Fuel 81 (2002) 927±933

www.fuel®rst.com

The rheodynamics and combustion of coal±water mixtures q

A.P. Burdukov, V.I. Popov, V.G. Tomilov, V.D. Fedosenko*
The Institute of Thermophysics (Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science), Lavrentyev Ave. 1, Novosibirsk-90, 630090 Russia
Received 15 September 2000; revised 16 November 2000; accepted 2 January 2001; available online 31 July 2001

Abstract
Investigation methods for characteristics of movement along the tubes, combustion dynamics and gasi®cation of separate drops were
developed for the coal±water mixtures (CWM). The following parameters were determined on the basis of laser heating: thermometric,
pyrometric and concentration dynamics of single-drop combustion, complete combustion times, duration of temperature phases of combus-
tion, as well as the moment and temperature of ignition. Information on the combustion mass velocity and gasi®cation products was also
obtained using laser heating. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Rheology; Coal±water mixtures; Combustion

1. Introduction usage is restricted by insuf®cient knowledge of mechanisms

The coal±water mixture (CWM) is a new kind of fuel
suitable both for large and industrial power plants [1]. The
practical interest in this kind of fuel is due to its techno-
logical and economical aspects: fuel deposits are usually far
away from the consumption sites. A CWM has several
advantages in comparison with regular micronized coal
fuel: these ¯uidized reactive mixtures can be transported
over long distances through pipelines, safety requirements
are met, and burning of this fuel yields less contaminants Ð
oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, etc. Expensive heavy oil can be
substituted by CWM fuel.
Nowadays CWMs are used in different industrial coun-
tries. Russia also has positive experience in production,
transportation and combustion of CWMs. After being
prepared by Ugleprovod in Belovo, a CWM was supplied
through a 298-km long pipeline to the Heat power station
No. 5 in Novosibirsk. The solid fraction (62%) is the coal
from Inskaya mine in Belovo city (Kuznetsk deposit). The
dispersed media is water (37%), and the rest 1% is a plas-
ti®cizer Ð sulfate salts of naphthalene-formaldehyde with
surfactant properties (the admixture C-3). The solid phase of
the CWM has a grain size in the range 20±350 mm. The
technology speci®cation for the CWM supplied to boilers
dictated the level of viscosity at about 800 centipoise.
Regardless of the listed advantages of CWM, its wide
* Corresponding author. Fax: 17-3832-34-34-80.
E-mail address: fedos@itp.nsc.ru (V.D. Fedosenko).
q
Published ®rst on the web via Fuel®rst.comÐhttp://www.fuel®rst.com
0016-2361/02/$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0016-236 1(01)00009-6
and other factors governing its transportation, ignition
conditions, and gasi®cation.
2. Rheological properties of CWMs
The solid fraction in our experiments with CWMs was
prepared from different types of coal: the anthracite graded
as ASS (1±13 mm from Gorlovka deposit, Novosibirsk
region) Ð the slow-reactive but high-calori®c component;
fast-reactive coal with the D-grade from Kuznetsk deposit,
and lignite from Kansk-Achinsk and East-Siberia deposits.
The main physical and chemical characteristics of these
coals are summarized in Table 1. The ASS anthracite and
lignite coals were crushed in a laboratory mill. The
powdered Kuznetsk coal …Rx90 ˆ 27%; Rx200 ˆ 4%† was
sampled from random sites within the hammer mill volume
at the Novosibirsk Heat Station No. 5. Using a regular
procedure [2,3], the mixture with the following composition
was obtained: 0±68 mm (62%); 68±100 mm (15%); 100±
160 mm (15%); 160±200 mm (4%); 200±315 mm (4%).
This composition is very close to that used for pipeline
transportation from Belovo to Novosibirsk.
The `dry coal' composition was 60%, and the percentage
of water in the mixture was 40% …pH ˆ 11:5 after ash
removal). There was no plasti®cizer in the mixture.
The problem of the mixture sedimentation stability,
hydraulic transportation and its pulverization requires infor-
mation about its ¯uidity properties and time stability. These
parameters were investigated in the automatic regime on the
928 A.P. Burdukov et al. / Fuel 81 (2002) 927±933

