BeerVM11e PPT Ch12

Eleventh Edition
CHAPTER VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:
12 DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Phillip J. Cornwell Kinetics of Particles:
Brian P. Self
Newton’s Second Law
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Edition
Eleventh
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 12.7
Newton’s Second Law of Angular Momentum of a Particle
Motion Equations of Motion in Radial &
Linear Momentum of a Particle Transverse Components
Systems of Units Conservation of Angular Momentum
Equations of Motion Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Dynamic Equilibrium Sample Problem 12.12
Sample Problem 12.1 Trajectory of a Particle Under a
Sample Problem 12.3 Central Force
Sample Problem 12.5 Application to Space Mechanics
Sample Problem 12.6 Sample Problem 12.14
Sample Problem 12.7 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 12 - 2

Edition
Eleventh
Kinetics of Particles
As a centrifuge reaches high
We must analyze all of the forces velocities, the arm will
acting on the racecar in order to experience very large forces
design a good track that must be considered in
design.

Edition
Eleventh
Introduction
F = ma
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• If the resultant force acting on a particle is not

zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of resultant
and in the direction of the resultant.
• Must be expressed with respect to a Newtonian (or inertial)

frame of reference, i.e., one that is not accelerating or rotating.
• This form of the equation is for a constant mass system

Edition
Eleventh
Linear Momentum of a Particle
• Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the velocity
yields 
 dv
F = m
dt

d  dL
= (m v ) =
dt dt

L = linear momentum of the particle
• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear momentum
of the particle remains constant in both magnitude and direction.
Edition
Eleventh
Systems of Units
• Of the units for the four primary dimensions (force,
mass, length, and time), three may be chosen arbitrarily.
The fourth must be compatible with Newton’s 2nd Law.
• International System of Units (SI Units): base units are

the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time (second).
The unit of force is derived,
 m kg  m
1 N = (1 kg )1 2  = 1 2
 s  s
• U.S. Customary Units: base units are the units of force

(lb), length (m), and time (second). The unit of mass is
derived,
1lb 1 lb lb  s 2
1lbm = 2
1slug = 2
=1
32.2 ft s 1ft s ft

Edition
Eleventh
Equations of Motion
 
• Newton’s second law  F = ma
• Can use scalar component equations, e.g., for
rectangular components,
 
 (Fx i + Fy j + Fz k ) = m(a x i + a y j + a z k )
   
 Fx = ma x  Fy = ma y  Fz = ma z
 Fx = mx  Fy = my  Fz = mz

Edition
Eleventh
Dynamic Equilibrium
• Alternate expression of Newton’s second law,
 
 F − m a =0

− ma  inertial vector
• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system
of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
• Methods developed for particles in static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
may be represented with a closed vector polygon.
• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as
they measure the resistance that particles offer to
changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or
direction.
• Inertial forces may be conceptually useful but are
not like the contact and gravitational forces found
in statics.
Edition
Eleventh
Free Body Diagrams and Kinetic Diagrams
The free body diagram is the same as you have done in statics; we
will add the kinetic diagram in our dynamic analysis.
1. Isolate the body of interest (free body)
2. Draw your axis system (e.g., Cartesian, polar, path)
3. Add in applied forces (e.g., weight, 225 lb pulling force)
4. Replace supports with forces (e.g., normal force)
5. Draw appropriate dimensions (usually angles for particles)
x y
225 N
25o
Ff
N
mg 12 - 9
Edition
Eleventh
Put the inertial terms for the body of interest on the kinetic diagram.
1. Isolate the body of interest (free body)
2. Draw in the mass times acceleration of the particle; if unknown,
do this in the positive direction according to your chosen axes
x y may
225 N
max
25o =
Ff
N
mg
F = ma
Edition
Eleventh
Draw the FBD and KD for block A (note that the
massless, frictionless pulleys are attached to block A
and should be included in the system).

