1991-2-2 is intended for use in conjunction resistance tests, a factor is applied to each of the
with the fire design parts of ENV 1992 to ENV 1996 net heat flux components, as given in Table 3.
and ENV 1999 which give rules for designing The fire test factor is applicable only to the
structures for fire resistance. Fire resistance in this
calculation of heat flux for use with the
context is confined to load bearing function, i.e. the
appropriate material thermal models, detailed in
ability of the structure to sustain actions during the
ENV 1992 to ENV 1996 and ENV 1999. The
relevant fire exposure, according to defined criteria.
factor shall not be used with other numerical
5.2 Section 4. Thermal actions models of heat transfer.
a) Clause 4.2.1 (1) Table 3 — Fire test correlation factor
The nominal temperature-time curve considered Mode of
Fire test National Construction
as appropriate for buildings is the standard heat
factor value material
transfer
temperature-time curve as defined in 4.2.2 of the
ENV. Convection ¾n,c 1.0 All
Radiation ¾n,r 0.45 Steel
Radiation ¾n,r 1.0 Concrete

vi © BSI 03-2000
 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

5.3 Annex A 5.6 Annex D

Parametric fire exposure (informative)
Clause A.2 (2)
An approved extinguishing system may be
considered in place when the building is fitted
throughout with an automatic sprinkler system
meeting the relevant recommendations of
BS 5306-2, i.e. the relevant occupancy rating
together with the additional requirements for life
safety.
5.4 Annex B
Parametric time-temperature curves
(informative)
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Fire load densities (informative)
a) Clause D.1 (3)
The safety factor ¾q is considered to be dependent
on both the risk of a fully developed fire
occurring and the consequences of structural
failure. Thus, ¾q values vary with building type
and height. Building types are distinguished by
the nature of occupancy. Full details of
occupancies are given in Annex A to this NAD.
Building height refers to the height of the top
storey floor level above ground, as described
in Figure 1.

Annex B (1)
The use of parametric temperature-time curves is
the subject of current research. At this stage, there
has not been sufficient validation of the approach
given in equations (B.1) and (B.2). In addition,
correlation needs to be established between
material temperature response (as calculated in
section 4) and recorded experimental data, so that
the resulting emissivity and coefficient of convection
(in accordance with 4.2.1 and 4.2.2) may be
established. Accordingly, the parametric approach
detailed in Annex B of ENV 199-2-2 is not yet
considered sufficiently proven for adoption in this
NAD.
5.5 Annex C
Thermal actions for external members
(informative)
Clause C.1 (1)
Calculations of the maximum temperatures reached
in a fire compartment shall not be used for
compartments whose construction is of a highly
insulating nature with respect to fire conditions. Figure 1 — Definition of building height
Accordingly, the calculation method shall not be ¾q as defined in equation (D.1) is to be given by:
used for compartments with lining materials having
¾q = ¾q1 · ¾q2 (1)
thermal inertias (i.e. the parameter b in Table E.1
of Annex E) less than 720 J/m2 S1/2 K. where
¾q1 and ¾q2 are factors quantifying the risk and
consequence of failure and are
defined in Table 4 and Table 5.
Table 4 — Factors quantifying consequences of failure (¾q1) to be used in equation (1)
Building Height (see Figure 1)
k 20 m k 30 m
Occupancy
k5m Depth of lowest basement > 30 m
k 10 m > 10 m
Flats, dwellings, institutional, residential, offices 0.8 1.1 1.6 2.2
Assembly, shops 0.8 1.1
Industrial 0.6
Car parks 0.4 1.6

© BSI 03-2000 vii

 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Table 5 — Factors quantifying risk of failure Table 7 — Characteristic variable fire

(¾q2) factor to be used in equation (1) load densities
Occupancy ¾q2 Variable fire load
density (qf,k)
Flats, dwellings, institutional, offices 1.2 Occupancy
MJ/m2
Shops, assembly & recreation, industrial, 0.8
storage, car parks 500 Flats, dwellings, institutional,
car parks, offices
Open car parks (as defined in Annex A of 0.4
this NAD) 750 Shops, assembly & recreation
1 000 Storage, industrial
The differentiation factor accounting for active
protection measures, defined by ¾n in 5.7 Annex E
equation (D.1), shall have the values given in Equivalent time of fire exposure (informative)
Table 6. The active protection factor is dependent on
a) Annex E (1)
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

the safety factor ¾q in equation (1).

Table 6 — Active protection factor
Active Protection Measures National values for ¾n
¾q k 1.6 ¾q > 1.6
Approved sprinkler system 0.60 0.75
(as defined 5.2)
Other 1.0 1.0
For certain building types, additional
considerations that are beyond the scope of this
NAD may demand that an approved sprinkler
system is installed. Further details may be found in
the appropriate national regulations.
b) Clause D.2.3 (2)
The protected fire load factor, given as Ói in
equation (D.2) shall have the value 1.0.
c) Clause D.2.5 (2)
The combustion factor, given as mi in
equation (D.2) shall have the value 1.0.
d) Clause D.3 (2)
Table 7 gives the fire load densities (related to
the floor area of the compartment). These
variable fire loads depend on the nature of the
compartment’s occupancy, information on which
is given in Annex A of this NAD.
Where a single fire compartment contains
several different occupancies, e.g. a single
compartment multi-storey building, the design
fire load shall be calculated based on the
occupancy with the highest characteristic fire
load density.
The equivalent time of fire exposure approach
should not be used for design of compartments
with very low ventilation, i.e. where the
ventilation factor wf, defined in equation (E.3),
has a value greater than 3.0. The approach has
only been validated up to a limiting time
equivalent duration of 120 min (without any
factoring of fire load density) and should not be
used beyond this limit.
The provision of sprinklers and other fire
protection measures is recommended for certain
building types and sizes. Detailed
recommendations are given in the relevant
national guidance, as referenced in clause 6 of
this NAD.
b) Annex E (4)
Where no detailed assessment of the thermal
properties of the enclosure is made, the
conversion factor, defined as kb in equation (E.2),
to be used is 0.09. Guidance on the thermal
properties of a range of typical construction
materials is given in Annex B of this NAD.
The values assigned to the conversion factors in
ENV 1991-2.2 shall be replaced nationally by the
values given in Table 8.
Table 8 — Conversion factor
Thermal inertia kb given in
kb for use in UK
(J/m2s1/2K) ENV 1991-2-2
> 2 500 0.04 0.05
2 500 – 720 0.055 0.07
< 720 0.07 0.09

c) Annex E (5)
The ventilation factor, defined by wf in equation
(E.3), shall be limited to values between 0.5
and 3.0.