Table 1
Content and thermotechnical parameters of the operating part of the solid fuel

No. Coal sample Ash content Moisture Net calori®c value Sulfur (%) Volatile matter
(% dry) (% as received) (cal g 21) (% daf)

1 Lignite (grade BMSS) 7±10 35±38 3650 0.6 46.5

2 Hard-coal (grade ASS) 18 10 5770 0.3 5
3 Hard brown coal (grade D) 10 16.6 5250 0.3 39
4 X brown coal (grade B3P) 22 23 4020 0.9 43
5 T brown coal (grade D, DG) 19.4 6 5550 0.4 45
6 B brown coal (grade B2) 15 36 3410 0.5 43

rotation viscosimeter Rheotest-2. Experiments (Fig. 1) were
performed for the share velocity of D ˆ 5.4±48.6 s 21 …t ˆ
208C†: The prepared CWM (used as the reserved fuel) has a
reasonable operational viscosity h ˆ 1:5 Pa s at D ˆ
48:6 s21 : Fig. 2 con®rms that viscosity of a CWM is stable
for the studied time interval.
Our experiments on CWM rheology were performed
without a plasti®cizer. However, our test on the effect of a
regular C-3 admixture on resistance to sedimentation
demonstrated that this 1% admixture (from the whole
solid amount) makes sedimentation of the solids three
times longer under the condition of natural convection.
Under the condition of uniform forced convection, the effect
of the admixture on sedimentation time was insigni®cant.
However, the effect of low media-affecting admixtures on
CWM long-distance transportation requires a special study.
This is due to hydrodynamic maldistribution, which may
occur both along the pipe and across it.
where w 0 is the ¯uidity at t ! 0; u the coef®cient of the
structural instability of CWM; and w ˆ t21 …dWx =dr† is its
¯uidity. Here dWx =dr ; D:
From the balance of surface forces having an effect upon
an elementary cylinder in a pipeline …Dppr 2 ˆ 2pr tL†; we
obtain the following distribution of the shear stress over the
cross-section:
t=tw ˆ r=R ; j; …2†
where r is the current diameter of the pipe; t w the wall shear
stress (with pressure drop Dp, tube diameter R and the tube
length L and the pressure drop Dp ˆ p 1 2 p2 occurs).
From Eqs. (1) and (2) we can make up the formula for the
average velocity of CWM in a pipeline
Z1
kwl ˆ 2 Wx j dj ˆ 0:25w 0 Rtw 1 0:2Rut2w : …3†
0
The expression for dimensionless ¯ow velocity is as
follows:

3. Hydraulic transportation of CWMs Wx 1 2 j 2 1 …2=3†…u=w0 †tw …1 2 j 3 †

Experimental data plotted in Fig. 1 reveals a reverse rela-
tionship between the viscosity h ˆ t=D (plotted here as
¯uidity w ˆ h21 † and the shear stress. For the most impor-
tant range for the share stress, we have the following ratio:
w ˆ w0 1 ut; …
vˆ ˆ2 : …4†
kwl 1 1 …4=5†…u=w0 †tw
Pro®les of ¯ow velocities in a round tube are shown in Fig. 3
(calculated from formula (4)). In contrast to ordinary liquids
with u ˆ 0 (water, glycerin, oil), the pro®les for CWM ¯ow
are more ®lled up and the velocity gradients near the wall
1† are higher. For considerable values of a utw =w0 ratio, the
deformation rates in the core ¯ow are low, so the CWM

