This study aims to examine an ecotourism behavioral model using environmental attitude, subjective

norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived ecotourism usefulness, biospheric value, ecotourism
self-identity, ecotourism behavioral intention, and ecotourism behavior among nature-based tourists.
The analysis tested ten hypotheses and integrated the theory of planned behavior, the technology
acceptance model, value-belief-norm theory, and social identity theory to provide an integrated
ecotourism behavioral model for four important Taiwanese nature-based tourism destinations. This
integrated framework provides an approach to creating critical insights for nature-based tourism
researchers and managers to accurately grasp the factors that influence ecotourism behavior. Managers
of nature-based tourism destinations should offer ecotourism programs that focus on ecotourism
experiences that increase ecotourism behavioral intentions by increasing levels of perceived ecotourism
usefulness, biospheric value, ecotourism self-identity, environmental attitude, subjective norms, and
perceived behavioral control, thereby enhancing ecotourism behavior at nature-based tourism
destinations and assisting in the development of sustainable tourism

.. The concept of ecotourism can be understood through three indicators or criteria. These indicators
are the travelling process to the natural tourist attraction, environmental conservation and the
sustainability and local community prosperity of the destination ( Blamey 2001, Cater 2004, Wood
2002. Tourists can gain experience and knowledge about the nature and the people's culture of the
destination (Fennell 2015). ...
... Marine ecotourism implies making the maritime potential a tourist attraction by looking at the three
aforementioned principles. The purpose of marine ecotourism is to promote sustainable tourism
(Butcher 2007, Cater 2004, Tao 2010. Therefore, the concept would be implemented in the form of
providing guidelines for visitors or tourists, and providing a learning experience as well as
encouraging the management, owner and businesses to provide opportunities for the community
and local residents. ...

The rural ecological experience tourism is a cross-cutting research field,which involves in rural tourism
,eco-tourism and tourism experience.Firstly,the author analyzes and summarizes the concept of rural ecologi
cal experience tourism according to the concepts above.Secondly,the author studies the spatial composition
of rural ecological experience tourism,which includes the elements of country living,ecological environment,l
eisure activities and industrial activities.Meanwhile the author analyzes the main building of the space and th
e building process.Accordingly,the author identifies four ways of rural ecological experience: countryside vi
ew,customs experience,harvesting and growing local and special products and providing rural service.Besid
es,the author illustrates the experience for the tourists by means of entertainment,education,aesthetic experi
ence and escape experience.Finally,several issues needed further clarification are put forward briefly.
【Fund】： 国家旅游局科研项目(09TABG035

This study is based on almost all of the papers focusing on the relationships between tourism and
environment-resources,from two tourism scientific SSCI journals and four journals in environment and
resources field.They are Annals of Tourism Research(ATR),Tourism Management(TM),Environmental and
Resource Economics(ERE),Ecological Economics(EE),Journal of Environmental Economics and
Management(JEEM) and Journal of Environmental Management(JEM).According to these papers,we make a
detailed analysis on the trends in tourism-environment relationship research and we come to many other
significant conclusions.We have divided all the papers into four groups according to four topics,namely
tourism resource valuation,tourism sustainability and ecotourism,tourism-environment-resource
relationship,and tourism-environment-resource management.At present,about one-third of study cases are
related to tourism resource valuation,but the valuation lacks theoritical foundation.Valuation methods vary a
lot but they are used singly,without even shallow integration.So theoritical fondation thickening and method-
integration are a meaningful task.And cultural tourism resources valuation is lacking.For China,the big
country rich in its cultual heritage resources,cultural tourism resources valuation can be
significant.Contents enrichment and quantification research on tourism sustainability and ecotourism
should be the research focus in the near future.About the tourism-environment coupling relationship,we
should consider the effects of environment on tourism industry or tourism activities.Relationship between
tourism and climate change is another focus in future studies.Meantime,we cannot ignore the research on
tourism impacts on the environment.Tourism-environment management,tourism taxation,environmental
taxes and environmental or ecological certificates also need further-in-depth research.Besides,topics need
furtherbroadening and more perspectives should be considered.The final purpose of tourism development is
effectively managing the tourism environment-resources to achieve sustainability goals.Research on tourism
resource valuation,sustainability and ecotourism,tourism-environment-resource relationship and tourism
environmental management is favourable to solve the imbalance between tourism and environment-
resources.Tourism sustainability is a long-term difficult job,and we should make every effort for tourism-
environment management optimization.

