orthographic drawing, two sepárate drawings must
be completed. An isometric drawing is considerad
know what is reqmred m a piping u included on one drawing. All vertical runs are illus
thepiping system might be installed. Ibis is the vne
ofInformation that is conveycd through a sketch ,r
**» Tw„ Wes of single-line
in piping sketches: ortbograpbic and isometric '
The orthographic drawing is made by using
two sepárate views. One view is from tbe ton of
the piping system (looking down) showing all of
the horizontal runs that are made. Ibis is referred
to as a plan view. The other orthographic view is
from the side to show all of the vertical runs Ibis
is referred to as an elevated view. In order to get
a complete picture of the piping system using an
a three-dimensional type of drawing. It has both the
horizontal and the vertical runs of the piping system
¬
trated in the drawing as vertical lines and symbols,
whereas a line that has a 30° slope represents all h
or¬
izontal runs. A comparison of an isometric sketch
and an orthographic sketch is shown in Figure 4-6.
The only major problem that results from
using the orthographic sketch is in determining
whether a fixture, fitting, or pipe, is turning toward
the interpreter or away from the interpreten This is
accomplished through the use of common symbols,
as shown in Figure 4-7.
 M
Notice on a plan view that when a pipe makes a
90° vertical turn upward, it is depicted in the draw¬
ing as a full circle. An incomplete circle obscured by CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 71
the centerline of the pipe is depicted when a pipe H
makes a 90° vertical turn downward. On an elevated
view, when a pipe makes a 90° horizontal turn
toward the interpreter, it is depicted in the drawing
as a full circle. An incomplete circle obscured by the
centerline of the pipe is depicted when a pipe makes
a 90° horizontal turn away from the interpreter.
It is important to know that the line in a sketch
represents the centerline ofthe piping system. Fittings

are indicated by short, intersecting lines that cross a

pipeline. When referring to an isometric sketch, it
is important to convey such information as where
a pipe may penétrate a wall or floor. Placing a small
cross on the pipe centerline where it penetrates the
orthographic sketch. wall shows this. This is also illustrated in Figure 4-6.
Notice in the figure that the hot water (H.W.) and
coid water (C.W.) lines origínate from below the
floor. Two crosses indícate the penetration of the solé
píate. Find the hot and coid pipes in the figure as they
extend through the wall to supply the fixture (sirik).
Pipe dimensions also have to be given on a
sketch to tell the interpreter how long or short a
pipe or nipple must be and where to place the nec-
essary fittings. This is illustrated in Figure 4-8.
3/4" Nominal pipe size is being used.
FA for 45°-angle elbows = 1"
FA for 90°-angle elbows - 1-3/8"

41 6-9/16“ Eto E

FIGURE 4-8 Piping sketch dimensions.

-i

'CEJ *£) cú
 L
T
Ap

T\
 HYDRAULIC/PNEUMATIC pressure control. A valve is identified by its interna]
components, (lie number of ports, and the methoj
SYMBOLS AND DRAWINGS that is used to actúate the valve. Another pararneter
for valve description may be normally closed or nor
Fluid Power Symbol
mally open. Ibis Information is transmitted to the
Valves, cylinders, and motors, ate used in Unid
leader with the use of symbols. Figure 4-9 shows the
power svstems. Sonic oí the most common types
manydifferent types ofAmerican National Standards
of valving are directional conttol, llow contiol, and

Cylinders Instruments
Hydraulic pumps
Fixed displacement
Single-acting Silencer
O (p -®- Flow
Pressure Flow meter
gauge indicator
Single-acting, Lubricators/air dryers/separator
spring return
Lubricator Separator
Double-acting
Accumulators Reservoirs

Double-acting, Sealed reservoir

double rod

Telescopic Basic Spring Vented

cylinder loaded reservoir
symbol type

Pressure & flow valves

Hydraulic motors
Fixed displacement Oscillators
©2014Cengag
Flow control Learninu

Unloading Check valve I

Pneumatic Hydraulic (pilot & spring) I
II
variable displacement Directional control valves I
Normally open
 Pneumatic motors

variable
displacement displacement

Normally closed
 Pressure relief

Two-position, 4-way

Pressure-reducing
Unidirectional valve
Bidirectional
Three-position, 4-way
Pneumatic pumps

Two-position, 5-way
Variable
displacement, One-way
displacement
Pressure-compensated flow
Three-position, 5-way restrictor
T P2

FIGURE 4-9 ANSI symbols for fluid power.