Edition
Eleventh
1. Isolate body
2. Axes
3. Applied forces
4. Replace supports with forces
5. Dimensions (already drawn)
6. Kinetic diagram
y
T T NB
T
T may = 0
x
T
mg
Ff-B
= max
N1 Ff-1
Edition
Eleventh
Draw the FBD and KD for the collar B. Assume

there is friction acting between the rod and collar,
motion is in the vertical plane, and q is increasing

Edition
Eleventh
1. Isolate body
2. Axes
3. Applied forces
4. Replace supports with forces
5. Dimensions
6. Kinetic diagram
eq maq
er
mar
q
q
=
Ff
mg
N
Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.1
STRATEGY:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the
block into two rectangular component
equations.
• Unknowns consist of the applied force

P and the normal reaction N from the
plane. The two equations may be
solved for these unknowns.
A 200-lb block rests on a horizontal

plane. Find the magnitude of the force
P required to give the block an
acceleration of 10 ft/s2 to the right. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and plane is mk = 0.25.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.1
MODELING and ANALYSIS:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the block
into two rectangular component equations.
 Fx = ma :
y
( )(
P cos 30 − 0.25 N = 6.21 lb  s 2 ft 10 ft s 2 )
= 62.1lb
O
x  Fy = 0 :
W 200 lb N − P sin 30 − 200 lb = 0
m= =
g 32.2 ft s 2 • Unknowns consist of the applied force P and
the normal reaction N from the plane. The two
lb  s 2
= 6.21 equations may be solved for these unknowns.
ft
N = P sin 30 + 200 lb
F = mk N
P cos 30 − 0.25(P sin 30 + 200 lb) = 62.1lb
= 0.25 N
P = 151 lb

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.1
REFLECT and THINK
When you begin pushing on an object, you
first have to overcome the static friction
force (F = μsN) before the object will
move.
Also note that the downward component
of force P increases the normal force N,
which in turn increases the friction force F
that you must overcome.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.3
STRATEGY:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the
dependent motions and accelerations of
the blocks.
• Write the equations of motion for the
blocks and pulley.
• Combine the kinematic relationships
with the equations of motion to solve for
the accelerations and cord tension.
The two blocks shown start from rest.
The horizontal plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley is assumed
to be of negligible mass. Determine
the acceleration of each block and the
tension in the cord.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.3
• Write the kinematic relationships for the dependent
O motions and accelerations of the blocks.
x
y B = 12 x A a B = 12 a A
y
• Write equations of motion for blocks and pulley.
 Fx = m Aa A :
T1 = (100 kg )a A
 Fy = m B a B :
mB g − T2 = mB a B
(300 kg )(9.81 m s 2 )− T2 = (300 kg )a B
T2 = 2940 N - (300 kg )a B
 Fy = mC aC = 0 :
T2 − 2T1 = 0
Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.3
• Combine kinematic relationships with equations of
motion to solve for accelerations and cord tension.
O
x y B = 12 x A a B = 12 a A
y T1 = (100 kg )a A
T2 = 2940 N - (300 kg )a B
= 2940 N - (300 kg ) 12 a A ( )
T2 − 2T1 = 0
2940 N − (150 kg )a A − 2(100 kg )a A = 0
a A = 8.40 m s 2
a B = 12 a A = 4.20 m s 2
T1 = (100 kg )a A = 840 N
T2 = 2T1 = 1680 N
Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.3
REFLECT and THINK
• Note that the value obtained for T2 is not
equal to the weight of block B. Rather
than choosing B and the pulley as
separate systems, you could have chosen
the system to be B and the pulley. In this
case, T2 would have been an internal
force.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.5
STRATEGY:
• The block is constrained to slide down
the wedge. Therefore, their motions are
dependent. Express the acceleration of
block as the acceleration of wedge plus
the acceleration of the block relative to
the wedge.

wedge and block.
The 12-lb block B starts from rest and
slides on the 30-lb wedge A, which is • Solve for the accelerations.
supported by a horizontal surface.
Neglecting friction, determine (a) the
acceleration of the wedge, and (b) the
acceleration of the block relative to the
wedge.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.5
• The block is constrained to slide down the
wedge. Therefore, their motions are dependent.
  
