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Abstract—The demand for electricity is increasing impact on water sources etc.) and enhancing the value of
continuously and exponentially and the conventional residual products [1]. To prevent emissions of
fuels are depleting rapidly and renewable energy greenhouse gases and leaching of nutrients and organic
technologies are being seen as better alternatives. matter that would cause a threat to the environment, it is
Popular among these technologies include solar necessary to close the loops from production to
photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind energy and biogas utilization by optimal recycling measures [2,3].In many
based technologies. These sources can be used for power countries, sustainable waste management, as well as
generation and/or direct or indirect cooking. The use of waste prevention and reduction, have become major
Biogas for power generation, cooking and its by-product political priorities, representing an important share of the
(slurry) as manure for agriculture makes it distinct from common efforts to reduce pollution and greenhouse gas
other renewable energy technologies. Biogas production emissions and to mitigate global climate change[4,5].
requires anaerobic digestion, which is a microbial Decreasing environment pollution (methane) spread by
process for production of biogas, with methane (CH4) wastes, avoiding ground water pollution, decreasing
and carbon dioxide (CO2) being primary constituents. greenhouse gas emissions in atmosphere because of
The quality and quantity of produce of a Biogas plant is reduced usage of fossil fuels, reducing amount of fossil
dependent on numerous parameters. The main objective fuels consumption etc., [6] gained extreme importance in
of this paper is to study the effect of such parameters viz. recent times and effectiveness of Biogas plants in these
temperature, PH value, Total Solid Concentration (TSC), areas have resulted in increasing research interest.
Alkalinity, etc. on the Biogas Generation from organic
matter as kitchen waste and cow Dung. This work also In the literature, a large number of publications on the
presents the experimental results obtained on a generation of electricity and heat from variety of bio-
completely recycled anaerobic reactor made from mass which are organic matter available in abundance in
cylindrical column of borosilicate glass with total the nature (Food waste, Sewage water, Kitchen waste,
volume of 5L. Cow dung and Bio-waste based cell etc.) are reported. A
pilot plant was developed to study the generation of
Keywords—Biogas, anaerobic digestion, kitchen waste, biogas from domestic sewage and kitchen waste[7]. In
cow dung [8], investigation of possibility of laboratory-scale for
biogas production from cow dung under four different
INTRODUCTION treatments was carried out. In this effort, slurry (3 g
The demand for electricity is increasing continuously dung: 10 cm3 water) in the digesters was subjected to
and exponentially and the conventional fuels are anaerobic digestion over a four-week retention period,
depleting rapidly resulting in increased interest in with weekly measurements of gas yields. The results
nonconventional and renewable energy sources and presented substantiates that cow dung could be used as a
pertinent technologies. Popular renewable energy suitable substrate for biogas production. In [9], a study
technologies include solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, was conducted to explore kitchen waste as viable input
wind energy and biogas based technologies. All these for production of methane gas and to estimate the
sources of energy can be used for power generation and relation in number of feedstock and quantity of biogas
direct or indirect cooking. Whereas, solar and wind produced. The efforts listed in literature are indicative of
based technologies are climate dependent, biogas based the emphasis given to the study on generation Biogas &
technologies do not suffer from the same. Ability of Electricity using cow dung & Kitchen waste by research
Biogas technologies to generate electric power, cooking community and encourages this effort.
gas and manure for agriculture makes it more attractive.
METHODOLOGY
Biogas operations have numerous advantages which Generation of biogas done through anaerobic digestion,
include, production of clean heat and electricity, and happens in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic
reducing the impact of organic wastes on the digestion has three important biological processes viz. (i)
environment (i.e. reduced greenhouse gases and lower Hydrolysis (ii) Acidification (iii) Methanogenesis.
The rate of biogas generation depends on nature of the It is evident from the graph in figure 1 that gas
substrate, temperature, pH, loading rate, toxicity, production increases in the beginning for 3 days and then
stirring, nutrients, slurry concentration, digester starts decreasing as acid concentration increases in the
construction and size, carbon to nitrogen ratio, retention bottles. pH decreases below 7 after 3-4 days and water
time, alkalinity, initial feeding, total volatile acids, was added to dilute the slurry and subsequently increase
chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid (Ts), pH. This is visible from increased gas production on the
volatile liquids etc. 5th day. This indicates that acid concentration adversely
affects biogas production.
Materials and Methods
Cow dung was collected from Radhasoami Satsang From results it is evident that pH reduces as the process
Sabha(RSS) Gaushala, Dayalbagh, Agra. Food waste continues and this is due to increased production fatty
was collected from Boy Hostels of Dayalbagh acids by bacteria. The methanogens bacteria which
Educational Institute, Agra and Dayal Bhandar, utilize the fatty acids, is slow reacting as compare to
community kitchen of Dayalbagh, Agra. This waste other and thus is considered rate limiting step in
includes vegetables, rice and other similar edibles. reaction. In set2 which contains kitchen waste, pH
decreases rapidly indicating fast reaction. Hydrolysis and
Sample Collection acid genesis reaction is fast as organism utilizes the
Samples for treatment of cow dung & food waste items waste more speedily than dung. And hence, total solid
collected are categorized as vegetables, fruits, rice, other decreases more in set2.
food items and waste water. A semi solid mixture of
these was prepared. Table 1: Typical cow dung and kitchen waste
composition.
Feed Stocks and its Characterization Parameters Cow Dung Kitchen Waste
The study was conducted on a mixture of kitchen waste
(KW), cow dung, and leftovers collected from Moisture content (% ) 84.34 72
households. TS (g/L) 12.48 89
VTS (g/L) 78 87
The inputs were ground using a kitchen grinder to reduce
its particle size to 0.2-1mm. The slurry so prepared, with pH 7.2 7.1
cow dung concentration was 50% made after diluting COD 24 24
with tap water and later fed to the reactor. o
Temperature C 30 30
Reactor Set-Up
A completely recycled anaerobic reactor made from Table 2: Biogas production in ml.
cylindrical column of borosilicate glass with total SET No/Day 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
volume of 5L was used in the study. Reactor system for
AD of FW & Cow Dung with arrangement for feed, SET 1 20 30 25 15 12
recirculation and biogas measurement is made by using SET 2 40 65 70 55 20
5L liter container (used for drinking water storage). The
cow dung slurry and the FW slurry were mixed in equal
proportions and the mix was poured in the reactor. The
material used was (i)Solid tape, (ii)M – seal, (iii) PVC
pipe 0.5’’ (length ~ 1 m) (iv)Rubber or plastic cape (to
seal container), (v)Funnel (for feed input) (vi) Cape 0.5”
(to seal effluent pipe), (vii)Pipe (for gas output, I was
used level pipe) (3-5 m) (viii) Bucket (15-20 litter) and
Bottle – for gas collection (2-10 lit).