1. A new vaccine is given to 100 children for prevention of a viral infection.

Among the
vaccinated children 10 developed the disease while among 100 controls 26 suffered from
this viral infection. Make a 2x2 table and calculate vaccine efficacy rate. (formula 1 for
vaccine Efficacy Rate = 1- Relative Risk)
50−60𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑−𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
Formula 2 VER = 𝑋 100
attack rate in unexposed
Ans.
Vaccinated A B
10 90
Unvaccinated C D
26 74
𝐼𝑒 𝐴 𝐶
RR = Io = A+B ÷ C+D
10 26
= 100 ÷
100
10 100
= 100 X 26
=0.38
VER = 1-RR
= 1-0.38
= 0.615
= 61.5%
FORMULA 1 Year = 1-RR
Formula 2
VER = Attack Rate =Attack Rate
𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
attack rate in unexposed
(𝐶) (𝐴)
((C+D )
) −((A+B )
)
= X 100
(𝐶) )
((C+D)
26 10
−
100 100
= 26 x 100
100
16
= 100 x 100
26
100
16 100
= x x 100
100 26
= 0.615 x 100
= 61.5%
SND is symmetric, single peak, µ = 0
Venue of 1 rang for -∞ £ + ∞ (infinite tail)
Total
Area under curve = 1(100%)

Z – Transformer if allow to use the standard normal table

Relative derivate = Z test

2 –scent = location of any element (ordinate) is N.D can be expressed in terms of how many
SD at lies above or below the mean of distribution.
𝑋− µ
On one table (R + Side) Z =
SD
(0.5 + Area) = total Area
0.5 = Area = Remoting Area

Standard Error of the Mean

σ
S E (x̅ ) = σ x̅ = 𝑛−1
√
∑(𝑋−x̅ )2
S2 =
n−1
S= (Standard Deviation)
√𝑆2
𝑆
C.V = (Coefficient of Variation)
x̅
𝑋− µ
Z=
σ
x̅− µ x−
̅ µ
Z= , t=
σ/ σ/
√𝑛 √𝑛
95% CI for µ = x̅ ± 2 SD
σ
SD = 𝑛
√
(σ = papulation Standard deviation
(n = sample Size
95% CI for µ = x̅ ± Zprt (S/
√𝑛