viii © BSI 03-2000

 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Annex A (normative)
Description of occupancies
Occupancy is a means of describing the use classification of a building or (where the building is sub-divided
into compartments) to a compartment. The occupancy description should describe the main use of the
compartment. Where a building contains more than one compartment, with differing occupancy, each
compartment may be treated individually, with due regard in each compartment of the possible increased
risk from adjacent compartments. In all cases, due regard shall be given to the relevant guidance contained
in National Building Regulations with regard to provision of the fire-resisting (separating) function.
Occupancy Description
Flats Flat, maisonette.
Dwellings Dwellinghouse.
Institutional Hospital, nursing home, home for old or children, school with living
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

accommodation, place of detention, where such persons sleep on the premises,

hotel, boarding house, residential college, hall of residence.
Offices Offices or premises used for the purposes of administration, clerical work,
handling money, communications, radio, television, audio or visual recording
or performance (not open to public).
Shops Shops or premises used for a retail trade or business (including sale to
members of the public food or drink for immediate consumption on the
premises), and premises to which the public is invited to deliver or collect
goods in connection with their hire, repair or other treatment.
Assembly & recreation Place of assembly, entertainment and recreation; including bingo halls,
broadcasting, recording & film studios open to the public, casinos, dance halls,
entertainment–, conference, exhibition & leisure centres, funfairs &
amusement arcades, museums & art galleries, non-residential clubs, theatres,
cinemas, concert halls, educational, establishments, dancing schools,
gymnasia, swimming pool buildings, riding schools, skating rinks, sports
pavilions, sports stadia, law courts, churches & other buildings of worship,
crematoria, libraries open to the public, non-residential day centres, clinics,
health centres & surgeries, passenger stations & termini for air, rail, road and
sea travel, public toilets, zoos & menageries.
Industrial Factories and other premises used for manufacturing, altering, repairing,
cleaning, washing, breaking-up, adapting or processing any article, generating
power or slaughtering livestock.
Storage Place of storage or deposit of goods or materials.
Car parks (open) Car parks designed to admit and accommodate cars, motor cycles and
passenger or light goods vehicles weighing no more than 2 500 kg (gross), with
no basement storey. Each storey is to be naturally ventilated by permanent
openings having an aggregate vent area not less than 5 % of the total floor
area, at that level, of which at least 50 % should be on opposing walls.

© BSI 03-2000 ix
 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

Annex B (normative)
Thermal properties of typical compartment linings

Thermal Inertia
Nature of Compartment Linings
(J/m2s1/2K)
Bounding structures of ordinary concrete 2 400
Brickwork 1 500
Bounding structures of lightweight concrete (density = 500 kg/m3) 700
50 % of bounding structures of ordinary concrete and 50 % lightweight concrete 1 500
Ordinary plasterboard 750
Vermiculite plaster 650
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Bounded with 33 % lightweight concrete and 67 % plasterboard (2 ×13 mm thick) stud 1 000
partition
50 % bounding structures of lightweight concrete, 33 % ordinary concrete and 17 of 1 200
plasterboard (13 mm thick) on blockwork
80 % bounding surfaces of sheet steel and 20 % ordinary concrete 2 000
20 % bounding surfaces ordinary concrete and 80 % double plasterboard (2 ×13 mm 1 320
thick) stud partition
Wood 450

x © BSI 03-2000
 DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996

List of references (see clause 2)

Normative references

BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 5306, Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises.

BS 5306-2:1990, Specification for sprinkler systems.

Informative references

BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 4422, Glossary of terms associated with fire.

Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

BS 4422-1:1987, General terms and phenomena of fire.

BS 4422-2:1990, Glossary of terms associated with fire — Structural fire protection.
ISO publications
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva. (All publications are available from BSI Sales.)

ISO 3938:1987, Bases for design of structures — Notations — General symbols.

ISO 1716:1973, Building materials — Determination of calorific potential.

Other publications
DoE/WELSH OFFICE. The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document B, Fire Safety; 1992 Edition.
London: HMSO.
NORTHERN IRELAND. The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1990. SRNI 1990. No. 59.
Belfast: HMSO. CONSIEL INTERNATIONAL DU BATIMENT (CIB). A conceptual approach towards a
probability based design guide on structural fire safety. Report of a CIB W14 Workshop. Structural Fire
safety. January 1983, published in Fire Safety Journal; No. 1, Vol 6. Elsevier. 1983, ISSN 0379-7112
CONSIEL INTERNATIONAL DU BATIMENT (CIB). Design guide — Structural fire safety, published in
Fire Safety Journal. No. 1, Vol 9. pp 77–136. Elsevier, 1986.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Council Directive (89/106/EEC), The Approximation of laws, regulations and
administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products. 21st December 1988.
Official Journal of the European Communities, Vol 32. 1989. ISSN 03786978.
LAW M. and O’BRIEN T., Fire safety of bare external steel, Constrado, 1981.

© BSI 03-2000 xi
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

xii
blank
 EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1991-2-2:1995
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
February 1995
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM

ICS 91.040.00

Descriptors: Buildings, structures, design, computation, fire resistance

English version

Eurocode 1 — Basis of design and actions on structures —

Part 2-2: Actions on structures — Actions on structures
exposed to fire
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Eurocode 1 — Bases du calcul et actions sur les Eurocode 1 — Grundlagen der

structures — Tragwerksplanung und Einwirkungen auf
Partie 2-2: Actions sur les structures — Actions Tragwerke —
sur les structures exposées au feu Teil 2-2: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke —
Einwirkungen im Brandfall

This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 1993-06-30 as a

prospective standard for provisional application. The period of validity of this
ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN
will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question
whether the ENV can be converted into an European Standard (EN).
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same
way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly at national level in
an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in
force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

© 1995 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved in all
countries to CEN and its members
Ref. No. ENV 1991-2-2:1995 E
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995
Foreword
Objectives of the Eurocodes
(1) The “Structural Eurocodes” comprise a group of
standards for the structural and geotechnical design
of buildings and Civil engineering works.
(2) They cover execution and control only to the
extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the
construction products, and the standard of the
workmanship, needed to comply with the
assumptions of the design rules.
(3) Until the necessary set of harmonised technical
specifications for products and for methods of
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
testing their performance are available, some of the
Structural Eurocodes cover some of these aspects in
informative annexes.
Background to the Eurocode
programme
(4) The Commission of the European Communities
(CEC) initiated the work of establishing a set of
harmonized technical rules for the design of
building and civil engineering works which would
initially serve as an alternative to the different rules
in force in the various member states and would
ultimately replace them. These technical rules
became known as the “Structural Eurocodes”.
(5) In 1990, after consulting their respective
member states, the CEC transferred the work of
further development, issue and updating of the
Structural Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA
Secretariat agreed to support the CEN work.
(6) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC250 is
responsible for all Structural Eurocodes.
Eurocode programme
(7) Work is in hand on the following Structural
Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of
parts:
EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions
on structures.
EN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures.
EN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
EN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel
and concrete structures.
EN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber
structures.
EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry
structures.
EN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
2 © BSI 03-2000
EN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for
earthquake resistance.
EN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy
structures.
(8) Separate Sub-Committees have been formed by
CEN/TC250 for the various Eurocodes listed above.
(9) This Part of Eurocode 1 is being published as a
European Prestandard (ENV) with an initial life of
three years.
(10) This Prestandard is intended for experimental
application and for the submission of comments.
(11) After approximately two years CEN members
will be invited to submit formal comments to be
taken into account in determining future actions.
(12) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this
Prestandard should be sent to the Secretariat of
CEN/TC250/SC1 at the following address:
until end May 1995: from June 1995:
SNV/SIA SIS/BST
Selnaustrasse 16 Box 5630
Postfach S- 114 86 Stockholm
CH-8039 ZURICH SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
or to your National Standards Organization.
National Application Documents
(NAD’s)
(13) In view of the responsibilities of authorities in
member countries for safety, health and other
matters covered by the essential requirements of
the Construction Products Directive (CPD), certain
safety elements in this ENV have been assigned
indicative values which are identified by (“boxed
values”). The authorities in each member country
are expected to review the “boxed values” and may
substitute alternative definitive values for these
safety elements for use in national application.
(14) Some of the supporting European or
International Standards may not be available by the
time this Prestandard is issued. It is therefore
anticipated that a National Application Document
(NAD) giving any substitute definitive values for
safety elements, referencing compatible supporting
standards and providing guidance on the national
application of this Prestandard, will be issued by
each member country or its Standards
Organization.
(15) It is intended that this Prestandard is used in
conjunction with the NAD valid in the country
where the building or civil engineering works is
located.