aB = a A + aB A
• Write equations of motion for wedge and block.
 Fx = m Aa A :
y N1 sin 30 = m A a A
0.5 N1 = (W A g )a A
 Fx = mB a x = mB (a A cos 30 − a B A ) :
− WB sin 30 = (WB g )(a A cos 30 − a B )
x
A
aB A = a A cos 30 + g sin 30
 Fy = mB a y = mB (− a A sin 30) :
N1 − WB cos 30 = −(WB g )a A sin 30
Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.5
• Solve for the accelerations.
0.5 N1 = (W A g )a A
N1 − WB cos 30 = −(WB g )a A sin 30

2(W A g )a A − WB cos 30 = −(WB g )a A sin 30
gWB cos 30
aA =
2W A + WB sin 30
aA =
(32.2 ft s 2 )(12 lb ) cos 30
2(30 lb ) + (12 lb ) sin 30
a A = 5.07 ft s 2
a B A = a A cos 30 + g sin 30

( ) (
a B A = 5.07 ft s 2 cos 30 + 32.2 ft s 2 sin 30 )
aB A = 20.5 ft s 2

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.5
REFLECT and THINK
Many students are tempted to draw the
acceleration of block B down the incline in
the kinetic diagram. It is important to
recognize that this is the direction of the
relative acceleration. Rather than the
kinetic diagram you used for block B, you
could have simply put unknown
accelerations in the x and y directions and
then used your relative motion equation to
obtain more scalar equations.

Edition
Eleventh
Group Problem Solving
STRATEGY:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the
the blocks.
• Draw the FBD and KD for each block
blocks and pulley.
• Combine the kinematic relationships
with the equations of motion to solve for
the accelerations and cord tension.
The two blocks shown are originally at

rest. Neglecting the masses of the pulleys
and the effect of friction in the pulleys and
between block A and the horizontal
surface, determine (a) the acceleration of
each block, (b) the tension in the cable.
Edition
Eleventh
xA • Write the kinematic relationships for the
the blocks.
This is the same problem worked last
yB
chapter - write the constraint equation.
x A + 3 yB + constants = L
Differentiate this twice to get the
acceleration relationship.
v A + 3vB = 0
a A + 3aB = 0
a A = −3aB (1)

Edition
Eleventh
• Draw the FBD and KD for each block
2T T mAg A
B +y
maAx
T
= =
maBy +x
mBg NA
• Write the equation of motion for each block
Fx = m A a A :
Fy = mB aB −T = m A aB
WB − 3T = mB aB (2) From Eq (1) T = 3m A aB (3)
• Solve the three equations, 3 unknowns
(3) (2) mB g − 3(3mA aB ) = mB aB T = 3  30 kg  0.83136 m/s2
g 9.81 m/s2 T = 74.8 N
aB = = = 0.83136 m/s2
mA 30 kg
1+ 9 1+ 9 a A = −2.49 = 2.49 m/s2
mB 25 kg
Edition
Eleventh
REFLECT and THINK:
• The acceleration of Block A is to the right
as would be expected
• The tension force in the cable has to be
less than 1/3 of the weight of Block B.
(Otherwise the block would not move
downward)
25𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑇 = 74.8 𝑁 < × 9.81 2 = 81.8 𝑁
3 𝑠

Edition
Eleventh
Concept Quiz
(1) (2) (3)

The three systems are released from rest. Rank the
accelerations, from highest to lowest.
a) (1) > (2) > (3) d) (1) = (2) = (3)
b) (1) = (2) > (3) e) (1) = (2) < (3)
c) (2) > (1) > (3)
Edition
Eleventh
Kinetics: Normal and Tangential Coordinates
Aircraft and roller coasters can both experience large

normal forces during turns.