In the practices of urban tourism development and planning，it becomes more and moreurgent to set up a
correspondent model both theoritical and applicable，This artical tries firstto establish such a model which
can be operated easily，based on the conception of LandscapeEcology. In use of the model，geographical
spatial analysis and designing of three operationalblocks which are patch，corridor and matrix are the most
important.

The popularity of ecotourism in the marine protected areas of Mexico has

increased over the last 10 years; in particular there is a large development of a
SCUBA diving industry in the Mexican Pacific including Isabel Island. Given the
risks associated with human activity in the marine environments around this
island, we propose two ecotourism management strategies: (1) the creation and
use of underwater trails, and (2) the estimation of the specific tourism carrying
capacity (TCC) for each trail. Six underwater trails were selected in sites that
presented elements of biological, geological, and scenic interest, using
information obtained during field observations. The methodology used to
estimate the TCC was based upon the physical and biological conditions of each
site, the infrastructure and equipment available, and the characteristics of the
service providers and the administrators of the park. Correction factors of the
TCC included elements of the quality of the visit and the threat and vulnerability
of the marine environment of each trail (e.g., divers’ expertise, size and distance
between groups of divers, accessibility, wind, coral coverage). The TCC values
ranged between 1,252 and 1,642 dives/year/trail, with a total of 8,597
dives/year for all six trails. Although these numbers are higher than the actual
number of recreational visitors to the island (~1,000 dives per year), there is a
need for adequate preventive management if the diving sites are to maintain
their esthetic appeal and biological characteristics. Such management might be
initially directed toward using only the sites and the TCC proposed here.
This research aims to investigate the role of communities in disaster recovery and in building
resilience to answer the questions: "What is the role of community in the disaster recovery process?
What roles do various stakeholders play in community-led disaster recovery? Is community-based
disaster recovery affected by exposure to hazards and disasters, or by the community's level of
socioeconomic development?" To answer these questions, five hypotheses were tested in the 12
barangays from Tacloban, Iligan, Dagupan, and Marikina Cities. The cases were investigated by
reviewing their documents, interviewing city government officials, and conducting focus group
discussions involving barangay officials and residents. These were all conducted with the use of
unstructured questionnaires and checklists for the Disaster-Resilient Community Index, which was
used to compute the level of resilience of the barangays.The study found that community
governance for disaster recovery seems to be stuck in the pre-NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management) years because recovery planning is still passive and reactive. It also
found that resilience is built through time, but it may be delayed if important recovery sectors (e.g.,
housing and livelihood) are neglected; this makes people (especially the poor who are always the
hardest hit in dangerous areas) feel exposed and vulnerable to hazards and disasters.The study
recommends the enactment of laws on predisaster recovery planning, public service continuity
plans, and relocating people from disaster-prone communities to safer areas as cost-efficient
recovery policy, plans, and project. Among others, further testing of the Disaster-Resilient
Community Index and widening of the coverage of the study are suggested for further research.

Sustainability in Voluntourism Organisations: A Study of Implementations and Effects

Andersen, Evelina
Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics, Department of Organisation and
Entrepreneurship.
Ryberg, Ida
Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics, Department of Organisation and
Entrepreneurship.
2015 (English)Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent
thesis

Abstract [en]

Voluntourism is a relatively new branch of tourism, and is considered to be quite sustainable in

comparison to other forms of tourism. By researching how the voluntourists perceive the sustainable
effects of the work that they have participated in, this thesis has been able to show how detectable
some of these effects are. With the focus on the Philippines, this thesis has also been able to
determine that the researched voluntourism organisations seems to be present in the country due to
the fact that the help that they provide is really needed. By analysing the content of a number of
voluntourism organisations, it has been possible to detect that the effects of the voluntourism work
have several positive impacts on the local society. Out of these the main effects are the increased
access to education and work for the locals. The thesis has also been able to determine that in order
for organisations to be able to optimise their sustainability, they need to work with both economic,
environmental, and social aspects.