Matters specific to this Prestandard
(16) The scope of Eurocode 1 is defined in
clause 1.1.1 and the scope of this Part of Eurocode 1
is defined in 1.1.2. Additional Parts of Eurocode 1
which are planned are indicated in clause 1.1.3.
(17) This Part is complemented by a number of
annexes, some normative and some informative.
The normative annexes have the same status as the
sections to which they relate.
(18) The general objectives of fire protection are to
limit risks with respect to the individual and
society, neighbouring property, and where required,
directly exposed property, in the case of fire.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
(19) Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC
gives the following essential requirement for the
limitation of fire risks:
“The construction works must be designed and built
in such a way, that in the event of an outbreak of fire
— the load-bearing capacity of the construction
can be assumed for a specified period of time;
— the generation and spread of fire and smoke
within the works are limited;
— the spread of fire to neighbouring construction
works is limited;
— the occupants can leave the works or can be
rescued by other means;
— the safety of rescue teams is taken into
consideration”.
(20) According to the Interpretative Document
“Safety in Case of Fire” the essential requirement
may be observed by following various fire safety
strategies, including passive and active fire
protection measures.
© BSI 03-2000
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
(21) The Structural Eurocodes deal with specific
aspects of passive fire protection in terms of
designing structures and parts thereof for adequate
load-bearing capacity and for limiting fire spread as
relevant.
(22) Required functions and levels of performance
are generally specified by the national
authorities — mostly in terms of standard fire
resistance rating. Where fire safety engineering for
assessing passive and active measures is accepted,
requirements by authorities will be less prescriptive
and may allow for alternative strategies.
(23) It is recognized, however, that fire safety
engineering calls for more general fire models than
included in this document. Such fire models may be
given in future supplements, which will be prepared
after prenormative research is completed.
(24) On the other hand it is also recognized, that the
acceptance of fire models by national authorities
differs throughout Europe and that present national
regulations may only allow for a design for standard
fire resistance requirements.
(25) Therefore this document mainly covers thermal
actions arising from the standard temperature-time
curve and other nominal temperature-time curves.
Physically based (parametric) thermal actions are
only dealt with where simplified analytical models
or direct design data are available; they are given in
informative annexes. The field of application for the
various thermal actions and design procedures,
including national supplements, will be specified by
the national authorities.
(26) Application of the thermal actions according to
this Part and the design of structures according to
the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999 is illustrated in Table 1.
3
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Table 1 — Design procedures

according to national design by prescriptive design by calculation
Thermal actions specifications: rules/tabulated data models
given in ENV 1991,
Part 2.2: for verifying given in ENV 1992–1996, given in ENV 1992–1996,
1999 1999
standard standard fire resistance as relevanta as relevanta
temperature-time requirements
curve or from fire resistance
tests
other nominal other nominal fire mainly from fire as relevanta
temperature-time resistance requirements resistance tests
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

curves
standard fire resistance as relevanta as relevanta
temperature-time — for equivalent time of fire
curve exposure
parametric fire fire resistance not applicable as relevanta
exposure — for specified period of
time or
— for entire fire duration
a
depending on the extent to which prescriptive rules and calculation models are given in the respective fire Parts and the relevant
scope of application

4 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Contents Page
Annex F (normative) Basis of design —
Page supplementary clauses to ENV 1991-1 for
Foreword 2 the structural analysis in fire design
Objectives of the Eurocodes 2 situations 30
Background to the Eurocode programme 2 Figure C.1 — Deflection of flame by wind 21
Eurocode programme 2 Figure C.2 — Flame dimensions, no through
draught 21
National Application Documents (NAD’s) 2
Figure C.3 — Deflection of flame by balcony 23
Matters specific to this Prestandard 3
Figure C.4 — Flame dimensions, through or
Section 1. General
forced draught 24
1.1 Scope 7
Figure C.5 — Deflection of flame by awning 25
1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991 — Eurocode 1 7
Table 1 — Design procedures 4
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-2 Actions on

Table D.1 — Net calorific value Hu of
structures exposed to fire 7
combustible materials 28
1.1.3 Further Parts of ENV 1991 7
Table D.2 — Format for fire load classification
1.2 Normative references 7 of occupancies 29
1.3 Distinction between principles and Table E.1 — Conversion factor kb depending
application rules 8 on the thermal properties of the enclosure 30
1.4 Definitions 8
1.5 Notations 10
Section 2. Design procedure and classification
of actions 12
Section 3. Fire design situations
3.1 Accidental situations 13
3.2 Design fire 13
3.3 Exposure to fire 13
3.4 Post-fire situations 13
Section 4. Actions for temperature analysis
(thermal actions)
4.1 General rules 14
4.2 Nominal temperature-time curves 14
4.2.1 General 14
4.2.2 Standard temperature-time curve 15
4.2.3 External fire curve 15
4.2.4 Hydrocarbon curve 15
4.3 Parametric fire exposure 15
Section 5. Actions for structural analysis
(mechanical actions) 16
Annex A (informative) Parametric fire
exposure 17
Annex B (informative) Parametric
temperature-time curves 17
Annex C (informative) Thermal actions for
external members — simplified calculation
method 18
Annex D (informative) Fire load densities 26
Annex E (informative) Equivalent time of
fire exposure 29

© BSI 03-2000 5
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

6blank
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Section 1. General

1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991 — Eurocode 1
(1) P ENV 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with
ENV 1992-1999.
(2) It may also be used as a basis for the design of structures not covered in ENV 1992-1999 and where other
materials or other structural design actions are involved.
(3) ENV 1991 also covers structural design during execution and structural design for temporary
structures. It relates to all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance.
(4) ENV 1991 is not directly intended for the structural appraisal of existing construction, in developing
the design of repairs and alterations or, for assessing changes of use.
(5) ENV 1991 does not completely cover special design situations which require unusual reliability
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

considerations such as nuclear structures for which specified design procedures should be used.
1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
(1)P This Part is concerned with actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended for use in conjunction
with the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999 which give rules for designing structures for
fire resistance.
(2) Thermal actions given in the main text of this document are mainly confined to nominal thermal
actions. Some data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in informative annexes.
(3)P This Part provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works and shall be used in conjunction with ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design”, other Parts of
ENV 1991 and ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999.
(4)P Application of this Part and the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999 is only valid, if
the normal temperature design of structures is in accordance with the relevant Structural Eurocodes.
(5) This Part also covers structural design for temporary structures relating to the subjects mentioned
in 1.1.2 (1)P. It relates to all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance
in fire exposure.
1.1.3 Further Parts of ENV 1991
(1) Further Parts of ENV 1991 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned are given in 1.2.

1.2 Normative references

This European Prestandard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other standards.
These normative references are cited in the appropriate places in the text and publications listed hereafter.
ISO 3898:1987, Basis of design for structures — Notations. General symbols..
NOTE The following European Prestandards which are published or in preparation are cited at the appropriate places in the text
and publications listed hereafter.
ENV 1991-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 1: Basis of design.
ENV 1991-2-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.1: Densities, self-weight and
imposed loads.
ENV 1991-2-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.3: Snow loads.
ENV 1991-2-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.4: Wind loads.
ENV 1991-2-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.5: Thermal actions.
ENV 1991-2-6, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.6: Loads and deformations
imposed during execution.
ENV 1991-2-7, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.7: Accidental actions.
ENV 1991-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 3: Traffic loads on bridges.
ENV 1991-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 4: Actions in silos and tanks.
ENV 1991-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 5: Actions induced by cranes and
machinery.
ENV 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.

© BSI 03-2000 7
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

ENV 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.

ENV 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.
ENV 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.
ENV 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.
ENV 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
ENV 1998, Eurocode 8: Earthquake resistant design of structures.
ENV 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy structures.