Edition
Eleventh
Equations of Motion
 
• Newton’s second law  F = ma
• For tangential and normal components,

F = ma t
 F n = man
t
v2
F t =m
dv
dt
F n =m


Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.6
STRATEGY:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the
bob into tangential and normal
components.
• Solve the component equations for the
normal and tangential accelerations.
• Solve for the velocity in terms of the
normal acceleration.
The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes
an arc of a circle in a vertical plane. If
the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the
weight of the bob for the position
shown, find the velocity and accel-
eration of the bob in that position.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.6
• Resolve the equation of motion for the bob into
tangential and normal components.
• Solve the component equations for the normal and
tangential accelerations.
 Ft = mat : mg sin 30 = mat
at = g sin 30
at = 4.9 m s 2
 Fn = man : 2.5mg − mg cos 30 = man

an = g (2.5 − cos 30)
an = 16.03 m s 2
• Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.
an =
v2
v = an = (2 m )(16.03 m s 2 )

v = 5.66 m s
Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.6
REFLECT and THINK:
• If you look at these equations for an
angle of zero instead of 30o, you will see
that when the bob is straight below point
O, the tangential acceleration is zero,
and the velocity is a maximum.
The normal acceleration is not zero

because the bob has a velocity at this
point.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.7
STRATEGY:
• The car travels in a horizontal circular
path with a normal component of
acceleration directed toward the center
of the path. The forces acting on the
car are its weight and a normal reaction
from the road surface.
• Resolve the equation of motion for

Determine the rated speed of a the car into vertical and normal
highway curve of radius  = 400 ft components.
banked through an angle q = 18o. The
rated speed of a banked highway curve • Solve for the vehicle speed.
is the speed at which a car should
travel if no lateral friction force is to
be exerted at its wheels.

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.7
• Resolve the equation of motion for
the car into vertical and normal
components.
 Fy = 0 : R cos q − W = 0
W
R=
cos q
W
 Fn = man : R sin q = an
SOLUTION: g
W W v2
MODELING and ANALYSIS: sin q =
cos q g 
• The car travels in a horizontal circular
path with a normal component of • Solve for the vehicle speed.
acceleration directed toward the center v 2 = g tan q
of the path. The forces acting on the
car are its weight and a normal ( )
= 32.2 ft s 2 (400 ft ) tan 18
reaction from the road surface. v = 64.7 ft s = 44.1 mi h
Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.7
REFLECT and THINK:
• For a highway curve, this seems like a
reasonable speed for avoiding a spin-
out. If the roadway were banked at a
larger angle, would the rated speed be
larger or smaller than this calculated
value?
• For this problem, the tangential
direction is into the page; since you
were not asked about forces or
accelerations in this direction, you did
not need to analyze motion in the
tangential direction..

Edition
Eleventh
v STRATEGY:
• Draw the FBD and KD for the collar.
collar.
• Determine kinematics of the collar.
• Combine the equations of motion with
The 3-kg collar B rests on the
kinematic relationships and solve.
frictionless arm AA. The collar is
held in place by the rope attached to
drum D and rotates about O in a
horizontal plane. The linear velocity
of the collar B is increasing according
to v= 0.2 t2 where v is in m/s and t is
in sec. Find the tension in the rope
and the force of the bar on the collar
after 5 seconds if r = 0.4 m.
Edition
Eleventh
• Given: v= 0.2 t2, r = 0.4 m
• Find: T and N at t = 5 sec
Draw the FBD and KD of the collar
et mat
en =
T N man
Write the equations of motion

Fn = man Ft = mat
v2 dv
N =m T =m
 dt
Edition
Eleventh
et
Kinematics : find vt, an, at mat
vt = 0.2t 2 = 0.2(52 ) =5 m/s en
2 2
=
5 v
an = = = 62.5 (m/s 2 )
 0.4 T q N man
dv
at = = 0.4t = 0.4(5) = 2 m/s 2
dt
Substitute into equations of motion

Fn = man Ft = mat
N = 3.0(62.5) T = 3.0(2)
N = 187.5 N T = 6.0 N
Edition
Eleventh
et
REFLECT and THINK: mat
How would the problem
change if motion was in the
en
=
vertical plane?
T q N man
You would add an mg term mg
and would also need to
calculate q
When is the tangential force greater than the normal force?
Only at the very beginning, when starting to accelerate.