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Two-position, 2-Way

Two-position, 3-way
 CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 73

Institute (ANSI) symbols that are used in fluid power

Systems. As mentioned earlicr, it is a common prac-
tice to use a Symbol lo identify how many ports that
a valve may have. For example, a valve that has two
ports is referred to as a two-way valve. A three-wny
valve will be a valve that has three ports. lhere are
also four-way and five-way valves, all of which can
be seen in Figure 4-9. Valves will have a mínimum of
two positions and not more titán three. Symbols help
determine how many spool positions the valve has.
Valves can be actuated by manual lever, pushbutton,
foot pedal, cam or meclianical operation, solenoid,
or pilot operated. For a deeper understanding oí the
operation of each valve, cylinder, or motor shown
in this section, read Chapter 12, where an explana-
don of operation is given in more detail. Symbols
are also used to represent hydraulic and pneumatic
cylinders and motors, which can also be seen in Fig¬
ure 4-9. Tlie ANSI symbols for most of the actuating
niethods are shown in Figure 4-10.
Figure 4-11 shows a hydraulic pump that
puinps fluid out of a vented reservoir pressuriz-
in° the system. The máximum system pressure is
set with the pressure relief valve. If the pressure
increased to extreme levels without a pressure relief
valve, the system would burst at the weakest point.
ihe pressurizcd fluid would then pass through
a pressure-reducing valve, which sets the work-
ing pressure of the system. Ihe working pressure
is always lower iban the pressure relief setting.
Working pressure is discussed in greater detail in
Chapter 12. After the Huid flows through the pres¬
sure-reducing valve, it goes to the three-positíon,
four-way valve that is in the center of the schematic.
II the valve is shifted to the left, the fluid passes
through the valve, through the ílow control valve
(one-way restrictor), and into the cap end (rear
side) (left) of the hydraulic cylinder. Any fluid in the
rod end (front side) of the cylinder will be pushed
out through the check valve in the right-hand flow
control (restrictor) and through the valve (which is
still shifted to the left). It is then drained back to the
reservoir to be cycled through the system again.
As you can see, a drawing explains the operation
of a system and provides Information necessary for
troubleshooting. Drawings are usually surroundedby
borders that contain letters and numbers. These are
used to lócate a key part or component in the drawing.
For example, to lócate the pressure-reducing valve in
Figure 4-12 (see in page 75), lócate the letter C on

Solenoid operated;
spring return.

Manual lever operated;

spring return.

Foot pedal operated;

spring return.

Pushbutton operated;
spring return.

Mechanically operated;
spring return.

Manual level operated;

2 position detent

Pilot operated;I; spring return.

Pneumatic
Hydraulic

FIGURE 4-10 ANSI symbols showing the different actuating methods.

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74 SECTION 1 General Knowledge

Double-acting
hydraulic cylinder

One way restrictors |

Spring-centered
4 port/3
valveposition To reservoir
i
Supply line

Pressure
Hydraulic relief
pump valve
I %
II
I•

Pressure-
L
l reducing
To reservoir
Vented reservoir
To reservoir

Randmeyer hinge press

Wefixit incorporated Thís drawing shows the hydraulic system that is

on the hinge press.

Parí DWG set no Individual DWG no Rev

Drawing by: A 000077 005-63 1 ©2014C
Learnin
Mr. Cad Mann Scale i:i Finalized: 07/10/20Sheet i of 6
12
7 6 5 4

FIGURE 4-11 Hydraulic schematic.

 CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 75
8

©2014Cen
Leatning
 1

76 SECTION 1 General Knowledge

Power sources and grounds

tlie right side of the drawing and the number 3 at the
bottom of tlie drawing. Ibe pressure-reducing valve
is located where these two zones intersect.

4-4
ELECTRICA!. SYMBOLS
AND DRAWINGS
Manv svmbols are used in electrical drawings
to convev meaning while conserving space. It is
important to become familiar with these symbols in
order to read and interpret electrical drawings.
Figure 4-13 shows some of the tvpical symbols
used to represent power sources and grounds. Ground
Chassis ground
Figure 4-14 shows the symbols used to represent
overcurrent protective devices such as fuses and Cir¬
cuit breakers. Notice that there are two symbols for
.\ f
fuses. There is often more than one recognized Sym¬
bol for a device. Technicians musí become familiar
o
with all tlie symbols, especially when dealing with
equipment or machinen7 that was manufactured in
Lowest Circuit potential Highest Circuit potential £
other countries. The symbols used in other coun-
tries are often different from the symbols used in FIGURE 4-13 Symbols for power sources and grounds.
CAUTION the United States.
Figure 4-15 shows various types of switch
arrangements. Figure 4-16 shows manually oper-
ated switches, and Figure 4-17 shows switches that
Overcurrent protection
are operated automatically. These are not all of the
possible switches and switch arrangements; often,
the symbols are combined so that a more complex
switch can be represented. For example, a four-pole
double-throw7 normally open (NO) switch symbol
would combine two double-pole, double-throw Fuse
(DPDT) normally open switch symbols. Circuit breaker
Figure 4-18 shows the symbols used to repre¬
sent various types of contacts, relays, motor start-
ers, motors, and generators. Notice that the same
symbol is used to represent motors and generators. ©2014Cenga
The main difference is the qualifier. A fíat horizontal Learning
line is used to denote de, and a sine wave is used to Heater
denote ac. The letter M is used to represent a motor, Overload contad
a G is used to represent a generator, and the letters
MG are used to represent a motor-generator set. FIGURE 4-14 Symbols for overcurrent protective
devices.

Switches
o
o o o
o
SPST - NO SPST-NC
SPDT- Center off SPDT - 1 NC-1 NO
E
O
<u
rr>
03
a>
o•T
dpdt-no
dpdt-nc 8
DPDT - Center off ©
DPDT-1 NC-1 NO
FIGURE 4-
5 Symbols of various switching arrangements.
1
 2014Cengagalea
rning

CHAPTER 4 Industrial Pont Reading

Manually operated switche

X
s
X
Pushbutton - no X
Pushbutton - 1 NC - 1 NO
Pushbutton - NC
©2014Cengage
Learmng
Selector switch - 4 positon
break before make Footswitch - NO
Selector switch - 4 positi
FIGURE 4-16 Symbols fo on
r make before break

manual switches.

Automatically operated switche

s

Limit switch - NO Limit switch - switch - NO Limit switch - NC

NO
held closed

Proximity
Proximity Flow switch - NO
switch - NO
switch - NC

Pressure
Liquid level
switch - NO Liquid level switch - NO
switch - NC
V
y
Temperature
Temperature switch - NC
Limit switch - NC
held open Flow switch - Pressure
NC switch - NC

FIGURE 4-17 Symbols for automatic switches.

Resistors and capacitors are shown in form a drawing. An electrical drawing can prov
Figure 4-19. Notice the alternative symbols for the following information:
these devices. Symbols for inductors and trans- □ Circuit operation
formers are shown in Figure 4-20. Again, notice
□ Component location
the alternative symbols. Figures 4-21A and 4-21B
(see in page 80)show the different types of sym¬ □ Electrical connections
bols used to represent various solid-state devices. ■ Component function or purpose
Finally, integrated circuits and digital logic gates ■ Manufacturer’s information
are shown in Figure 4-22 on p. 81.
Remember, these figures show the essential ■ Wiregauge
symbols used in the electrical held. Many more sym¬
■ Wirelength
bols are in use. You need to become familiar with
the symbols used on the machinery and equipment ■ Component specifications
in your facility. If you have any questions about a
■ Circuit specifications
particular symbol, ask your facility's supervisor or
the equipment manufacturer's representative. □ Motor specifications
Electrical symbols, by themselves, convey little □ Power specifications
information. Appropriate symbols are combined to