1.3 Distinction between principles and application rules

(1) Depending on the character of the individual clauses, distinction is made in this Part 2.2 of ENV 1991
between principles and application rules.
(2) The principles comprise:
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

— general statements and definitions for which there is no alternative, as well as

— requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated.
(3) The principles are preceded by the letter P.
(4) The application rules are generally recognized rules which follow the principles and satisfy their
requirements.
(5) It is permissible to use alternative rules different from the application rules given in this Eurocode,
provided it is shown that the alternative rules accord with the relevant principles and have at least the
same reliability.
(6) In this Part 2.2 of ENV 1991 the application rules are identified by a number in brackets, e.g. as this
clause.

1.4 Definitions
For the purposes of this Prestandard, a basic list of definitions is provided in ENV 1991-1, “Basis of design”
and the additional definitions given below are specific to this Part.
1.4.1
configuration factor 9 [–]
ratio between the solid angle by which, from a certain point of the member surface the radiating
environment can be seen, and 2 ;
1.4.2
convective heat transfer coefficient !c [W/m2·K]
convective heat flux to the member related to the difference between the bulk temperature of gas bordering
the relevant surface of the member and the temperature of that surface
1.4.3
design fire
a specified fire development assumed for design purposes
1.4.4
design fire load density qd [MJ/m2]
the fire load density considered for determining thermal actions in fire design; the value of qd makes
allowance for uncertainties and safety requirements
1.4.5
effects of actions E
moments, forces, stresses, deformations (as compared to action effects S: Only forces and moments.)
1.4.6
external fire curve
a nominal temperature-time curve intended for the outside of separating external walls, which can be
exposed to fire from different parts of the facade, i.e. directly from the inside of the respective fire
compartment or from a compartment situated below or adjacent to the respective external wall

8 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

1.4.7
external member
structural members located outside the building enclosure which may be exposed to fire through openings
in the building enclosure
1.4.8
fire compartment
a space within a building extending over one or several floors which is enclosed by separating members
such that fire spread beyond the compartment is prevented during the relevant fire exposure
1.4.9
fire load Q [MJ]
the sum of calorific energies which are released by combustion of all combustible materials in a space
(building contents and construction elements)
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

1.4.10
fire load density q [MJ/m2]
the fire load per unit area,
related to the floor area: qf
related to the surface area of the total enclosure, including openings: qt
1.4.11
fire resistance
the ability of a structure or part of a structure or a member to fulfill required functions (load bearing
function, and/or separating function), for a specified fire exposure and for a specified period of time
1.4.12
fire wall
a wall separating two spaces (generally two buildings) which is designed for fire resistance and structural
stability, including resistance to horizontal loading such that, in case of fire and failure of the structure on
one side of the wall, fire spread beyond the wall is avoided
1.4.13
fully developed fire
the state of full involvement of all combustible surfaces in a fire within a specified space
1.4.14
hydrocarbon fire curve
a nominal temperature-time curve for representing hydrocarbon type fire loads
1.4.15
indirect fire actions
thermal expansions, thermal deformations or thermal gradients causing forces and moments
1.4.16
load bearing function
the ability of a structure or a member to sustain specified actions during the relevant fire, according to a
defined criteria
1.4.17
net heat flux hnet [W/m2]
energy per unit time and surface area absorbed by members
1.4.18
normal temperature design
ultimate limit state design for ambient temperatures according to Part 1.1 of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999 for the fundamental combination (see Part 1 “Basis of design” of ENV 1991)

© BSI 03-2000 9
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

1.4.19
resultant emissivity ¼ [–]
the ratio between the actual radiative heat flux to the member and the net heat flux that would occur if the
member and its radiative environment are considered as black bodies
1.4.20
separating function
the ability of a separating member to prevent fire spread by passage of flames or hot gases (integrity) or
ignition beyond the exposed surface (thermal insulation) during the relevant fire exposure
1.4.21
separating members
structural and non-structural members (walls or floors) forming the enclosure of a fire compartment
1.4.22
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

standard fire resistance

the ability of a structure or part of it (usually only members) to fulfill required functions (loadbearing
function, and/or separating function), for the standard fire exposure — for a stated period of time.
Normally, standard fire resistance requirements are expressed in terms of periods of time such as 30, 60
or more minutes
1.4.23
standard temperature-time curve
a nominal curve for representing mainly cellulosic type fire loads
1.4.24
structural members
the load-bearing members of a structure, including bracings
1.4.25
temperature analysis
the procedure of determining the temperature development in members on the basis of the thermal actions
(net heat flux), the thermal material properties of the members and of protective surfaces, where relevant
1.4.26
temperature-time curves
gas temperatures in the environment of member surfaces as a function of time. They may be
— nominal, in terms of conventional curves, adopted for classification and verification of fire resistance,
e.g. the standard temperature-time curve;
— parametric, determined on the basis of fire models and the specific physical parameters defining the
conditions in the fire compartment.
1.4.27
thermal actions
actions on the structure described by the net heat flux to the members

1.5 Notations
(1) For the purpose of this Prestandard, the following symbols apply.
NOTE The notations used are based on ISO 3898:1987.
(2) A basic list of notations is provided in ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design” and the additional notations below
are specific to this Part.
Latin upper case letters
A action from fire exposure
Aind indirect fire action
E effect of actions
G permanent action
Q variable action

10 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Rfi load bearing resistance, relevant in fire exposure

Latin lower case letters
h heat flux to unit surface area [W/m2]
tfi standard fire resistance (property of the member or structure) [min.]
tfi,requ required standard fire resistance time (nominal value) [min.]
Greek upper case letters
9 configuration factor [–]
G temperature [°C]; G [°C] = T [K] – 273
Gcr critical temperature [°C], relevant for steel
Gr radiation temperature of the environment of the member [°C]
Gg gas temperature in fire exposure [°C]
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Gm surface temperature of the member [°C]

Go initial gas temperature [°C]
Greek lower case letters
µ coefficient of heat transfer [W/m2°K]
¼res resultant emissivity [–]
? load combination coefficients [–]
¾ partial safety factor [–]
Indices
c convective component of heat transfer
cr critical value
fi identifies values relevant for fire design
d design value
k characteristic value
r radiative component of heat transfer
t duration of fire exposure

© BSI 03-2000 11
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Section 2. Design procedure and classification of

actions
(1)P Structural fire design involves applying actions for temperature analysis and actions for structural
analysis according to this Part and other Parts of ENV 1991, to structures which are designed using the
rules given in the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999.
(2) Depending on the representation of the thermal actions in design, the following procedures are
distinguished:
— nominal temperature-time curves which are applied for a specified period of time, and for which
structures are designed by observing prescriptive rules, including tabulated data, or by using calculation
models;
— parametric temperature-time curves, which are calculated on the basis of physical parameters and
for which structures are designed by using calculation models.
(3) Verification may be in the time domain:
tfi,d U tfi,requ (2.1)
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

or in the strength domain:

Rfi,d,t U Efi,d,t (2.2)

or in the temperature domain:

Gd k Gcr,d (2.3)

where:
tfi,d design value of the standard fire resistance
tfi,requ required standard fire resistance time
Rfi,d,t design value of the load bearing resistance for the fire situation
Efi,d,t design value of the relevant effects of actions for the fire situation
Gd design value of material temperature
Gcr,d design value of the critical material temperature

(4)P Actions on structures from fire exposure are classified as accidental actions, see ENV 1991-1.

12 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Section 3. Fire design situations

NOTE For structures, where the national authorities comprehensively specify structural fire safety requirements, it may be
assumed in the design that the relevant fire design situations are accounted for by the requirements.