In most applications, an >> at

Edition
Eleventh
Concept Question
B
C
A
A car is driving from A to D on the curved path shown. D

The driver is doing the following at each point:
A – going at a constant speed B – stepping on the accelerator

C – stepping on the brake D – stepping on the accelerator
Draw the approximate direction of the car’s acceleration

at each point.
Edition
Eleventh
Kinetics: Radial and Transverse Coordinates
Hydraulic actuators, extending robotic arms, and

centrifuges as shown below are often analyzed using
radial and transverse coordinates.

Edition
Eleventh
Eqs of Motion in Radial & Transverse Components
• Consider particle at r and q, in polar coordinates,
 r
F = ma r = m 
r − rq 2
( )
 Fq = maq = m(rq + 2rq )

Edition
Eleventh
Sample Problem 12.10
STRATEGY:
• Write the radial and transverse
equations of motion for the block.
• Integrate the radial equation to find an
expression for the radial velocity.
• Substitute known information into the
A block B of mass m can slide freely on transverse equation to find an
a frictionless arm OA which rotates in a expression for the force on the block.
horizontal plane at a constant rate q0 .
Knowing that B is released at a distance
r0 from O, express as a function of r
a) the component vr of the velocity of B
along OA, and
b) the magnitude of the horizontal force
exerted on B by the arm OA.

Edition
Eleventh
• Integrate the radial equation to find an
expression for the radial velocity.
dv dv dr dv
r = vr = r = r = vr r
dt dr dt dr
dv dv dr dv
r = vr = r = r = vr r
dt dr dt dr
vr dvr = rq 2 dr = rq02 dr
MODELING and ANALYSIS: vr r
 vr dvr = q0  r dr
• Write the radial and transverse 2
( )
equations of motion for the block. 0 r0
 Fr = m ar : 0 = m r − rq ( 2 ) vr2 = q 02 r 2 − r02
 F q = m aq : F = m(rq + 2rq ) • Substitute known information into the

transverse equation to find an expression
for the force on the block.
F= 2mq 02 (r 2
− r0 )
2 12

Edition
Eleventh
REFLECT and THINK:
• Introducing radial and transverse
components of force and acceleration
involves using components of velocity
as well in the computations. But this is
still much simpler and more direct than
trying to use other coordinate systems.
• Even though the radial acceleration is
zero, the rod accelerates relative to the
rod with acceleration 𝑟.ሷ

Edition
Eleventh
STRATEGY:
• Draw the FBD and KD for the collar.
collar.
• Determine kinematics of the collar.
• Combine the equations of motion with
kinematic relationships and solve.
The 3-kg collar B slides on the frictionless arm AA. The arm is attached to
drum D and rotates about O in a horizontal plane at the rate q = 0.75t where q
and t are expressed in rad/s and seconds, respectively. As the arm-drum
assembly rotates, a mechanism within the drum releases the cord so that the
collar moves outward from O with a constant speed of 0.5 m/s. Knowing that
at t = 0, r = 0, determine the time at which the tension in the cord is equal to
the magnitude of the horizontal force exerted on B by arm AA.
Edition
Eleventh
• Given: q = 0.75t r (0) = 0
r = 5 m/s
• Find: time when T = N
Draw the FBD and KD of the collar
maq
eq
er mar
=
T N
Write the equations of motion

Fr = mar Fq = mB aq
−T = m(r − rq 2 ) N = m(rq + 2rq )