W 1 M | «
■ y &
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78 SECTION 1 General Knowledge

Contads, relays, motor starters,

motors, and generators

TD
CR
Time delay
Contad - NO Contad - NC Relay coil relay Coil

—T~
Time delay
Time delay Time delay Time delay NCTC
NOTC NCTO NOTO

DC motor AC motor DC generator

Series field
DC
AC generator
Motor-generator set (alternator)

AC motor-generator s
et

Three-phase motor starter

with 2 auxiliary contacts

FIGURE 4-18 Symbols for contacts, relays, motor starters, motors, and generators.

Resistors and Capacitors

Resistor - fixed
0 'K U
Resistor - fixed Resistor - variable
Resistor - variable

Potentiometer Potentiometer

©2014Cengage
Leammg
Capacitor - fixed
i
Capacitor - fixed
Capacitor - variable Capacitor - variable
FIGURE 4-19 Symbols for resistors and capacitors.

Inductors and transformers
Inductor - air core Inductor - air core
variable Inductor — ¡ron coInductor - ¡ron cor
ro
Transformer - air core Transformer
fixed variable
Transformer
Transformer - variable
altérnate Symbol
altérnate Symbol
Potential
transformer
FIGURE 4-20 Symbols for inductors and transformers.
s'af'ety' Electrical drawings are typically drawn with
AWW components de-energized. Hiere are four basic
types of drawings used to convey information in the
electrical field: the single-line drawing, the pictorial
diagram, the schematic diagram, and the ladder
diagram.
Single-Line Drawings
lile single-line drawing, shown in Figure 4-23,
is generally used to provide an overview but not
A a lot of detail. Single-line drawings do not show
/ !\ the actual electrical connections or the actual
CautÍon Physical location of the devices, but they do
show that some type of connection exists among
components.
Probably the most common use for single-line
drawings is to show the power distribution within
a facility. This information is helpful when, for
example, a particular section of the plant must be
O-r
■km
CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 79
Inductor - ¡ron core
e
variable múltiple taps
Transformer — ¡ron coTransformer — ¡ron core
re variable
fixed
Current
trransformer Current transformer
altérnate Symbol
Potential transformer
altérnate Symbol
isolated for maintenance or repair. Using a single-
line drawing, the technician can determine where
to electrically isolate one particular section for
maintenance without interrupting other portions
ofthe facility.
The single-line drawing in Figure 4-23 shows
the power distribution grid of a manufacturing
facility. Notice that all of the wires are shown as a
single line, henee the ñame single-line drawing.
Notice also that there is not a lot of detail. The com¬
ponents have been arranged so that the highest
voltage rating is located at either the top or on the
left side of the drawing. Lower voltage ratings are
located below or to the riglit. Consequently, the
devices with the highest voltage rating are at the top
or left, and the ones with the lowest voltage rating
are at the bottom or riglit.
The simple nature of a single-line drawing
allows you to easily trace the flow of power through
< í.' «£>
80 SECTION 1 General Knowledge

Solid-state dovices
1 of 2
—M— “I
Diode
Zener diode Tunnel diode

<

Light-emitting diode Photo diode Varactor diode Bridge rectifier

(LED)

A “S

Darlington transistor Darlington transistor

Bipolar junction Bipolar junction
(BJT) transistor
(BJT) transistor - PNP type - NPN type
- PNP type - NPN type

©2014Cengage
Learmng

Unijunction
(UJT)transistor
- N type

FIGURE 4-21A Symbols for various solid-state devices (Part 1).

