INCREASE IN THE WEAR RESISTANCE OF HAMMER

MILL HAMMERS

V. I . G r i g o r k i n , I . V. F r a n t s e n y u k , UDC 620.178.16:621.926.46
I. P. Galkin, A. A. Osetrov,
A. T. Chemeris, and M. F. Chernenilov

We i n v e s t i g a t e d the e f f e c t of a d d i t i o n a l a l l o y i n g a n d s p e c i a l h e a t t r e a t m e n t on the i n i t i a l h a r d n e s s and

s t r e n g t h of h a m m e r m i l l h a m m e r s m a n u f a c t u r e d f r o m s t e e l l l 0 G 1 3 L .

A u s t e n i t i c m a n g a n e s e s t e e l (1.0-1.2% C, 13.5-14.5% Mn) w a s a d d i t i o n a l l y a l l o y e d with c a r b i d e - f o r m i n g

e l e m e n t s C r , Mo, W, V, Ti, Ta, Nb, Z r (see T a b l e 1) b y the m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d in [1]. A f t e r h o m o g e n i z i n g
a n d f o r g i n g , s a m p l e s w e r e s u b j e c t e d to two h e a t t r e a t m e n t s : 1) a u s t e n i t i z i n g (1100~ f o r 30 m i n , w a t e r ) ;
2) t r e a t m e n t to an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e (950~ f o r 6 h, w a t e r ) . The s e c o n d h e a t t r e a t m e n t w a s c o n -
d u c t e d to o b t a i n an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e with c o a l e s c e d c a r b i d e s in o r d e r to i n c r e a s e the s t r e n g t h ,
hardness and wear resistance.

W e a r r e s i s t a n c e t e s t s of s a m p l e s 20 x 20 x 20 m m w e r e m a d e in a c l e a n i n g d r u m (80 r p m , 200 h)
with q u a r t z sand. The w e a r r e s i s t a n c e w a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the r a t i o of the w e i g h t l o s s a f t e r the t e s t to
the i n i t i a l w e i g h t of the s a m p l e s . The c a p a c i t y f o r h a r d e n i n g w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d on c o n i c a l s a m p l e s (60 ~ a n g l e ,
20 m m in d i a m e t e r , 60 m m high) o b t a i n e d with u s e of a c y l i n d r i c a l g r i n d i n g m a c h i n e . The i n t e n s i t y of
i m p a c t w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y the d r o p h e i g h t of h a m m e r s w e i g h i n g 5 kg.
D a t a f r o m the l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s a r e g i v e n in T a b l e 1. The a d d i t i o n of c a r b i d e - f o r m I n g e l e m e n t s s u b -
s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e s the s t r e n g t h , h a r d n e s s , a n d w e a r r e s i s t a n c e of the m a n g a n e s e s t e e l a f t e r a u s t e n i t i z i n g .
V a n a d i u m a d d i t i o n s a r e e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e . T h e s e r e s u l t s c o n f o r m with d a t a in [3], w h e r e the w e a r r e s i s t -
a n c e of a u s t e n i t i c m a n g a n e s e s t e e l w a s d o u b l e d b y a d d i t i o n s of 0.25-0.65% V. A d d i t i o n a l a l l o y i n g with

gV. _ 550 ~ "~additions~ - '" ',-

,50 ~ ~0 ~ ~, I ~', ~ '~ ~ \~ ~ ~'

MO '~ ~Okg-m ~ 3impacts G~ gSO%r~., ]~'~[]~l.ge8%tlb , ~.-.l~l'g'~2%ri_. ,l[~...~...e'$S'/"