Edition
Eleventh
r = 5 m/s
Kinematics : find expressions for r and q r t
q = (0.75t ) rad/s  0
dr =  0
0.5 dt
q = 0.75 rad/s2 r = (0.5t ) m

r =0
Substitute values into ar , aq
ar = r − rq 2 = 0 − [(0.5t ) m][(0.75t ) rad/s]2 = −(0.28125t 3 ) m/s 2
aq = rq + 2rq = [(0.5t ) m][0.75 rad/s 2 ] + 2(0.5 m/s)[(0.75t ) rad/s]

= (1.125t ) m/s 2
Substitute into equation of motion Set T = N
Fr = mar : − T = (3 kg)(−0.28125t ) m/s 3 2 (0.84375t 3 ) = (3.375t )
Fq = mB aq : N = (3 kg)(1.125t ) m/s 2 t 2 = 4.000
t = 2.00 s
Edition
Eleventh
Concept Quiz
The top view of a spinning platform
is shown. A girl starts walking e2
e1
towards the outside of the spinning
platform, as shown in the figure by v
the black box. She is walking at a
constant rate with respect to the
platform, and the platform rotates at
a constant rate. In which w
direction(s) will the forces act on
her? Top View
a) +e1 b) - e1 c) +e2 d) - e2
e) The forces are zero in the e1 and e2 directions
Edition
Eleventh
Angular Momentum of a Particle
Satellite orbits are analyzed using conservation
of angular momentum.

Edition
Eleventh
Eqs of Motion in Radial & Transverse Components
• Consider particle at r and q, in polar coordinates,
 r
F = ma r = m 
r − rq 2
( )
 Fq = maq = m(rq + 2rq )
• This result may also be derived from conservation
of angular momentum,
H O = mr 2q
r  Fq =
d
dt
(
mr 2q )
(
= m r 2q + 2rrq )
 Fq = m(rq + 2rq )
Edition
Eleventh
Angular Momentum of a Particle
  
• H O = r  mV = moment of momentum or the angular
momentum of the particle about O.
  
• H O is perpendicular to plane containing r and mV
  
H O = rmV sin  i j k

= rm vq HO = x y z
= mr 2q mv x mv y mv z
• Derivative of angular momentum with respect to time,

        
H O = r  mV + r  mV = V  mV + r  ma

= rF

=  MO
• It follows from Newton’s second law that the sum of
the moments about O of the forces acting on the
particle is equal to the rate of change of the angular
momentum of the particle about O.
Edition
Eleventh
Conservation of Angular Momentum
• When only force acting on particle is directed
toward or away from a fixed point O, the particle
is said to be moving under a central force.
• Since the line of action of the central force passes

through O,  M O = H O = 0 and
  
r  mV = H O = constant
• Position vector and motion
 of particle are in a
plane perpendicular to H O .
• Magnitude of angular momentum,

H O = rm V sin  = constant
= r0 m V0 sin 0
or H O = mr 2q = constant
HO angular momentum
= r 2q = h =
m unit mass
Edition
Eleventh
Conservation of Angular Momentum
• Radius vector OP sweeps infinitesimal area
dA = 12 r 2 dq
dA 1 2 dq 1 2 
• Define = 2r = 2 r q = areal velocity
dt dt
• Recall, for a body moving under a central force,

h = r 2q = constant
• When a particle moves under a central force, its

areal velocity is constant.

Edition
Eleventh
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Gravitational force exerted by the sun on a planet or by
the earth on a satellite is an important example of
gravitational force.
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation - two particles of
mass M and m attract each other with equal and opposite
force directed along the line connecting the particles,
Mm
F =G 2
r
G = constant of gravitation
3 4
m ft
= 66.73  10 −12 = 34 .4  10 −9
kg  s 2 lb  s 4
• For particle of mass m on the earth’s surface,
MG m ft
W = m 2 = mg g = 9.81 2 = 32.2 2
R s s

Edition
Eleventh
STRATEGY:
• Since the satellite is moving under a
central force, its angular momentum is
constant. Equate the angular momentum
at A and B and solve for the velocity at B.
A satellite is launched in a direction

parallel to the surface of the earth
with a velocity of 18820 mi/h from
an altitude of 240 mi. Determine the
velocity of the satellite as it reaches it
maximum altitude of 2340 mi. The
radius of the earth is 3960 mi.