3.1 Accidental situations

(1)P The occurrence of fires, severe enough to cause structural damage, shall be considered as an accidental
situation.
(2) The relevant design situations and the associated accidental actions of fire should be determined on the
basis of a fire risk assessment.
(3) Simultaneous occurrence with other independent accidental actions need not be considered.
(4) For structures where particular risks of fire arise in the wake of other accidental actions, this risk
should be considered when determining the overall safety concept.
(5) Time- and load-dependent structural behaviour prior to the accidental situation need not be considered,
unless (4) applies.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

3.2 Design fire

(1)P Fire compartments shall be designed to prevent fire spread to other fire compartments during the
relevant fire exposure.
(2)P The design fire shall be applied only to one fire compartment of the building at a time.
(3) The design fire should represent a fully developed fire within a specified space.

3.3 Exposure to fire

(1)P When determining the fire exposure of a member, the position of the design fire in relation to the
member shall be taken into account.
(2) For verifying the separating function, fire exposure only from one side at a time needs to be applied.
(3) For external members, fire exposure through facades or roofs should be considered.
(4) For separating external walls fire exposure from inside (from the respective fire compartment) and
alternatively from outside (from other fire compartments) should be considered.

3.4 Post-fire situations

(1) Post-fire situations after the structure has cooled down need not be considered in design.
(2) When designing for a required fire resistance period, the performance of the structure beyond this
period need not be considered.

© BSI 03-2000 13
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Section 4. Actions for temperature analysis

(thermal actions)
4.1 General rules
·
(1)P Thermal actions are given by the net heat flux hnet [W/m2] to the surface of the member.
(2)P The net heat flux hnet shall be determined by considering thermal radiation and convection from and
to the fire environment.
(3) The radiative heat flux component per unit surface area is determined by:
·
hnet,r = 9·¼res·5,67·10–8 · [(Gr + 273)4 – (Gm + 273)4] [W/m2] (4.1)

where:
9 configuration factor [–]
¼res resultant emissivity [–]
Gr radiation temperature of the environment of the member [°C]
Gm surface temperature of the member [°C]
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

5,67 · 10– 8 Stefan Boltzmann constant [W/m2°K4]

(4) Where the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999 give no specific data, the configuration
factor should be taken as 9 = [1,0].
(5) For the resultant emissivity ¼res relevant for nominal temperature-time curves, see 4.2.
(6) The radiation temperature Gr may be represented by the gas temperature Gg, see 4.1 (11).
(7) The surface temperature Gm results from the temperature analysis of the member according to the fire
design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and 1999, as relevant.
(8) The convective heat flux component per unit surface area should be determined by:
·
hnet,c = µc·(Gg – Gm) [W/m2] (4.2)

where:
!c coefficient of heat transfer by convection [W/m2°K]
Gg gas temperature of the environment of the member in fire exposure [°C]
Gm surface temperature of the member [°C]

(9) For the coefficient of heat transfer by convection !c relevant for nominal temperature-time curves,
see 4.2.
(10) On the unexposed side of separating members, heat flow due to radiation may be neglected and for
convection !c = [9] [W/m2°K] may be adopted.
(11) Gas temperatures Gg may be:
— adopted as nominal temperature-time curves, see 4.2;
— specified in terms of physical parameters, see 4.3.

4.2 Nominal temperature-time curves

4.2.1 General
(1) The nominal temperature-time curves given in 4.2.2 to 4.2.4 should be used in accordance with the
relevant national field of application.
(2) For design to nominal temperature-time curves the net heat flux due to convection and radiation is:
· · ·
hnet,d = ¾n,c · hnet,c + ¾n,r · hnet,r [W/m2] (4.3)

where:
·
hnet,c is given by equ. (4.2)
·
hnet,r is given by equ. (4.1)
¾n,c factor to account for different national types of test and equals [1,0]
¾n,r is equal to [1,0] as ¾n,c

14 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

(3) The resultant emissivity should be introduced as:

¼res = ¼f · ¼m [–] (4.4)

where:
¼f emissivity related to fire compartment, usually taken as [0,8]
¼m emissivity related to surface material; where the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999 give no specific data, ¼m should be used as [0,7]

4.2.2 Standard temperature-time curve

(1) The standard temperature-time curve is given by:
Gg = 20 + 345 log 10(8t + 1) [°C] (4.5)

where:
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Gg gas temperature in the fire compartment [°C]

t time [min]

(2) The coefficient of heat transfer by convection is:

!c = [25] W/m2°K
4.2.3 External fire curve
(1) The external fire curve is given by:
Gg = 660 (1-0,687 e–0,32t – 0,313 e–3,8t) + 20 [°C] (4.6)

where:
Gg gas temperature in the environment of the [°C]
member
t time [min]

(2) The coefficient of heat transfer by convection is:

!c = [25] W/m2°K
4.2.4 Hydrocarbon curve
(1) The hydrocarbon temperature-time curve is given by:
Gg = 1 080 (1-0, 325 e–0,167t – 0,675 e–2,5t) + 20 [°C] (4.7)
where:
Gg gas temperature in the fire compartment [°C]
t time [min]

(2) The coefficient of heat transfer by convection is: (4.8)

!c = [50] W/m2°K

4.3 Parametric fire exposure

(1) Parametric fire exposures and related data are given in informative annexes to this document for use
in accordance with the national field of application.

© BSI 03-2000 15
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Section 5. Actions for structural analysis

(mechanical actions)
(1) For direct actions, the simultaneity of actions and the combination rules see Annex F.
(2)P Imposed and constrained expansions and deformations caused by temperature changes due to fire
exposure result in forces and moments, which shall be considered apart from those cases where they:
— may be recognized a priori to be either negligible or favourable;
— are accounted for by conservative support and boundary conditions and/or conservatively specified
fire safety requirements.
(3) For an assessment of indirect actions the following should be considered:
— constrained thermal expansion of the members themselves, e.g. columns in multi-storey frame
structures with stiff walls;
— differing thermal expansion within statically indeterminate members, e.g. continuous floor slabs;
— thermal gradients within cross-sections giving internal stresses;
— thermal expansion of adjacent members,
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

e.g. displacement of column head due to the expanding floor slab, or expansion of suspended cables;
— thermal expansion of members affecting members outside the fire compartment.
(4) Design values for indirect actions Ad,ind should be determined on the basis of the design values of the
thermal and mechanical material properties given in the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999 and the relevant fire exposure.
(5) Indirect actions from adjacent members need not be considered when fire safety requirements refer to
members.

16 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Annex A (informative)
Parametric fire exposure
A.1 General
(1) Gas temperatures for calculating the net heat flux should be determined on the basis of physical
parameters considering at least:
— the fire load density;
— ventilation conditions.
A.2 Fire models
(1) Calculations should be based on the assumption that the relevant fire load is burnt out — except where
national specifications allow for limited periods of fire resistance in parametric exposure.
(2) For fire compartments with approved extinguishing systems — for which structural fire design is
nevertheless required — the design fire load density may be adapted according to Annex D, D.1.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

(3) With reference to 4.1 of the main text the following applies:
— For external members, the radiative heat flux component should be calculated as the sum of the
contributions of the fire compartment and of the flames emerging from the openings;
— For internal members only the contribution of the fire compartment to the radiative heat flux needs
to be considered.
(4) For internal members of fire compartments, gas temperatures may be calculated in accordance
with Annex B.
(5) For external members exposed to fire from openings in the facade, Annex C may be used.
(6) Where internal members are designed according to prescriptive rules or tabulated data for the standard
temperature-time curve, an equivalent time of fire exposure may be used, see Annex E.