Solid-state devices

Junction field effect transistor Junction field effect transistor

(JFET) (JFET)
- P Channel - N Channel

J J
- 11 »
11
0
'1—1
-MOSFET MOSFET MOSFET MOSFET
- P Channel - - N Channel - - P Channel - - N Channel -
D
Enhancement only - Enhancement only - Depletion-enhancement - Depletion-enhancement - *1
I
(E-MOSFET)
A (E-MOSFET) (DE-MOSFET) (DE-MOSFET)
C Silicon-controlled rectifier TRIAC
(SCR)

©2014Cengage
Silicon-controlled switch Learning
(SCS)

FIGURE 4-21B Symbols for various solid-state devices (Part 2).

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©2014Cenga
Leaimng
 CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 81

mtegratedclrcults and digital logic

D o O o
> > >
Operational Inverter Exclusive OR gate cin Q L a» t5
amplifier Butfer amplifier AND gafe NAND gafe
(Op amp) D Type Latch Type
flip-flop flip-flop

J **' Q S Q r
> > 3
K Q R o* Q s
OR gate ÑOR gafe o
(XOR) J-K Type R-S Type §
flip-flop flip-flop 9
Exclusive ÑOR gate
(XNOR)
FIGURE 4-22 Symbols for integrate
d
circuits and digital logic gates.

Aj^ 9200 V

aT 2300 V
á disconnect
Fused

2300 V Bus 2300 V Bus

Fused L Fused Fused Fused

disconnect disconnect disconnect U Fused L Fused L Fused L Fused
[ disconnect [ disconnec t F disconnec [ disconne
A ct f disconnect
2300 V 2300 V 2300 V 2300 V t
2300 V A 2300 V 2300 V A|^2300V

Y 277/480 Y 277/480 V 20/208 V

V

FIGURE 4-23 Single-line drawing.

Pictorial Diagrams
The pictorial diagram is also called a wiring dia-
gram. A pictorial diagram shows the relative
the drawing. However, you can also use a single- physical location of the components, wires, and
line drawing in reverse. For example, to determine
the source of power for a specifíc component, begin
at that component and trace upward (or to the left)
until you arrive at the source of power. In this way,
the single-line drawing helps identify the power
source and any disconnects that can be used to
isolate the component from the remainder of the
Circuit.
 termination points. A pictorial diagram does not
tell you how the Circuit operates.
Pictorial diagrams are valuable because they
help lócate a specific component or termination
point. Figure 4-24A is a pictorial diagram show-
ing the front view of the cover of a control box, and
Figure 4-24B shows the same control box with the
cover opened. You can now see the back side of
the control box cover as well as the inside of the
control box.
Tlie circuit represented by Figure 4-24B is a
forward-revcrse control with pushbutton and elec-
trical interlocks. Hiere are also indicator lights to
indicate whether power is applied to the circuit,

//Al

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82 SECTION 1 General Knowledge

(A)

FIGURE 4-24A Pictorial diagram: (A) front view of the cover of a contro

i—r CR1
Forward Power
3 Forward 10 (green) (white)on

i * 11 * 11
1
*L1mL2 L3
o
3 Reverse A 1
MS-F T
t t
o
±
* 1 h 11 a L
11
sTT l7

*
o c
r 120 v

(B)

FIGURE 4-24B (B) Same control box with the cover opened.