~ _. 2~.:'| 2 ~ "~ gram

a~ , ~', ,rot I\1~I I I1 IYNI I II I\ I.~t I II }gl~,l lJ

200 2.5 ~.~ ~r "~
Distance from surface ~ z r ~ 8 ~a g 4 ~ 810 o 2 4 5 B ~ a 2 * $ #It, r a m
a b Distance from'surface
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. i. Hardening of steel IIOGI3L treated to solid solution (I050~ 30 rain, water) in relation to
intensity of single impacts (a) and number of impacts (2.5 kg-m) (b).
Fig. 2. Hardening with a single impact of 5 kg-m in steel IIOGI3L without alloying additions and
with d i f f e r e n t a l l o y i n g a d d i t i o n s . - - ) A u s t e n i t i z e d ( l l 0 0 ~ 30 rain, w a t e r ) ; - - - - --) t r e a t m e n t to
a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e (950~ 6 h, w a t e r ) .

Lipetsk Polytechnical Institute. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metal-

lov, No. 4, pp. 68-71, A p r i l , 1974.

9 1974 Consultants B~reaa, a division of Plenum P~blishing Corporation, 227 ~%st 17th Street, New York, N. Y. t001}.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. A
copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

352
 TABLE 1
'~"'-'~noying ,0,2 1% an_,kgSm / c m z
~ c lelement' Wear re-
kg/mmz HV
at+20C at-60~ sistance
o . ~ I ~176 ,
i
1
2
"
2 087~ Cr
I
~3/68,5 I
I13135
118193
811265 I
48 5 38
48128, 5
895138
2101340
2481352
34,0t22,5
20,0124,5
2013,5
22/16,5
0,32/0,18
0,26i0,15
a b',~2%w 431605 117195 78140 I ~s14~5 2001348 30t28 5 19,5t13,5 0130/0,19
4 0,68% Mo 44,5161' I I13f93 7ni42,S I 47,5144:5 215f345 34I~7:5 27122,5: 0,3010,16
5 0,48% V 60,5170,5 121/92 42128 I 33,5135,5 2461358 33/26,5 20r o122to,]2
6 0,5% Ta' 46,5t63 [ 121191 48,5135 5 I 36,5/37 2351348 21,5/18 17,5/8,5 0 2810,15
7 0,68o/0Nb 48162,5 [ 110[86 59138:5 I 42,5/39,5 241 f350 28,5/20,5 16,5110,5, 0,26 0,14
8 0,42% TI 45 5]62 [ 112195 69134 S ] 42/30,5 2181345 26,5123,5 16 13 0 0:~/0,17
9 0,38% Zr 45:5163,5 [ 104193 62/39,5 39f41 231 f354 30128,5 13 9 012sIoJ5
Note. Numerators ,give data for treatment I, deneminators for treatment 2.

c a r b i d e - f o r m i n g e l e m e n t s in combination with heat t r e a t m e n t to an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e with c o a l e -