Annex B (informative)
Parametric temperature-time curves
(1) The following temperature-time curves may be used in accordance with the national field of application.
They are valid for fire compartments up to 100 m2 of floor area, without openings in the roof and for a
maximum compartment height of 4 m.
(2) If fire load densities are specified without specific consideration to the combustion behaviour
(see Annex D), then this approach should be limited to fire compartments with mainly cellulosic type fire
loads.
(3) The temperature-time curves in the heating phase are given by:
Gg = 1 325 (1 – 0,324 e–0,2t* – 0,204 e–1,7t* – 0,472 e–19t*) (B.1)

where:
Gg temperature in the fire compartment [°C]
t* = t·+ with [h]
t time [h]
+ = [O/b]2/(0,04/1160)2 [–]
where b = ( @c2 ) should observe the limits: 1 000 k b k 2 000 [J/m2s1/2K]
O opening factor: Av h /At with the following limits: 0,02 k O k 0,20 [m1/2]
Av area of vertical openings [m2]
h height of vertical openings [m]
At total area of enclosure (walls, ceiling and floor, including openings) [m2]
@ density of boundary of enclosure [kg/m3]
c specific heat of boundary of enclosure [J/kgK]
2 thermal conductivity of boundary of enclosure [W/mK]

© BSI 03-2000 17
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

(4) To account for enclosures with different layers of material b = ( @c2 ) should be introduced as:

(B.2)

where:
si thickness of layer i
ci specific heat of layer i
2i thermal conductivity of layer i

bi = ( @i ci 2 i )

(5) To account for different materials in walls, ceiling and floor b = ( @c2 ) should be introduced as:
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

b = CbjAtj/CAtj (B.3)

where:
Atj area of enclosure including openings with the thermal property bj

(6) The temperature-time curves in the cooling phase are given by:
Gg = Gmax – 625 (t* – td*) for td* k 0,5 (B.4)
Gg = Gmax – 250 (3 – td*)(t* – td*) for 0,5 < td* < 2 (B.5)
Gg = Gmax – 250 (t* – td*) for td* U 2 (B.6)

where:
Gmax maximum temperature in the heating phase [°C] for t* = td*
td* = (0,13 · 10–3 qt,d · +)/O [h]
qt,d design value of the fire load density related to the surface area At of the enclosure whereby
qt,d = qf,d·Af/At [MJ/m2] the following limits should be observed: 50 k qt,d k 1 000 [MJ/m2]
qf,d design value of the fire load density related to the surface area Af of the floor [MJ/m2]

(7) The resultant emissivity ¼res and the coefficient of heat transfer by convection !c should be in accordance
with 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 of the main text.

Annex C (informative)
Thermal actions for external members — simplified calculation method
C.1 Scope
(1) This method allows the determination of:
— the maximum temperatures of a compartment fire;
— the size and temperatures of flame from openings;
— radiation and convection parameters.
(2) This method considers steady-state conditions for the various parameters.
C.2 Symbols and units

AF floor area of the fire compartment [m2]

AT total area of floor, ceiling and wall, minus total area of the window [m2]
Aw sum of window area on all walls (Aw = C Awi) [m2]
i
Awi area of window “i” [m2]
d geometrical characteristic of an external structural element (diameter or side) [m]

18 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

D depth of the fire compartment [m]

g acceleration due to gravity [m/s2]

h weighted average of window heights on all walls [m]

ha horizontal projection of an awning [m]

hi height of window “i” [m]
l axis length from window to the point where the calculation is made [m]
L fire load (= AF.Q) [kg of wood]
Q fire load density per floor area
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

[kg of wood/m2]
R rate of burning [kg of wood/s]
Ta initial temperature (= 293) [K]
Tf fire temperature [K]
To flame temperature at the window [K]
Tz flame temperature along the axis [K]
u wind speed [m/s]
w sum of window widths on all walls (w = Cwi) [m]
wi width of window “i” [m]
wz width of the flame [m]
W width of wall containing window(s) [m]
x horizontal project of flame (from the facade) [m]
X flame length along axis [m]
z flame height (from the upper part of the window) [m]
Aw h1/2/AT opening factor of the fire compartment [m1/2]
! convective heat transfer coefficient [kW/m2K]
¼ emissivity of flame
@ gas density (assumed to be 0,45) [kg/m3]
2 flame thickness [m]
) AT/Aw h 1/2
[m–1/2]
? L/(Aw.AT)1/2 [kg/m2]
EF free burning fire duration (assumed to be 1 200) [s]
C.3 Conditions of use
(1) When there is more than one window, the average height, the window area, and the width are given in
the relevant fire compartment as follows:
— The weighted average of window heights on all walls:

(C.1)

© BSI 03-2000 19
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

— The sum of window areas on all walls:

Aw = C Awi (C.2)
i

— The sum of window widths on all walls:

w = C wi (C.3)
i

(2) When there are windows on more than one wall, the ratio D/W has to be obtained as follows:

(C.4)
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

where
W1 width of the wall 1, assumed to contain the greatest window area;
Aw1 sum of window areas on wall 1;
W2 width of the wall of the fire compartment, perpendicular to wall 1.

(3) When there is a core in the fire compartment, the ratio D/W has to be obtained as follows:
— Definition given in C.3 (6) applies;
— C1 and C2 are the length and width of the core;
— W1 and W2 are the length and width of the fire compartment:

(C.5)

(4) In an external wall, the window is all the part of this wall not having the fire resistance (REI) required
for the stability of the building.
(5) The total area of the window in an external wall is:
— the total area, according to (4), if it is less than 50 % of the area of the relevant external wall of the
compartment;
— firstly the total area and secondly 50 % of the area of the relevant external wall of the compartment
if, according to (4), the area is more than 50 %. These two situations have to be considered for
calculation. When using 50 % of the area of the external wall, the location and geometry of the open
surfaces have to be chosen to lead to the worst case.
(6) The size of the fire compartment should not exceed 70 m in length, 18 m in width and 5 m in height.
(7) The flame temperature has to be taken as uniform across the width and the thickness of the flame.
C.4 Effects of wind
C.4.1 Mode of ventilation
(1) If there are windows on opposite sides of the fire compartment or if additional air is being fed to the fire
from another source (other than windows), the calculation must be done with forced draught conditions.
Otherwise, the calculation is done with no forced draught conditions.

20 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

C.4.2 Flame deflection by wind

Figure C.1 — Deflection of flame by wind

Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

(1) Flame from an opening has to be assumed to be leaving the compartment fire (Figure C.1):
— perpendicular to the facade;
— with a deflection, due to the wind effect, of + 45° and – 45° with the facade.
C.5 Characteristics of fire and flame
C.5.1 No forced draught

Figure C.2 — Flame dimensions, no through draught

© BSI 03-2000 21
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

(1) Rate of burning:

(C.6)

(2) Temperature of the compartment fire:

(C.7)

(3) Flame height (Figure C.2):

Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

(C.8)

Comment:
With Ô = 0,45 kg/m3 and g = 9,81 m/s2, this equation may be simplified to give:

R 2/3
z = 12,8  ---- – h (C.9)
 w

(4) Flame width is the window width (Figure C.2)

(5) Flame depth is 2/3 of the window height: 2/3 h (Figure C.2)
(6) Horizontal projection of flame:
— If wall above the window:
w for h k 1,25 w: x = h/3 (C.10)
w for h > 1,25 w and distance to any other window > 4 w:
x = 0,3 h (h/w)0,54 (C.11)
w other cases: x = 0,454 h (h/2w)0,54 (C.12)

— If no wall above the window:

x = 0,6 h (z/h)1/3 (C.13)

(7) Flame length along axis:

— Wall above h k 1,25 w: X = z + h/2 (C.14)
— No wall above or h > 1,25 w:
X = (z2 + (x – h/3)2)1/2 + h/2 (C.15)

(8) Flame temperature at the window:

To = 520/(1 – 0,027 (X·w/R)) + Ta [K] (C.16)

(9) Emissivity at the window: 1,0

(10) Flame temperature along the axis:
Tz = (To – Ta) (1 – 0,027 (I · w/R)) + Ta [K] (C.17)

where:
I axis length from window to the point where the calculation is made

22 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

(11) Emissivity of flame:

¼ = 1 – e–0,32 (C.18)

(12) Convective heat transfer coefficient:

! = 0,026 (1/d)0,4 (R/Aw)0,6 (C.19)

(13) If an awning or balcony (with horizontal projection: ha) is located at the level of the top of the window
on its whole width, for the wall above the window and h k 1,25 w, the height and horizontal projection of
the flame should be modified as follows:
— the flame height z given in (3) is decreased by h a 2 ;
— the horizontal projection of the flame x given in (6), is increased by ha.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Figure C.3 — Deflection of flame by balcony

(14) With the same conditions for awning or balcony as mentioned in (13), in the case of no wall above the
window or h > 1,25 w, the height and horizontal projection of the flame should be modified as follows:
— the flame height z given in (3) is decreased by ha;
— the horizontal projection of the flame x, obtained in (6) with the above mentioned value of z is
increased by ha.

© BSI 03-2000 23
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

C.5.2 Forced draught

Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Figure C.4 — Flame dimensions, through or forced draught

(1) Rate of burning:

R = L/EF (C.20)

(2) Temperature of the compartment fire:

Tf = 1 200 (L – e–0,04?) + Ta (C.21)

(3) Flame height:

(C.22)

Comment:
With u = 6 m/s, z = 11 R/Aw1/2 – h

(4) Horizontal projection of flame:

x = 0,605 (u2/h)0,22 (z + h) (C.23)

Comment:
with u = 6 m/s, x = 1,33 (z + h)/h0,22

(5) Flame width:

wz = w + 0,4 x (C.24)

24 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

(6) Flame length along axis:

X = (z2 + x2)1/2 (C.25)

(7) Flame temperature at the window:

To = 520/(1 – 0,019 X(Aw)1/2/R) + Ta [K] (C.26)

(8) Emissivity at the window: 1

(9) Flame temperature along the axis:

[K] (C.27)

Where:
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

l axis length from the window to the point where the calculation is made
(10) Emissivity of flame:
¼ = 1 – e–0,32 (C.28)

(11) Convective heat transfer coefficient:

! = 0,0098 (1/d)0,4 (R/Aw + u/1,6)0,6 (C.29)

Comment:
With u = 6 m/s, ! = 0,0098 (1/d)0,4 (R/Aw + 3,75)0,6

Figure C.5 — Deflection of flame by awning

(12) Effect of balcony or awning: After being deflected horizontally by a balcony or awning, the flame
trajectory is the same as before, displaced outwards by the depth of the balcony, but the value of X is
unchanged.

© BSI 03-2000 25
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Annex D (informative)
Fire load densities
D.1 Values for calculation
(1) The fire load density used in calculations should be a design value, based on measurements or in special
cases a nominal value, based on fire resistance requirements of regulations.
(2) The design value may be determined:
— from a national fire load classification of occupancies and/or,
— specific for an individual project by performing a fire load survey.
(3) The design fire load density is defined as:
qd = *q · *n · qk (D.1)
where:
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

qk fire load density determined

— from a fire load classification of occupancies and/or
— for a specific project;
*q safety factor depending on the consequences of failure and frequency of fires, according to national
specifications;
*n differentiation factor accounting for active fire protection measures (if not considered in the fire
model) — according to national specifications; for approved fire extinguishing systems *n = [0,6]
may be used.
D.2 Determination of fire load densities
D.2.1 General
(1) All combustible building contents and construction elements, including linings and finishings should be
accounted for.
(2) The following clauses of D.2 apply for the determination of fire load densities
— from a fire load classification of occupancies (see D.3) and/or
— specific for an individual project (see D.4).
(3) Where fire load densities are determined from a fire load classification of occupancies, fire loads are
distinguished as
— fire loads from the occupancy, given by the classification;
— fire loads from the building (construction elements, linings and finishings) which are generally not
included in the classification and are then determined according to the following clauses, as relevant.
D.2.2 Definitions
(1) The characteristic fire load is defined as:
Qfi,k = C Mk,i · Hui · mi · ?i = CQfi,k,i [MJ] (D.2)
where:
Mk,i amount of combustible material [kg], according to (3) and (4)
Hui net calorific value [MJ/kg], see (D.2.4)
[mi] optional factor describing the combustion behaviour, see (D.2.5)
[?i] optional factor for assessing protected fire loads, see (D.2.3)
(2) The characteristic fire load density qk per unit
area is defined as:
qk = Qfi,k/A [MJ/m2] (D.3)
where
A floor area (Af) of the fire compartment or reference space, or inner surface area (Af) of the fire
compartment, giving qf,k or qt,k

26 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

(3) Permanent fire loads, which are not expected to vary during the service life of a structure, should be
introduced by their expected values resulting from the survey.
(4) Variable fire loads, which may vary during the service life of a structure, should be represented by
values, which are expected not to be exceeded during 80 % of time.
D.2.3 Protected fire loads
(1) Fire loads in containments which are designed to survive fire exposure need not be considered.
(2) Fire loads in non-combustible containments with no specific fire design, but which remain intact during
fire exposure, may be considered as follows:
The largest fire load, but at least 10 % of the protected fire loads are associated with ?i = 1,0.
If this fire load plus the unprotected fire loads are not sufficient to heat the remaining protected fire loads
beyond ignition temperature, then the remaining protected fire loads may be associated with ?i = 0,0.
Otherwise, ?i-values need to be assessed individually.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

D.2.4 Net calorific values

(1) Net calorific values should be determined according to ISO 1716.
(2) The humidity of materials may be taken into account as follows:
Hu = Huo (1 – 0,01 u) – 0,025 u [MJ/kg] (D.4)

where:
u moisture content in % by weight
Huo net calorific value of dry materials

(3) Net calorific values of some solids, liquids and gases are given in Table D.1.

© BSI 03-2000 27
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

Table D.1 — Net calorific value Hu of combustible materials

solids [MJ/kg] liquids [MJ/kg]
anthracite 34 gasoline 44
asphalt 41 diesel oil 41
bitumen 42 linseed oil 39
celullose 17 methanol 20
charcoal 35 paraffin oil 41
clothes 19 spirits 29
coal, coke 31 tar 38
cork 29 benzene 40
cotton 18 benzyl alcohol 33
grain 17 ethyl alcohol 27
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

grease 41 isopropyl alcohol 31

kitchen refuse 18
leather 19
linoleum 20
paper, cardboard 17
paraffin wax 47
foam rubber 37
rubber isoprene 45
rubber tire 32
silk 19
straw 16
wood 19
wool 23
particle board 18
plastics [MJ/kg] gases [MJ/kg]
ABS 36 acetylen 48
acrylic 28 butane 46
celluloid 19 carbon monoxide 10
epoxy 34 hydrogen 120
melamin resin 18 propane 46
phenolformaldehyde 29 methane 50
polyester 31 ethanol 27
polyester, fibre reinforced 21
polyethylene 44
polystyrene 40
petroleum 41
polyisocyanurate foam 24
polycorbonate 29
polypropylene 43
polyurethane 23
polyurethane foam 26
polyvenylchloride 17
ureaformaldehyde 15
ureaformaldehyde foam 14

28 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

D.2.5 Combustion behaviour

(1) The combustion behaviour should be considered in accordance with national rules.
(2) For mainly cellulosic materials, the combustion factor may be assumed conservatively as mi = 1,0.
D.3 Fire load classification of occupancies
(1) Subject to approval and supplement by the national authorities fire load densities should be assumed
according to Table D.2 depending on the occupancy of the fire compartment. The fire load densities only
cover fire loads from the occupancy and are related to the floor area.
(2) Fire loads from the building should be determined according to D.2 to give the total fire load density.
Table D.2 — Format for fire load
classification of occupancies
class qf,k [MJ/m2]
I 250
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

II 500
III 1 000
IV 1 500
V 2 000

D.4 Individual assessment of fire load densities

(1) In cases where national occupancy classes do not apply, fire load densities may be determined specific
for an individual project by performing a survey of fire loads from the occupancy.
(2) The fire loads and their local arrangement should be estimated in consultation with the client,
considering the intended use, furnishing and installations, variations with time, unfavourable trends and
possible modifications of occupancy.
(3) Where available, a survey should be performed in a comparable existing project, such that only possible
differences between the intended and existing project need to be specified by the client.