Fig. 1. Rheological properties of CWM: C-CWM prepared from the D-

grade coal (Kuznetsk deposit); CA-CWM prepared from the mixture of Fig. 2. CWM's viscosity vs. time and shear velocity D, s 21 (tixotropic
high-reactive D-grade coal (Kuznetsk) and 5% of low-reactive ASS- properties): ÐBÐ 5.4 s 21; ÐXÐ 9.0; ÐOÐ 16.2; ÐPÐ 24.3;
grade coal. ÐVÐ 48.6.
 A.P. Burdukov et al. / Fuel 81 (2002) 927±933
Fig. 3. Velocity pro®les for a CWM pumped through a round tube depend-
ing on the structural-mechanical factor ut w/w 0.
¯ows through the most part of the cross-section with undis-
turbed structure.
Structural changes in the medium (out of the ¯ow core)
cause a nonlinear dependency between the pressure drop
and the ¯ow rate of a CWM (see formula (3)). Thus, the
change in the pressure drop along the pipeline makes ambig-
uous effect on the ¯ow rate, as well as on its heat and mass
transfer, for instance between the tube and soil, and in the
tube-shell heat exchangers for CWM heaters.
Regarding formula (3), the expression for the drag coef®-
cient of CWM ¯ow in a round tube takes the form
"  #
8tw 5 128 b0 0:5
zˆ ˆ 11 21 ; …5†
rkwl2 b0 5 Re0
where b0 ˆ …u=w0 †rkwl2 and Re0 ˆ w0 rkwld:
For a certain CWM, characterized by structural parameter
b 0 and for a given pipeline capacity, one can calculate the
required pressure drop.
Calculation data from formula (5) are shown in Fig. 4. It
is obvious that structuring of CWM media reduces the ¯ow
Fig. 4. CWM ¯ow in a round tube. The resistance coef®cient as a function
of the Reynolds number Re0 ˆ w0 r kwld and parameter b0 ˆ …u=w0 †r kwl2 :
929
resistance. This is caused by a higher ¯uidity of CWM near
the wall. Fluidity increases with dissipation of CWM
structure and successive orientation of solid asymmetrical
particles along the streamlines due to the action of shear
velocity gradient.
4. Technique for investigation of CWM combustion
The difference between the scale of a furnaces and the
size of dispersed fuel drops is enormous. Therefore, the
main information about CWM combustion and gasi®cation
(ignition temperature, time of water evaporation from a
drop, complete gasi®cation time, diameter of pulverized
drops) can be obtained from a single drop study.
To ignite a small amount of fuel, several methods of
heating are available (ohmic heating, plasma, spark
discharge, etc.). None of them allows us to trace the real
dynamic of combustion for a wide temperature range (espe-
cially, at the beginning). The plasma and spark method are
inconvenient because of a direct contact between the drop
and ambient medium. The ohmic heating is limited with its
temperature (below 12008C). It is also hard to study the
initial stage of combustion by this method because the
time of drop delivering to the speci®c place in the furnace
is about the time of the initial processes (heating-up, water
evaporation and evaporation of volatile components). In our
experiments, the heating of an immovable CWM drop
begins when the laser shutter is open. Unlike the ohmic
technique, the laser heating method allows experiments to
be performed at higher temperatures and to study the
dynamics of combustion [4] and gasi®cation of small fuel
drops, providing automatic analysis of the temperature,
photoelectric characteristics and gas composition.
The experimental setup (Fig. 5) includes the CO2-
laser (wavelength ˆ 10.6 mm, N , 25 W) with water-
cooling. The adjusted and partially collimated beam
passes through optical lens made from BaF2. Laser
radiation falls upon the drop hemisphere at the thermo-
couple junction. The power of laser radiation can be
varied due to a longitudinal shift (transfocal shift) of
optic lens, and due to admissible current drift at the
high-voltage laser source. Since the light beam diameter
is one order larger than the drop diameter, the unused
portion of radiation is re¯ected by a copper spherical
mirror at the opposite side of the hemisphere. There-
fore, the amount of light energy at both hemispheres of
the drop must be the same. This may be achieved by
accurate calculation (of the focus distance) and position-
ing of the thermocouple junction point. To reduce heat
losses through the thermocouple wires, a 2 mm section
was positioned nearby the junction along the beam axis.
The thermocouple (Pt±Pt with 10% Rh) was manufac-
tured from a wire with the diameter of 100 mm. The
junction diameter did not exceed 120 mm. The test on
heating and cooling time revealed that the thermocouple
930 A.P. Burdukov et al. / Fuel 81 (2002) 927±933
Fig. 5. The general scheme of the setup for fuel drop combustion and data
processing.
time constant is less than the time scale of combustion
phases Ð it was about 0.25 s. The thermocouple was
®xed at a collet hemispheric hinge to provide easy
®tting to the beam. Two visible-light photodiodes
were placed close to each other in order to register
radiation from the same angle.
