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General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to
18 carry two marks each, questions 19 to 27 carry three marks each and questions 28
to 30 carry five marks each.
3. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five
marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
4. Use of calculators is not permitted.
Section – A
[1 x 8 = 8]
1. Does the instantaneous rate of a chemical reaction change when a portion of the
reacting solution is taken out? Give the reason very briefly.
No. Because, Instantaneous rate of a reaction depends on concentration of reacting solution,
and when a portion of the reacting solution is taken out, concentration does not change.
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7. Is Molality better than Molarity in expressing concentration of a solution? Indicate
why, very briefly?
Molality: Because, molarity changes with temperature (as liquids expand/contract with
temperature), while molality does not change with temperature (as mass is independent of
temperature).
EL= Et - Ek
Section – B
[2 x 10 = 20]
9. Explain why conductivity of a metal decreases while that of an electrolyte increases
with increase in the temperature.
Electrolyte: Conductivity is due to the movement of ions. Average kinetic energy of ions in
the electrolyte increases with increase in temperature. So, conductivity of electrolytes
increases with increase in temperature.
10. Mention two factors that influence the extent of adsorption of a gas on a solid.
Any two factors:
Nature of gas
Nature of adsorbent
Effect of temperature
Effect of pressure
Activation of adsorbent
11. Define an electrochemical series. Indicate how it could predict the feasibility of a
redox reaction
Electrochemical series: is the arrangement of elements in the increasing order of its electrode
potentials. Also called Activity series.
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A Redox reaction is feasible only if the species which has higher electrode potential is
reduced (or accepts electrons) and the species which has lower electrode potential is oxidized
(or loses electrons).
OR
The species to release electrons must have lower electrode potential than the species that
accepts electrons. This can be discerned from the Electrochemical Series. The E/C helps
predict Redox reactions.
13. How many atoms are there in a unit cell when a metal crystallizes in a :
a. FCC structure
b. BCC structure.
(a) FCC structure: four atoms/unit cell (b) BCC structure: two atoms/unit cell
15. Explain the statement: ‘the conductivity of a metal decreases while that of an
electrolyte increases with increase in the temperature.’
(1) Energy: Only those collisions of reactants will give products which possess energies
greater than threshold energy.
(2) Orientation: Colliding molecules should have proper orientation so that old bonds may
break and new bonds are formed.
16. Give any two distinguishing features between Physisorption and Chemisorption.
Physisorption Chemisorption
(2) Force between molecules of adsorbate and (2) Force is strong chemical force similar to
adsorbent is weak Vanderwaal’s force. chemical bonds.
(4) Activation energy not needed. (4) High activation energy needed.
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(5) Forms multi-molecular layer. (5) Mono-molecular layer.
(6) Rate of adsorption increases with increase (6) Rate of adsorption decreases as pressure of
in pressure of adsorbate. adsorbate increases.
17. Silver is deposited on a metallic vessel whose surface area is 900 cm2 by passing a
current of 0.5 amp for 2 hours. Calculate the weight of silver deposited. Use the
following data: Atomic number of Ag = 108 a.m.u. F = 96500 C; density of Ag = 10.5
g/cm2
Ag++e-Ag
i.e.
Or
(3) They have lyophilic character (3) They are lyophobic in nature
(4) Atoms/molecules held by weak (4) Colloidal arrangement is flexible and can take
Vanderwaal’s force. Hence colloidal any shape.
arrangement is rigid.
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simultaneously increasing its electrical conductivity, thus enabling the electrolytic extraction
of the Al from Alumina.
Section – C
[3 x 9 = 27]
19.
a. Define Standard Electrode Potential of a cell.
Standard Electrode Potential: When the concentration of all species involved in a half
cell is unity, than the electrode potential is called Standard Electrode Potential.
E = Electrode Potential
(ii)
20. An element ‘X’ with an atomic mass of 60 g/mol has density of 6.23 g/cm3. If the
edge length of unit cell is 400 pm, identify the type of cubic unit cell. Calculate radius
of an atom of this element.
Given: M= 600g/mol P= 6.23 g/cm3
NA= 6.023x1023/mol
We know that:
i.e.
or
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It is an FCC crystal lattice.