Scanned by CamScanner

and whether the motor is running forward or in
reverse. It might be difficult, or impossihle, to deter¬
mine the function of this Circuit or of the compo¬
nents by looking at the pictorial diagram. 1 lowever,
the pictorial diagram, for example, would help to
lócate control relay CR1 within the panel.
Schematic Diagrams
Schematic diagrams show the electrical connec-
/k tiotts. hut not the physical location of components.
Schematics are useful in determining how a Circuit
is designed to opérate. Components on a schematic
are generally arranged in their approximate loca-
tion, relative to each other. However, the arrange-
inent on a schematic may be very different from
reality.
Figure 4-25 shows a schematic diagram of
the forward-reverse control Circuit shown in
Figure 4-24B. Notice that the power source is located
at the upper left side of the drawing. Typically, the
power source is located at the top or on the left side.
Notice also that the motor (load) is located at the
CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 83
bottom of the drawlng. Typically, the load is located
at the bottom or on the rlght side. Schcmatics help
yon understand the action of the Circuit. By read¬
ing a schematic, yon can gain an understanding of
the function of the various components within the
Circuit. Ibis Information is useful for troubleshoot-
ing, modifying, or performing maintenance on the
equipment.
Ladder Diagrams
The ladder diagram is a variation of the schematic
diagram. It too shows the electrical connections, / !\
hut not the physical location of components, and caution
is useful in determining how a Circuit is designed
to opérate. However, a ladder diagram conveys
this information in a more logical fashion than
the schematic diagram. Compare Figure 4-25 with
Figure 4-26. Which figure looks simpler and eas-
ier to follow?
Two power rails are located on either side
of the diagram in Figure 4-26. Ihe control logic
is then placed on rungs between the two power
©2014Cen
earnmg
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84 SECTION I General Knowledge
480 V
FIGURE 4-26 Ladder diagram.
rails. Notice that the drawing resembles a ladder,
henee the ñame. Numbers along the left power rail
identify rung numbers. Numbers along the right
power rail, next to coils, identify the rung number
of the contacts that are controlled by that particular
coil. (A line under the number denotes a normally
closed contact. The absence of the line indicates a
normally open contact.)
Components on a ladder diagram are generally
arranged in a logical order. Typically, the first compo-
nent to opérate (manually or automatically) is located
at the top of the diagram. This component may then
control other components on the same rung or on
rungs below. Sometimes, components control other
components on rungs above. This depiction may
seem confusing, but, with practice, ladder diagrams
can become quite easy and logical to use.
Using the Drawings and Diagrams
Now imagine you are a maintenance technician.
You must troubleshoot a defective machine on the
plant floor. You know where the machine is located,
but you must determine how to remove the power
from the machine so that you can troubleshoot
it. You need to understand how a portion of the
machine operates, and you must identify a possible
defective component and then lócate it. You could
proceed as follows:
1. Use a single-line drawing to determine the
source of power to the machine.
a. Use the single-line drawing to dentify the
disconnect that can be used to remove power
from the machine.
2. Use a schematic or ladder diagram to under¬
stand the control logic for the machine.
a. Use the schematic or ladder diagram to iden¬
tify voltages and connections to check.
3. Use a pictorial diagram to lócate the conipo-
nent and wiring.
a. Use the pictorial diagram to determine
where to place meter leads for voltage and
current measurements.
b. Use the pictorial diagram to determine con-
nection points that should be checked.

As you can see, you need several types of
drawings to Help you understand the operatlng,
maintaining, and tioubleshooting tnachinery and
equipment at your facility.
gg WELDING SYMBOLS
AND drawings
The ANSI has a standard set of symbols used
to identify all of the necessary types of welds.
Figure 4-27 shows all of the comnion types of
Back weld
Butt welds
c
CIIAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 85
welds that are used in gas and are welding and their
ANSI symbols.
It is importan! to know where a weld should
go. An angled line and an arrowhead, as shown in
Figure 4-2», indícate the position of the weld.
At times, symbols may be added to the Sym¬
bol shown in Figure 4-28 to indícate the method of
welding and the contour of the weld.
Another concern identified through the use of
symbols may be which side of the joint the weld
goes on. See Figure 4-29. More concerns may be
the dimensión of the weld, the finish of the weld,
Plug or slot weld
1=0=1
©2014Cengagel
earning
 Square

5 Vee
figure 4-27 ANSI welding symbols.

Bevel
□

Fiare V

Fiare bevel

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86 SECTION 1 General Knowledge

This sytnbol Indícales the position of the weld. It is modified to

x. indícate field welding, method of welding, and the contour of the weld.
\ Some of these are shown below.

Weld information

around through

Contour of weld

Convex

Resistance welds ©2014Cengage

Learmng

FIGURE 4-28 ANSI symbols indicating the location of a weld, method of welding, and
contour of the weld.