sced c a r b i d e s leads to a f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e in the strength, h a r d n e s s , and w e a r r e s i s t a n c e . Vanadium also
has the highest strengthening effect in this c a s e , which is due to highly d i s p e r s e d vanadium c a r b i d e s .
The i n c r e a s e in the h a r d n e s s of the s t e e l s was i n v e s t i g a t e d on conical s a m p l e s , which made it p o s -
sible to concentrate the e n e r g y of i m p a c t in s m a l l v o l u m e s and analyze the limit (critical) i n c r e a s e in h a r d -
n e s s . Small i m p a c t s (2.5 kg-m) harden the surface of the sample to HV 515, the h a r d n e s s d e c r e a s i n g c o n -
tinuously to the core (Fig. la). With i n c r e a s i n g p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n (5 kg-m) the surface h a r d n e s s changes
little, the depth of the hardened zone i n c r e a s e s sharply, and the m a x i m u m h a r d n e s s o c c u r s at a depth of
1.0-1.5 m m . F u r t h e r s t r a i n hardening (10 kg-m) does not change the c h a r a c t e r of hardening, which is due
to the limited c a p a c i t y of austenitic m a n g a n e s e s t e e l for hardening.
The effect of multiple s m a l l i m p a c t s (2.5 kg-m) on the c a p a c i t y of the steel for hardening can be seen
in Fig. lb. The " c r i t i c a l " i m p a c t load leads to the m a x i m u m hardening of m a n g a n e s e s t e e l ("HV 560).
I m p a c t loads higher than the c r i t i c a l induce softening of the steel, which is due to the d e f e c t i v e n e s s of the
hardened metal. An i m p a c t load of 5 k g - m is sufficient to achieve the m a x i m u m (critical) capacity of the
s t e e l f o r hardening.
Figure 2 shows the c a p a c i t y f o r hardening of s t e e l l l 0 G 1 3 L additionally alloyed with c a r b i d e - f o r m i n g
e l e m e n t s and subjected to heat t r e a t m e n t s 1 and 2. R e g a r d l e s s of the c h e m i c a l composition, the s t e e l s
have a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e c a p a c i t y f o r hardening at the c r i t i c a l i m p a c t load. The h a r d n e s s r e a c h e s HV
550-580, with s m a l l deviations. However, the depth of the hardened zone depends g r e a t l y On the heat t r e a t -
ment. The steel t r e a t e d to the solid solution is hardened to a depth of 2 ram, a f t e r which the h a r d n e s s
d e c r e a s e s sharply, r e a c h i n g the original value at a depth of 4 m m . Steels with an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e

HV
la 2a , ,~'~-e 3a
~176 , ~;I

200~ '.... . .o. . . -

o "
~ -o.~., ^~ t
o~
~00 l .

5OO

~00 ~ 0 l 0 0 ~ ~ '
:~..o..~~_.o., ,.-o.o..p_(
2o0 ? = o o

I00
~00 lc 20 , ~c
-qO0 ~ '"o'--o --v-

~ '-"-~___
o o - ?__,
o r~..9.B..s " a o ~~ ~~176 .o..Oo..

o-.oQ

100
0 ? lZ fl 4 6 12 0 # 8 mm
Distance from the surface

Fig. 3. D i a g r a m showing location of s a m p l e s f r o m h a m m e r

and h a r d n e s s of h a m m e r s at different distances f r o m surface.
~) Steel 110G13L (1100~ 30 man, water); -- -- --)
110G13FL (950~ 6 h, water).