Radius = 141.4 pm
21.
a. Differentiate between Average rate & Instantaneous rate of a reaction.
Average rate of reaction =
b. Why is the use of instantaneous rate of reaction preferred over average rate of
reaction?
Except for a Zero-order reaction, for all reactions, the rate of reaction continuously
decreases with time. As a consequence, the Average rate of reaction loses its
significance. Whereas, if we consider Instantaneous rate of reaction, it is not over a
period of time, but at any given instant of time. If the reactants are active, and the
reaction is going on, there will always be a definitely value for this. So, is
generally preferred over .
Limitations:
Or
Define Kohlrausch’s Law. How will you calculate ᴧ ∞ of Ba(OH)
m 2 with the help of
ᴧ∞
this law? Use the following data: m of NaOH, NaCl & BaCl2 are 2.481 x 10-2,
1.265 x 10-2 & 2.800 x 10-2 Sm2/mol respectively.
Kohlrausch’s Law: At infinite dilution, when dissociation is complete, each ion makes a
definite contribution towards molar conductivity of the electrolyte, irrespective of the nature
of the other ion with which it is associated. From Kohlrausch’s Law, we know that molar
conductance at infinite dilution for a salt is the sum of individual conductance from the ions
of the electrolyte.
Given:
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23. Explain:
a. Desorption
Desorption: Removal of adsorbate particles from the solid surface is called
Desorption. It is the reverse of Adsorption. It can occur on heating.
b. Peptization
Peptization: Process of conversion of a freshly prepared precipitate into a colloid by
adding a suitable electrolyte is called Peptization.
Metals: Conduction band is very close to valance band. So, easy movement of electrons is
there into the conduction band. Therefore metals are good conductors.
Semi-metals/semi-conductors: Very small gap between conduction band and valance band.
At temperature nearing absolute zero, conduction band would be empty. Electrons would
occupy their lowest possible energy levels. The material would become a perfect insulator.
But, at ordinary temperatures, some electrons get thermally excited from valance band to
conduction band and hence material becomes a conductor.
Insulators: Energy gap (forbidden zones) is very large. So, electrons for valence band can’t
jump to the conduction band. Hence, there is no conductivity.
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Amorphous solids Crystalline solids
Melting Point: They do not have sharp They have a sharp and
melting point. They have a characteristic melting point.
melting range, which softens
over a scale of temperature
values.
Enthalpy of fusion:-
* They do not have definite enthalpy of fusion. * They have definite and characteristic
Enthalpy of fusion.
Anisotropy: They are isotropic; have same They are anisotropic and have
physical properties in all different physical properties in
directions. different directions.
26. Mention the principle on which the following metallurgical operations are based:
a. Froth floatation process
Froth Flotation: This works on the principle of difference in the wetting properties of
the ore and gangue particles with water and oil. It is used when the ore particles are
preferentially wetted by oil and gangue particles are wetted by water. It is useful for
concentration of all sulfide ores like galena (PbS), Zinc blende (ZnS), Pyrites
(CuFeS2)
b. Levigation
Levigation: Powdered ore is dropped into a hydraulic classifier from a hopper. A
powerful jet of water is sprayed over the falling ore. Lighter particles of gangue are
carried upwards and are removed from an outlet at the top. Heavier ore particles,
which are free of physical impurities, settle down to the bottom.
c. Zone refining.
Zone Refining: This process is based on the principle that impurities are more
soluble in the molten state if the metal than in its solid state. Hence, in this process,
the mixture containing the metal and its impurities is solidified. Crystals of very pure
metal are formed, leaving the impurities in the molten part of the metal. The method
is used for refining silicon, germanium, etc. for semiconductors.
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b. Passing an electric current through a colloidal solution removes colloidal
particles from it.
Colloidal particles are electrically charged. They get discharged and accumulate near
their respective electrodes.
Section – D
[5 x 3 = 15]
28. What are micelles? How do they differ from a normal colloidal solution? Explain with
an example.
Micelles: are substances which behave as an electrolyte at low concentration and as a colloid
at high concentration. Generally they are associated colloids.