This way we were able to measure both thermometric
(contact) and pyrometric (color) temperatures [5]. Unlike
for the ®rst approach, the radiation technique for tempera-
ture measuring has less inertia, so the temperature±time
pattern of combustion stages (combustion of volatile
components and coke residues) and data about combustion
mass rate are obtained in detail. However, it is better to use
thermocouples for measurements at the initial stage of drop
heating, when the radiation spectrum is in the infrared
region. For this temperature range, there was no combustion
yet, so this thin Pt±Pt/Rh thermocouple is suitable for
measuring of thermal disturbances.
A crucial point in pyrometric analysis is measurement
of absorptivity of the emitting medium during com-
bustion. For this method, it can be obtained from algo-
rithmic solution of the reverse problem for the
absorptivity parameter (slag after combustion) relative
to the equilibrium temperature (thermometric techni-
que). In this case, we assume that optical properties
of the slag and the burning drop are identical; another
assumption is that absorptivity of all phases of burning
medium has only slight temperature dependence. Thus,
in our experiments the slag residue absorptivity is used
for studying the previous combustion stages in the visible
spectrum.
There exist methods for fuel drop temperature through the
measurement of blackbody radiation. These methods use a
simpli®ed Planck's law for the energy distribution of that
body. This simpli®ed relationship (Wien's displacement
law) for a visible radiation range and the temperature
T , 3000 K takes the form
C1
I…l; T† ˆ 1l exp…2C2 =lT†: …6†
l5
where l is the wavelength; 1l the absorptivity coef®cient;
C1, C2 the Planck's constants; and T is the true temperature
of the body.
Therefore, the color-technique measured temperature is
the following:
C2 …l21
2 2 l1 †
21
Tˆ : …7†
ln…Il1 =Il2 † 1 5ln…l1 =l2 † 2 ln…1l1 =1l2 †
We see from formula (7) that for the calculation of T we
need information about two wavelengths for which
measurement was carried out, and data about the selectivity
of the emitting source. There are two variants. If the photo-
detectors with narrow-band ®lters perceive light energy at a
speci®c wavelength, the problem in the calculation of T
reduces to calculation of drop emissivity for the two wave-
lengths.
If our photodetectors obtain energy of light at an
unknown wavelength (wide-band spectrum), then the algo-
rithm of calculation of temperature T must include calibra-
tion of photodetectors over the wavelength. This calculation
was based on Wien's law with assumption of blackbody
emission at two speci®c temperatures.
It was mentioned above that according to Eq. (7), the
crucial point of calculation of the true temperature from
the measured color temperature (Tc) is our prior knowledge
about emissivity of the medium at two wavelengths l 1 and
l 2. In our experiments, this problem was solved by ®nding
the value of ln1l1 =1l2 from thermometric measurements in
the temperature equilibrium range with the assumption of
1l1 and 1l2 being independent of temperature. Another
assumption was about steady elementary content of the
emitting substance.
These two supplementary methods (thermometric and
pyrometric), for studying the combustion dynamics of a
small fuel drop with the following computer processing,
allow us to study in detail the temporal combustion
phases (for a wide range of fast processes) and to deter-
mine the mass of fuel burning per time unit and per
surface unit.
To determine this parameter, we can write down the heat
balance of a burning immovable …Re ! 0† particle in air
with a one-side radiation into the ambient medium.
For a small particle, we have Bio's criterion Bi ˆ
ak d=2l , 1; Fourier's criterion Fo ˆ atp =d2 q 1: Here a,
l , tp ; d are the temperature conductivity, heat conductivity,
total burnout time, and the particle diameter, correspond-
ingly. That is, we can assume that the temperature gradient
across the particle is small (external heat and mass transfer)
and the change in internal energy due to nonstationary
effects is negligible.
Our experiments (Fig. 6) demonstrated that a carbon
particle burns in air mainly up to CO2. Since molecular
weights of air and CO2 are close, we may write down the
Lewis criterion as Le ˆ D=a , 1: Therefore, the similarity
between the temperature and concentration ®elds takes
place in the outer combustion zone. Therefore, these condi-
tions Re ! 0; Fo q 1; Bi , 1; Le , 1; with all the
mentioned assumptions concerning emissivity coef®cients
 A.P. Burdukov et al. / Fuel 81 (2002) 927±933
Fig. 6. Dynamics of concentration during combustion of a CWM drop …d ˆ
1:5 mm†: The mixture of D-grade coal from Kuznetsk deposit and 5% of
ASS-grade coal.
of the burning particle and slag, give us the opportunity to
write down the following heat balance equation:
mc Q ˆ ak …T 2 T0 † 1 Es 0 …T 4 2 Tsl4 †; …8†
where Q is the total heat release per mass unit (fuel calori®c
value); mc the fuel surface consumption rate (mass ¯ux or
combustion rate); a k the convective heat transfer coef®cient
(from the particle to air); E the emissivity coef®cient for a
burning particle (or slag) and s 0 is the Stephan±Boltzmann
constant. Temperatures T, T0, Tsl correspond to the experi-
mental values of the temperature of the particle, ambient
media, and the equilibrium temperature of the slag particle.
The procedure of temperature and radiation intensity
measurements is as follows. First, the laser beam shutter
is closed. The fuel drop is being put to the thermocouple
edge. The drop diameter is measured with a microscope.
Then the drop is heated from the moment when the PC
gives a signal to open the beam shutter. The laser beam
heats the drop up to the temperature determined by the
experimental conditions.
Fig. 5 presents the scheme for combustion of a single fuel
drop in different media with various aerodynamic and
temperature conditions. The drop may be swept with hot
gas or vapor, etc.
In our experiments on gasi®cation the volatile compo-
nents together with overheated water vapor were sucked
into the primary converter (a gas analyzer developed by
the Institute of Thermophysics). Then the ¯ow passes a
mechanical ®lter and vapor absorber (a ®lter with silicogel).
The water vapor begins to blow over the drop only after the
shutter is opened. The vapor stream was uniform over its
cross-section, the super®cial velocity was W ˆ 0:1 m s 21 ;
and Reynolds number Re , 5.
The data processing was carried out through the scheme:
a signal from primary transformers (thermocouple-photo-
diode-gas analyzer) ! ampli®er ! ACD ! computer
! printer. All data were read with a frequency of 25 Hz
from the computer and treated by the software with output
to the display and printer.
931
5. Measurement results
In our experiments on fuel combustion in air at the stan-
dard pressure, we measured the drop temperature and the
emission intensity from it. As for water±vapor-gasi®cation,
the outlet was obtained from CO and CO2 measuring by a
gas analyzer. The result of this study was the in¯uence of the
droplet size, content and temperature on dynamics of
combustion and gasi®cation. The existence time of a fuel
drop, gasi®cation time, ignition temperature, and combus-
tion rate were determined. We also cleared out the relative
role of every combustion phase (heating, water evaporation
from the CWM, combustion of volatile components and of
coke residue).
Fig. 7 presents the dynamics of combustion of a single
CWM drop with measuring of the thermometric and color
temperatures. The thermocouple (Tt) and photometric (I)
measurement lines are supplementary. The initial stages
(drop heating and water evaporation) cannot be detected
by the photodiode. It measures the radiation intensity
from particles at high temperatures (combustion of vola-
tile components and coke). The thermocouple measures
the temperature within the particle, but the photo sensor
operates from the moment of ignition of volatile
components.
The zone 4 in Fig. 7 is characterized by nonstationary
discharge of volatile components, by decrease in the fuel
mass and by repulsion of the oxidizer from the combustion
surface. This causes a decrease in emission at the stage
before the coke burning, which is related to depletion of
volatile components. Due to water evaporation and release
of volatile components from the drop, the rest of particle
conglomerate gain a high-developed inner surface. This big
surface facilitates the fuel oxidation resulting in temperature
growth and increase in emission, which can be detected by
the photo sensor.
This experimental technique was applied to drops of
different diameters (d ˆ 400±2000 mm) and temperatures
in the range T ˆ 600±14008C (Fig. 8). Experimental data
were plotted in coordinates r…d 2 d0 †=t ˆ f …t† (Fig. 9).
Here d0 is the thermocouple junction diameter, r the
CWM density, and t is the drop existence time until
complete burnout of the coke residue. This time is deter-
mined by a sharp drop of the photometric curve to the initial
level. This moment almost coincides with stabilization of
the temperature±time curve (coke has burnout). The value
r…d 2 d0 †=t can be considered as the effective mass rate of
fuel drop combustion. One can see that at the same tempera-
ture, the combustion mass rate is higher for the drop than for
a dried particle of the CWM.
This phenomenon can be connected with the reaction of
carbon with vapor decomposition products (besides
oxygen), and with highly developed oxidation surface
because of microbursts development of combustion (due
to intensive water evaporation).
Naturally, the total combustion time depends on the
932 A.P. Burdukov et al. / Fuel 81 (2002) 927±933

