Variable SI British

R 287 J/(kg K) 1716 lbf ft/ (slug °R)

Cp 1008 J/(kg K) 6000 lbf ft/ (slug °R)

Cv 720 J/(kg K) 4290 lbf ft/ (slug °R)

 1.789× 10-5 kg/(m s) 3.7373 × 10-7 slug/(ft s)

Mile=5280 ft

• For a laminar incompressible boundary layer on a flat plate,

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 Steady level flight

If propeller, Pes max (Equivalent shaft power) is given

 TA max = propeller Pes max/Vmax (we need iterations)
i. Assume Vmax1
ii. Calc TA max = p Pes max/Vmax1
iii. use eqn (1)  Vmax2
iv. If [ abs(Vmax2-Vmax1)/Vmax1 < 0.05 ]  STOP
else  Vmax=(Vmax1+Vmax2)/2 and Go to ii.

Climb

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Jet A/C Propeller A/C

Gliding

Range

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 max max
Jet A/C Propeller A/C

c: shaft or equivalent shaft power specific fuel consumption

Endurance

Jet A/C Propeller A/C

max
max

c: shaft or equivalent shaft power specific fuel consumption

Turn

nmax because of maximum thrust

or maximum power (use P max= Tmax V)

Thrust limit: Rmin using maximum thrust for Jet A/C Rmin using maximum power for propeller A/C

𝑊
8 𝐾( )
(𝑉∞ )𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆
3 𝜌 (𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 )
∞ 𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥

OR nRmin = nmax at (𝑉∞ )𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stall limit: Rmin due to stall limit------------------------------------------
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊
( ) ( )
𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆
Jet A/C q = (T/W)max (W/S) / [ K CL2max + CD0] Propeller A/C 𝑞∞ 𝑉∞ = 2
𝐾 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝐶𝐷0

Get 𝑉∞ , then
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 g

Pull up Pull down

takeoff landing

How to calculate CL and CD0 during take off and Landing?

• CL is constant during takeoff till the rotation point where it increases to C Lmax due to the increase of angle of attack.
• Typically CL = 0.1 during takeoff & Landing ground roll.
• This is the value we use for K A, JA
• For propeller A/C, power is given. Calc T=pr P/V where the average velocity during take off or landing is 0.7 V LO
or 0.7 VTD respectively.
• During takeoff, the flaps are at the middle position, thus k uc = ((5.81+3.16)/2)  10-5
• During landing, flaps are at max flap down, thus k uc = 3.16  10-5

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 • How to apply Raymer’s procedure to get Max Speed of an aircraft including drag divergence?
Method 1: Analytical
(1) To get an initial guess Vmax_initial, assume no drag divergence  get Vmax_initial
(2) The true Vmax (including Drag divergence) is lower than Vmax_initial
 Assume Vmax1= 0.7 Vmax_initial
(3) Convert velocity to Mach No then calculate CD0 from Raymer’s procedure
(4) get Vmax2
(5) If [ abs(Vmax2-Vmax1)/Vmax1 < 0.05 ]  STOP
else  Vmax=(Vmax1+Vmax2)/2 and Go to step 3

Stability and Control

Space flight
radius of the earth = 6.4 x 106 m

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 G is the universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 X 10-11 m3/(kg s2)

k2 = 3.986 × 1014 m3/s2

Vis-Viva equation Exponential atmosphere up to 140 km

a is the semimajor axis of the orbit

CH Stanton number dimensionless heat transfer coefficient d Q/dt heating rate (energy per second) going into the
ho total enthalpy surface
hw enthalpy at the aerodynamic surface
S reference area (planform area of a wing, cross sectional
area of a spherical entry vehicle, or the like)

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