Edition
Eleventh
• Since the satellite is moving under a
central force, its angular momentum is
constant. Equate the angular momentum
at A and B and solve for the velocity at B.
rm v sin  = H O = constant
rA m v A = rB m v B
REFLECT and THINK:
rA
vB = v A
• Note that in order to increase rB
velocity, a spacecraft often applies (3960 + 240)mi
thrusters to push it closer to the = (18820 mi h )
earth. This central force means the
(3960 + 2340 )mi
spacecraft’s angular momentum v B = 12550 mi h
remains constant, its radial distance
r decreases, and its velocity v
increases.
Edition
Eleventh
Trajectory of a Particle Under a Central Force
• For particle moving under central force directed towards force center,
( )
m r − rq 2 =  Fr = − F m(rq + 2rq ) =  Fq = 0
• Second expression is equivalent to r 2q = h = constant , from which,

h h2 d 2  1 
q = and r = − 2 2  r 
r2 r dq
• After substituting into the radial equation of motion and simplifying,

d 2u F 1
+u = where u =
dq 2 mh 2u 2 r
• If F is a known function of r or u, then particle trajectory may be

found by integrating for u = f(q), with constants of integration
determined from initial conditions.

Edition
Eleventh
Application to Space Mechanics
• Consider earth satellites subjected to only gravitational pull
of the earth,
d 2u F 1 GMm
+ u = where u = F= = GMmu 2
dq 2 mh 2u 2 r r2
d 2u GM
+ u = = constant
dq 2
h 2
• Solution is equation of conic section,

1 GM Ch2
u = = 2 (1 +  cos q ) = = eccentricity
r h GM
• Origin, located at earth’s center, is a focus of the conic section.
• Trajectory may be ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola depending

on value of eccentricity.

Edition
Eleventh
• Trajectory of earth satellite is defined by
1 GM Ch2
= 2 (1 +  cos q ) = = eccentricity
r h GM
• hyperbola,  > 1 or C > GM/h2. The radius vector

becomes infinite for
−1  1  −1  GM 
1 +  cos q1 = 0 q1 =  cos  −  =  cos −
   C h2 
 
• parabola,  = 1 or C = GM/h2. The radius vector
becomes infinite for
1 + cos q 2 = 0 q 2 = 180
• ellipse,  < 1 or C < GM/h2. The radius vector is finite

for q and is constant, i.e., a circle, for  < 0.

Edition
Eleventh
• Integration constant C is determined by conditions
at beginning of free flight, q =0, r = r0 ,
1 GM  Ch 2 
= 2 1+ cos 0 
r0 h  GM 

1 GM 1 GM
C= − 2 = −
r0 h r0 (r0 v0 )2
• Satellite escapes earth orbit for

  1 or C  GM h 2 = GM (r0 v0 )2
2GM
vesc = v0 =
r0
• Trajectory is elliptic for v0 < vesc and becomes

circular for  = 0 or C = 0,
GM
vcirc =
r0
Edition
Eleventh
• Recall that for a particle moving under a central
force, the areal velocity is constant, i.e.,
dA 1 2  1
= 2 r q = 2 h = constant
dt
• Periodic time or time required for a satellite to
complete an orbit is equal to area within the orbit
divided by areal velocity,
 ab 2 ab
= =
h2 h
where a = 12 (r0 + r1 )
b = r0 r1

Edition
Eleventh
STRATEGY:
• Trajectory of the satellite is described by
1 GM
= 2 + C cos q
r h
Evaluate C using the initial conditions
at q = 0.
A satellite is launched in a direction
• Determine the maximum altitude by
parallel to the surface of the earth
finding r at q = 180o.
with a velocity of 36,900 km/h at an
altitude of 500 km. • With the altitudes at the perigee and
apogee known, the periodic time can
Determine:
be evaluated.
a) the maximum altitude reached by
the satellite, and
b) the periodic time of the satellite.