Fig. 9. Generalization of the experimental data on CWM drop combustion

Fig. 7. Combustion dynamics for a CWM drop …d ˆ 1:5 mm† from vs. equilibrium combustion temperature. 1-CWM without drying; 2-CWM
measurement of the thermometric (Tt) and color temperatures (Tc). 0±1 after drying (by laser beam).
dropheating, 1±2 water evaporation, 2±3 volatile extraction, 3±4 volatile
combustion, 4±5 combustion of the coke residue.

energy ¯ux onto the drop (laser radiation) Ð that is, from
the furnace temperature. Experimental data in Fig. 10
demonstrate that the combustion time for CWMs is a
controllable parameter. It can be changed by mixing of a
high-calorie low-reactive coal (e.g. a ®ne fraction of anthra-
cite with grade ASS) with a low-calorie fast-reactive coal
(e.g. lignite).
Using the balance equation (10) and the experimental
data (see Fig. 7), we present the dynamic of fuel drop
combustion …Q < 30 £ 106 J kg21 † in Fig. 11. A sharp
peak in this graph corresponds to outcome of volatile
components while fuel is being heated. One can see that
this time interval is much less than the total time of mass
decrease due to combustion.
If we perform experiments on combustion of a small
drop under conditions of natural convection, we have the
following criteria: Re ! 0 Gr ˆ qbDtd 3 =n2 < 40; and Nu ˆ
ak d=2l < 2:5:
Our estimates of contribution from the convective and
mass terms reveal that they make up about 15% from the
radiative heat transfer.
For carbon particle combustion in air, the Stephan's ¯ux
for oxygen diffusion and corresponding reaction products is Fig. 10. CWM drop combustion time …d ˆ 1:5 mm† measured from the
ignition moment, as a function of ASS-coal percentage, lignite and
temperature.

Fig. 8. CWM drop combustion time as a function of atomization diameter.