353
s t r u c t u r e a r e hardened to a depth of 4-5 m m , with no sharp reduction of the hardness. The r e s u l t s lead us
to a s s u m e that the steel with a high original h a r d n e s s will have a higher w e a r r e s i s t a n c e even under s e v e r e
o p e r a t i n g conditions. Alloying with c h r o m i u m (up to 2.08%) and vanadium (up to 0.48%) i n c r e a s e s the c a p a -
city of the s t e e l for hardening.
H a m m e r mill h a m m e r s a r e m a n u f a c t u r e d f r o m austenitic m a n g a n e s e s t e e l l10G13L, which has low
m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s in the austenitized condition (see Table 1). On the b a s i s of data in [1-5] and l a b o r a -
t o r y tests, we r e c o m m e n d that the h a m m e r s be m a n u f a c t u r e d f r o m steel l l 0 G 1 3 F L with the following
c h e m i c a l composition: 1.2-1.3% C, 13-14.5% Mn, 0.5-0.8% Si, 0.4-0.8% A1, 0.4-0.7% V, 0.10-0.12% Ti,
<--0.03% S, -<0.03% P. The slightly higher carbon content is r e c o m m e n d e d to combine vanadium in c a r b i d e s .
The addition of aluminum is expedient to neutralize the h a r m f u l effect of p h o s p h o r u s [5]. Of all the e l e m e n t s
added, vanadium (0.2-0.7%) i n c r e a s e s the h a r d n e s s , strength, and w e a r r e s i s t a n c e the m o s t [1-4].
With the addition of f e r r o t i t a n i u m the r e s i d u a l titanium concentration should not exceed 0.1% [1-3].
The concentrations of p h o s p h o r u s and sulfur should be limited, but since the existing melting p r o c e d u r e
does not make it p o s s i b l e to obtain p h o s p h o r u s concentrations below 0.08-0.10%, it is expedient to add
a l u m i n u m (0.4-0.8%).
After casting and d r e s s i n g , e x p e r i m e n t a l h a m m e r s (1.21% C, 12.9% Mn, 0.85% Si, 0.45% V, 0.4% A1,
0.10% Ti, 0.103% P, 0.035% S) were heat t r e a t e d to obtain an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e with d i s p e r s e d
c a r b i d e s -- heating to 650 ~ at the rate of ~100 deg/h, holding for 1 h; heating to 950 ~ at the r a t e of ~150
d e g / h f o r 6 h; cooling in water. The h a r d n e s s of the h a m m e r s was HV 280-320. Under l a b o r a t o r y c o n -
ditions the steel t r e a t e d to an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e had a higher h a r d n e s s (see Table 1). In w e a r
r e s i s t a n c e t e s t s the s e r v i c e life of h a m m e r s used in grinding limestone and dolomite i n c r e a s e d 50%.
The distribution of the h a r d n e s s in the e x p e r i m e n t a l and standard h a m m e r s f r o m the working face to
the core was i n v e s t i g a t e d on s a m p l e s cut as shown in Fig. 3. In general, the e x p e r i m e n t a l h a m m e r s (steel
l l 0 G 1 3 F L ) with an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e a r e hardened m o r e than standard h a m m e r s of steel 110G13L
with an austenitic s t r u c t u r e (Fig. 3). These data were c o n f i r m e d in l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s (see Fig. 2). However~
no c o r r e l a t i o n can be found between the hardening of the s u r f a c e in the e x p e r i m e n t a l and standard h a m m e r s ,
since the i m p a c t of the m a t e r i a l s in a h a m m e r mill is combined with a b r a s i v e w e a r , and the l a t t e r f a c t o r
has a l a r g e effect. F o r this r e a s o n , it is expedient to i n c r e a s e the initial h a r d n e s s of the h a m m e r s by a d -
ditional alloying of the m a t e r i a l and special heat t r e a t m e n t .

CONCLUSIONS
1. Additions of vanadium (0.4-0.7%) i n c r e a s e the strength, h a r d n e s s , and w e a r r e s i s t a n c e of austenitic
m a n g a n e s e s t e e l t r e a t e d to an a u s t e n i t e - - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e with d i s p e r s e d carbides.
2. The w e a r r e s i s t a n c e of h a m m e r s m a n u f a c t u r e d f r o m s t e e l l l 0 G 1 3 F L and t r e a t e d to an anstenite
- - c a r b i d e s t r u c t u r e is 50% higher than that of h a m m e r s m a n u f a c t u r e d f r o m austenitized steel l10G13L.

LITERATURE CITED
1, V. I. Grigorkin and G. V. Korotushenko, " P r o p e r t i e s of austenitic m a n g a n e s e steel alloyed with
c a r b i d e - f o r m i n g e l e m e n t s , " Metal. i T e r m . Obrabotka Metal., 10, 27-31 (1966).
2. V. I. Vlasov and E. F. Komolova, C a s t High-Manganese Steel [in Russian], Mashgiz, Moscow (1963),
pp. 44-55.
3. N. P. Nikolaichik et a l . , "New steel G13F with high r e s i s t a n c e to a b r a s i o n , " Stal', 9, 842-844 (1971).
4. L. I. P a r f e n o v et a l . , "Effect of differential additions on w e a r r e s i s t a n c e of wrought steel 110G13, "
Metal. i T e r m . Obrabotka Metal., 3, 66-67 (1972).
5. V. I. Grigorkin, " B r i t t l e n e s s of austenitic s t e e l s alloyed with manganese, " Metal. i T e r m . Obrabotka
M e t a l . , 7, 62-69 (1969).

354