Annex E (informative)
Equivalent time of fire exposure
(1) The following approach may be used in accordance with the national field of application. In contrast
to Annex B this approach is intended for use where the design of members is by tabulated data or other
simplified rules, related to the standard fire exposure.
(2) If fire load densities are specified without specific consideration of the combustion behaviour
(see Annex D), then this approach should be limited to fire compartments with mainly cellulosic type fire
loads.
(3) The equivalent time of fire exposure is defined by:
te,d = qf,d kb·wf
= qt,d kb·wt [min] (E.1)

where:
qd design fire load density according to Annex D
kb conversion factor according to (4)
w ventilation factor according to (5), whereby
wt = wf At/Af

(4) Where no detailed assessment of the thermal properties of the enclosure is pursued kb may be adopted
as:
kb = 0,07 [min · m2/MJ] when qd is given in [MJ/m2] (E.2)

© BSI 03-2000 29
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

otherwise kb may be related to the thermal property b = ( @c2 ) of the enclosure according to Table E.1. For
determining b for multiple layers of material or different materials in walls, floor, ceiling, see Annex B (4)
and (5).
Table E.1 — Conversion factor kb depending on the
thermal properties of the enclosure
b = ( @c2 ) kb
[J/m2s1/2K] [min · m2/MJ]

b > 2 500 0,04

720 k b k 2 500 0,055
b < 720 0,07

(5) The ventilation factor wf may be calculated as:

Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

wf = (6,0/H)0,3 [0,62 + 90(0,4 – !v)4/(1 + bv !h)] U 0,5 [–] (E.3)

where:
!v = Av/Af area of vertical openings Av in the facade related to the floor area of the compartment
where the limit
0,025 k !v k 0,25 should be observed
!h = Ah/Af area of horizontal openings Ah in the roof related to the floor area of the compartment
bv = 12,5 (1 + 10 !v – !v2) U 10,0
H height of the fire compartment [m]

For small fire compartments [Af < 100 m2] without openings in the roof, the factor wf may also be calculated
as:
wf = O–1/2 – Af/At (E.4)

where:
O opening factor according to Annex B
(6) It shall be verified that:
te,d < tfi,d (E.5)

where:
tfi,d design value of the standard fire resistance of the members, assessed according to the fire Parts of
ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999

Annex F (normative)
Basis of design — supplementary clauses to ENV 1991-1 for the structural
analysis in fire design situations
F.1 General
(1) In principle the general format given in ENV 1991-1 for design procedures is applicable.
(2) This annex provides supplementary guidance applicable to structures exposed to fire regarding the
simultaneity of actions and the combination rules.
F.2 Simultaneity of actions
F.2.1 Actions from normal temperature design G, Q
(1) P Actions shall be considered as for normal temperature design, if they are likely to act in the fire
situation.
(2) Representative values of variable actions, accounting for the accidental situation of fire exposure,
should be introduced in accordance with F.3.
(3) Decrease of imposed loads due to combustion may not be taken into account.

30 © BSI 03-2000
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

(4) Cases where snow loads need not be considered, due to the melting of snow, should be assessed
individually.
(5) Loads resulting from industrial operations are generally not taken into account, e.g. horizontal forces
from a braking crane.
F.2.2 Additional actions
(1) Depending on the accidental situations according to 3.1 to be considered in design, additional actions
may need to be applied during fire exposure, e.g. impact due to collapse of structural elements or heavy
machinery.
NOTE Design values Ad are specified by the authority or in consultation with the client.
(2) For fire walls a horizontal impact may need to be considered. They should sustain horizontal impact
with a design energy, Ad = 3 000 Nm.
F.3 Combination rules for actions
F.3.1 General rule
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

(1)P For obtaining the relevant effects of actions Efi,d,t during fire exposure, the mechanical actions shall be
combined in accordance with ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design”, using the following accidental combination
(given in symbolic form):
C *GA·Gk + ?1,1·Qk,1 + C ?2,i·Qk,i + C Ad(t) (F.1)

where:
Gk characteristic values of permanent actions
Qk,1 characteristic value of one (the main) variable action
Qk,i characteristic values of the other variable actions
Ad (t) design values of actions from fire exposure according to sections 4 and 5, as relevant
*GA = [1,0] partial safety factor for permanent actions in the accidental situation
?1,1, ?2,i combination coefficients for buildings according to ENV 1991-1.

F.3.2 Simplified rules

(1) Where indirect fire actions need not be explicitly considered, effects of actions may be determined by
analysing the structure for actions combined according to F.3.1 for t = 0 only. These effects of actions may
be applied as constant throughout fire exposure.
(2) F.3.2 (1) applies, for example, to effects of actions at boundaries and supports, where an analysis of
parts of the structure is performed in accordance with the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999.
(3) As a further simplification to F.3.2 (1), effects of actions may be deduced from those determined in
normal temperature design:
Efi,d,t = )fi · Ed (F.2)

where:
Ed the design value of the relevant effects of actions from the fundamental combination according to
ENV 1991-1 (including partial factors *F)
Efi,d,t the corresponding design value for the fire situation
)fi = (*GA + ?1,1·K)/(*G + *Q·K) is a reduction factor, depending on K = Qk,1/Gk, which is the global ratio
between the main variable and permanent actions applied to the structure

(4) Relevant values for )fi are given in the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999.

© BSI 03-2000 31
 ENV 1991-2-2:1995

F.3.3 Load level

(1) Where tabulated data are specified for a reference load level, this load level corresponds to:
Efi,d,t = )fi,t Rd (F.3)

where:
Rd the loadbearing resistance of the member, determined according to the Parts 1.1 of ENV 1992
to 1996 and ENV 1999
)fi,t the load level for fire design.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

32 © BSI 03-2000
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

blank
 DD ENV
1991-2-2:1996
BSI — British Standards Institution
BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing
British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the
international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter.

Revisions

British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of

British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or
editions.

It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services.
We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using
this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee
responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover.
Tel: 020 8996 9000. Fax: 020 8996 7400.

BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures
that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Buying standards

Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001.

In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the

BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards,
unless otherwise requested.

Information on standards

BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and

international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters
Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give
details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre.
Tel: 020 8996 7111. Fax: 020 8996 7048.

Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments

and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details
of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration.
Tel: 020 8996 7002. Fax: 020 8996 7001.

Copyright

Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the
UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written
permission from BSI.

This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard,
of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
written permission of BSI must be obtained.

If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing

agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager.
BSI Tel: 020 8996 7070.
389 Chiswick High Road
London
W4 4AL