C 1 ASS 2 CWM prepared from D-grade coal 15% of ASS-grade coal.
C-CWM prepared from D-grade coal. Fig. 11. Dynamics of the CWM drop combustion rate.
 A.P. Burdukov et al. / Fuel 81 (2002) 927±933
Fig. 12. Temperature and concentration evolution for CWM gasi®cation
(D-grade coal from Kuznetsk); tv is the vapor temperature and td is the
gasi®cation temperature.
negligible [6]. Therefore, we do not account it in heat
balance.
For several sorts of coal the content of volatile
components may be as high as 40%. Their heat-induced
emanation takes away some heat from the particle.
Unfortunately, the physical properties of multicomponent
volatile matter are usually unknown. So we can only esti-
mate this heat loss. However, experimental curves (Figs. 7
and 11) demonstrate that the durability of combustion of
volatile components is only a small percentage of the total
combustion time.
The mass of burnout coal during the volatile components
discharge and their combustion can be calculated from the
known percentage of them in the coal and the combustion
time chart.
Typical time charts for primary data on temperature and
concentration of CO for water±vapor gasi®cation are
presented in Fig. 12. The gasi®cation time was determined
from the moment when the concentration curve comes to the
initial level.
In contrast to combustion process, temperature curves for
water±vapor gasi®cation are monotone. Dramatic increase
in gasi®cation rate occurs when the temperature achieves
the gasi®cation temperature, and then intensity of CO
release comes down.
Fig. 13 generalizes the data obtained for different
grades of coal from the East-Siberia deposit. For the
studied temperature range, we observed a slightly
nonlinear dependency of the combustion time t d on
the fuel drop diameter. Usually CWM is transported
with special pumps, and CWM application for coal gasi-
®cation seems to be promising under higher pressures Ð
this suspension is easily fed to the chamber (unlike dry coal)
and vapor generators are not required for water±vapor
gasi®cation.
Naturally, these experimental data do not simulate
precisely the combustion (gasi®cation) of small particles
in a furnace. But this model allows us to estimate the effect
of different factors (temperature, size, and composition of
droplets) on the total combustion time. It also clari®es the
933
Fig. 13. Gasi®cation time for coal particles and CWM drops made up of
different lignite vs. diameter; tv is the vapor temperature; td the gasi®cation
temperature and X, T, B are the ®rst letter of the coal names (see Table 1).
main stages of combustion and burnout velocity at different
stages.
6. Conclusions
1. CWMs for power production are media with rheology
properties. Their pipeline transportation is governed by
rheodynamic parameters, which depend on the media
structural aspects and external effects.
2. We developed the technique for investigation of combus-
tion (or gasi®cation) kinetics of a single fuel drop. It is
based on simultaneous measuring of the thermometric
and color temperatures with the analysis of the gaseous
products composition. These complex measurements
give us the total combustion time, duration of different
stages of the process (heating, evaporation, combustion
of volatile components and coke residue), as well as the
combustion mass ¯ow rate.
3. The CWM combustion time can be controlled through
adding of fast-reactive fuel to slow-reactive fuel.
4. Combustion of a CWM drop is a multistage process. The
speci®city of this process is water evaporation from the
drop. This makes a high porosity of the particle and
enhances the intensity of diffusion combustion.
References
[1] Edward TM. Coal±water fuel combustion. In: Proceedings of the 21st
Symposium (International) on Combustion. Combustion Institute.
1986;159.
[2] Turian RM, Ekmann, J. Coal slurryability (session 1). Proceedings of
the Eighth International Symposium on Coal Slurry Fuels Preparation
and Utilization, Orlando, FL, May 27±29 1986.
[3] Khzmalyan VM, Kogan, AYa. Theory of combustion and furnaces,
Moscow, Energy, 1997.
[4] Burdukov AP, Karpenko EI, et al. Experimental study of combustion of
CWMs. Combustion Explosion Shock Waves 1996;32(4):62±6.
[5] Burdukov AP, Popov VI, Fedosenko VD. Investigation of the combus-
tion dynamics of low-volatile fuel particles by measuring thermometric
and color temperatures. Combustion Explosion Shock Waves
1999;35(5):27±39.
[6] Pomerantsev VV, editor. Foundations of the combustion theory
Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1986. 310 p.