Edition
Eleventh
• Trajectory of the satellite is described by
1 GM
= 2 + C cosq
r h
Evaluate C using the initial conditions
at q = 0.
r0 = (6370 + 500)km 1 GM
C= − 2
r0 h
= 6.87  106 m
km 1000 m/km 1 398  1012 m3 s 2
v 0 = 36900  = −
h 3600 s/h 6.87  10 m6
(70.4 m s)
2 2
= 10.25  103 m s = 65.3  10−9 m-1

( )(
h = r0v0 = 6.87  106 m 10.25  103 m s )
= 70.4  109 m 2 s
( )(
GM = gR 2 = 9.81m s 2 6.37  106 m )2
= 398  1012 m3 s 2
Edition
Eleventh
• Determine the maximum altitude by finding r1
at q = 180o.
1 GM 398  1012 m3 s 2 −9 1
= 2 −C = − 
( )
65. 3 10
r1 h 2 2 m
70.4 m s
r1 = 66.7  106 m = 66700 km
max altitude = (66700 - 6370)km = 60300 km
• With the altitudes at the perigee and apogee known,

the periodic time can be evaluated.
a = 12 (r0 + r1 ) = 12 (6.87 + 66.7 )  106 m = 36.8  106 m
b = r0 r1 = 6.87  66.7  106 m = 21.4  106 m
=
( )(
2 ab 2 36.8  106 m 21.4  106 m
=
)
h 70.4  109 m 2 s
 = 70.3  103 s = 19 h 31min

Edition
Eleventh
REFLECT and THINK:
• The satellite takes less than one day to
travel over 60,000 km from the earth and
back. In this problem, you started with
Eq. 12.37, but it is important to
remember that this formula was the
solution to a differential equation that
was derived using Newton’s second law.

Edition
Eleventh
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
• Results obtained for trajectories of satellites around earth may also be

applied to trajectories of planets around the sun.
• Properties of planetary orbits around the sun were determined

astronomical observations by Johann Kepler (1571-1630) before
Newton had developed his fundamental theory.
1) Each planet describes an ellipse, with the sun located at one of its
foci.
2) The radius vector drawn from the sun to a planet sweeps equal
areas in equal times.
3) The squares of the periodic times of the planets are proportional to
the cubes of the semimajor axes of their orbits.

BeerVM11e PPT Ch12

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Eleventh Edition

CHAPTER VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

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• If the resultant force acting on a particle is not

• Must be expressed with respect to a Newtonian (or inertial)

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• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

• International System of Units (SI Units): base units are

• U.S. Customary Units: base units are the units of force

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Draw the FBD and KD for the collar B. Assume

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• Unknowns consist of the applied force

A 200-lb block rests on a horizontal

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• Write the equations of motion for the

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N1 − WB cos 30 = −(WB g )a A sin 30

a B A = a A cos 30 + g sin 30

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The two blocks shown are originally at

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(1) (2) (3)

Aircraft and roller coasters can both experience large

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 Fn = man : 2.5mg − mg cos 30 = man

The normal acceleration is not zero

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• Resolve the equation of motion for

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Write the equations of motion

Substitute into equations of motion

When is the tangential force greater than the normal force?

Only at the very beginning, when starting to accelerate.

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A car is driving from A to D on the curved path shown. D

A – going at a constant speed B – stepping on the accelerator

Draw the approximate direction of the car’s acceleration

Hydraulic actuators, extending robotic arms, and

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 Fr = m ar : 0 = m r − rq ( 2 ) vr2 = q 02 r 2 − r02

 F q = m aq : F = m(rq + 2rq ) • Substitute known information into the

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Write the equations of motion

−T = m(r − rq 2 ) N = m(rq + 2rq )

q = 0.75 rad/s2 r = (0.5t ) m

ar = r − rq 2 = 0 − [(0.5t ) m][(0.75t ) rad/s]2 = −(0.28125t 3 ) m/s 2