Eg: Soap. C17H35COONa Upon dissolving in water, it gives Na+ and C17H35COO- stearate
ions. The stearate ion is hydrophilic. If any oily dirt is present in water, say on a cloth dipped
in water, the Na+ ion enters into the oil, while the stearate ions stick out of the oil in the water
like bristles. This leads to Micelle formation.
Every oil droplet is surrounded by number of such
micelles. Gradually when the concentration reaches a critical limit, the electrically charged
hydrophilic heads start ripping off the oil droplets away from the cloth and start floating in
water, forming emulsions. Thus, at low concentrations, they behave as normal electrolytes,
but at higher concentration, they become emulsions, behaving as colloidal particles.
Or
Show that time required for completion of three-fourths of a 1 st order reaction is twice
the time required for completion of half reaction.
For a ION- reaction:
Or
----------→①
s ----------→②
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29.
a. Derive the Nernst equation for the following cells:
Cu│Cu2+ (0.13M) ║ Ag+ (1 x 10-4M) │Ag
Use the following data: EΘ (Cu2+│Cu) = +0.34V & EΘ (Ag2+│Ag) = +0.80V
To calculate the Nernst Equation for:
b. Can we store CuSO4 in an iron vessel or not? Explain. Use the following data:
Reduction potential of Cu2+│Cu & Fe2+│Fe are +0.34V & -0.44V
respectively.
Reduction potential of Cu2+ ǀ Cu is +0.34V
This means Cu2+ will be reduced to Cu and Fe will be oxidized toFe2+. i.e.
the vessel will dissolve.
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Water layer present on the surface of Iron dissolves acidic oxides present in air such
as CO2, SO2, etc. to form acids which dissociate to give H+ ions:
The particular spot which has H+ ions starts losing electrons to form ferrous ions.
Oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as anode.
The electrons released at this anodic spot move through the metal to reach another
spot where H+ ions and dissolved oxygen use these electrons. Reduction takes place
and that spot behaves as cathode.
Or
Explain the metallurgical extraction of Aluminum from Bauxite.
Powdered bauxite is treated with hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide at 473-523K
&35 bar pressure. Alumina (Al2O3) dissolves in the solution to form sodium aluminate. This
process is called Leaching.
Impurities are insoluble and they are removed by filtration. Soduim aluminate is neutralized
by passing CO2 gas.
We get hydrated alumina again. Freshly prepared alumina crystals are added as seed for
precipitation. The filtered alumina is filtered and heated up to 1473K to get pure alumina.
An iron tank lined with carbon bricks is taken. Into this, three layers of molten liquid are
poured. The bottom layer is molten 99% pure alumina obtained from the Hall-Herolt process.
The middle layer is fluorides of sodium, barium, and aluminum. The top layer consists of
pure molten aluminum. Carbon rods which act as cathode are dipped in the top layer.
When electrolysis takes place, aluminum ions from the middle layer are discharged at the
cathode as pure molten aluminum. An equal amount of aluminum ions are displaced from the
lowest layer into the middle layer and the process continues until the entire lower layer is
depleted of aluminum.
30. Calculate the freezing point of 1 molar aqueous solution (density = 1.04 g/L) of KCl.
(Use the following data: Kf for water = 1.86 kg/mol; atomic mass of K = 39; Cl = 36)
We know that:
= 2 * 1.86 * 1.0357
= 3.853o
= -3.853o
Or
Explain the following with suitable examples:
a. Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism: When there is spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments of
domains in the same direction, the substance is Ferromagnetic and this property is
Ferromagnetism.
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b. Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism: Substances which have permanent magnetic dipoles and are
attracted by a magnetic field are Paramagnetic substances and this property is
Paramagnetism.
c. Ferrimagnetism
Ferrimagnetism; Where the magnetic movements of domains are aligned in parallel
and antiparallel directions in unequal numbers resulting in a net magnetic movement,
the substance are Ferrimagnetic and this property is Ferrimagnetism.
d. Anti-ferromagnetism
Anti-Ferromagnetism: If the alignment of magnetic moments of domain is in a
compensatory way so as to give a net zero magnetic moment because of cancelation
of individual magnetic moments, the substance is an Anti-Ferromagnet and the
property is Anti-Ferromagnetism.
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