F
Fillet is to be welded on the side that the arrow is touching. F = Finish
A — = Flush weld
R A = Groove angle
R = Root opening

Fillet is to be welded on the opposite side that the G This weld should be ground to a flush
arrow is touching. finish. The joint is a V-butt joint with no

Fillet weld to be welded on both sides of the joint.

©2014Cengage
Learmng
FIGURE 4-30 ANSI symbols for finish, groove, and angle.

pieces of metal are to be joined together, and there

FIGURE 4-29 ANSI supplemental symbols.
the groove angle of the weld, or the type of weld.
Symbols for these are shown in Figure 4-30.
The appropriate symbols are combined in a
manner that provides all the information necessary
to perform the correct weld and finish. An example
of a welding drawing is shown in Figure 4-31. Two
are 12 places where welding must occur. Welds 1. -
3, and 4 need to be 2 in. long in four places. The wekb
should be spaced 5 in. apart from center to centei
Tliis arrangement is illustrated in Figure 4-32.
Welds 5, 6, 9, and 10 are to be V-type butt joint!-
Hiere is to be no root opening in these welds. U1'
angle of the groove in welds 5 and 6 is to be 45°, a1,1
the groove in welds 9 and 10 is to be at a 30° ang1'-
(Figure 4-33). The finish on these welds should l"
ground to flush.
CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 87

©2014Cengage
Learn
88 SECTION 1 General Knowledge
Welds 5 through 10 are to be welded in the field
because the stand on which the bracket is to be
mounted cannot be brought to the shop (Figure 4-34).
Tlie T-joint welds (1, 2, 3, 4, 11, and 12), how-
ever, can be welded in the shop and brought into
the field to be welded on the stand after they have
been completed. Welds 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 are to be
fillet-type welds, whereas welds 9, 10,11, and 12 are
V-butt welds.
The same ANSI symbols are used for different
types of applications. For example, welding may be
needed to manufacture a bracket, as in the exam¬
ple, or to create a piping system. The drawing fOr
the piping system uses the same symbols to show
dimensions, location of the weld, and all of the
other necessary Information.
SUMMARY
n A two-dimensional drawing shows a component
in two planes, and a three-dimensional drawing
shows a component in three planes.
■ A fluid power schematic shows the locations and
types of connections of elements in a system.
□ Borders containing numbers and letters sur-
rounding a drawing help lócate components.
□ The exploded view diagram shows the intended
assembly or disassembly of the mechanical parts
that are to be fitted together.
□ The title block provides information about the
drawing and the author of the drawing.

■ Symbols are used to convev
M v.» —— vl IU ’-onvey meaning, conserving
space, and they are combined to form a drawing.
■ electrical drawing provides information
about circuit operation and specifications; eléc¬
trica! connections; component function or par¬
póse, location, and specifications; manufacturar;
wire gauge and length; motor specifications; and
power specifications.
■ Electrical drawings are typically drawn with all
components de-energized.
■ Four tvpes of drawings are used to convev elec¬
trical information: the single-line drawing, the
pictorial diagram, the schematic diagram, and
the ladder diagram.
H The single-line drawing is generally used to con-
vev an ovem’ew, but not a lot of detail.
B The pictorial diagram shows the relative physical
location of the components, wires, and termina-
non points and is often referred to as a wiring
diagram. A pictorial diagram does not tell how
the circuit operates.
■ Schematic diagrams and ladder diagrams show
the electrical connections, but not the location of
components.
CHAPTER 4 Industrial Print Reading 89
■ American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
symbols are used to identify types of welds,
where the weld should go, and supplementary
information.
■ 'lile ANSI symbols are combined in a manner
that provides all the information necessary to
perform the corred weld and finish.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of a border that has letters
and numbers around the outside of a drawing?
2. List five things that may be found in the title
block of a drawing.
3. Electrical drawings are typically drawn with all
components.
4. What is a ladder diagram?
5. Draw the ANSI symbol used to identify a weld
that is to be made in the field.