AND Burstone Nanda ~ Orthodontics Retention and Stability inRetention and Stability in Orthodontics Ravindra Nanda, B.D.S., M.D.S., Ph.D. Professor and Head of Orthodontics: £ Connecticut ental Medicine , Connecticut Charles J. Burstone, D.D.s., M.S. Professor Division of Orthodontics University of Conne School of Dental Medicine W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY A Di Philadelphia / London / Toronto / Montreal / Sydney / Tokyo jon of Harcourt Brace & CompanyW. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY sm of Harcourt Brace & Compony Independence Square West Philadelphia, PA 19105 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Retention and stability in orthodontics / [edited by] Ravindra Nund, Charles J. Burstone, pe em, ISBN 0-7216-4342-6 1, Onthodonties—Complications. 2. Malocelusion—Relapse—Prevention. 3. Teeth—Movements. I. Nanda, Ravindra. Il. Burstone, Chatles J [DNLME 1, Octhoconties, Corrcetive—methods. 2, Denture Retention. WU 400 R437 1993] RKS27.4.R43 1993 617.6'43 —de20 DNEM/DLC. 93-1048 RETENTION AND STABILITY IN ORTHODONTICS ISBN 0-7216-4342-6 Copyright © 1993 by W. B, Saunders Company All rights reserved, No pat of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any farm or by any means, electronic oF inechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrial system, without permission ia writing, from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Lastdigitisthe prim number = = 8 97 6 3 4B.