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RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS

In accordance with AS4678-2002 incorporating Amendment No.2 dated August 2008
Tedds calculation version 2.6.07

Retaining wall details

Stem type; Propped cantilever
Stem height; hstem = 4000 mm
Prop height; hprop = 4000 mm
Stem thickness; tstem = 300 mm
Angle to rear face of stem; α = 90 deg
Stem density; γstem = 23.6 kN/m3
Heel length; lheel = 750 mm
Base thickness; tbase = 300 mm
Key position; pkey = 0 mm
Key depth; dkey = 200 mm
Key thickness; tkey = 300 mm
Base density; γbase = 23.6 kN/m3
Height of retained soil; hret = 4000 mm
Angle of soil surface; β = 0 deg
Depth of cover; dcover = 0 mm
Retained soil properties
Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Soil conditions; In situ
Moist density; γmr = 21 kN/m3
Saturated density; γsr = 23 kN/m3
Effective internal friction angle; φ'r = 30 deg
External wall friction angle; δr = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Soil type; Stiff or hard glacial clay
Soil conditions; In situ
Soil density; γb = 21 kN/m3
Effective cohesion; c'b = 0 kN/m2
Effective internal friction angle; φ'b = 30 deg
External wall friction angle; δb = 15 deg
External base friction angle; δbb = 30 deg
Ultimate design bearing capacity; Pbearing = 250 kN/m2
Loading details
Live surcharge load; SurchargeQ = 5 kN/m2
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300 750

Prop 7.5 kN/m 2

2.9 kN/m 2

4000

4000

4000

4500
300

46.7 kN/m 2
200

124.6 kN/m 2 124.6 kN/m 2

300 750

1050

General arrangement

Calculate retaining wall geometry

Base length; lbase = tstem + lheel = 1050 mm
Base height; hbase = tbase + dkey = 500 mm
Moist soil height; hmoist = hsoil = 4000 mm
Length of surcharge load; lsur = lheel = 750 mm
- Distance to vertical component; xsur_v = lbase - lheel / 2 = 675 mm
Effective height of wall; heff = hbase + dcover + hret = 4500 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xsur_h = heff / 2 - dkey = 2050 mm
- Distance to horizontal component above key; xsur_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 2 = 2150 mm
Area of wall stem; Astem = hstem × tstem = 1.2 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xstem = ltoe + tstem / 2 = 150 mm
Area of wall base; Abase = lbase × tbase + dkey × tkey = 0.375 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xbase = (lbase2 × tbase / 2 + dkey × tkey × (pkey + tkey / 2)) / Abase = 465 mm
Area of moist soil; Amoist = hmoist × lheel = 3 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist × lheel2 / 2) / Amoist = 675 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xmoist_h = heff / 3 - dkey = 1300 mm
- Distance to horizontal component above key; xmoist_h_a = (heff - dkey) / 3 = 1433 mm
Material strength uncertainty factors for Soil - Table 5.1(A)
Uncertainty factor for friction of the retained soil; Φuφr = 0.85
Uncertainty factor for friction of the base soil; Φuφb = 0.85
Uncertainty factor for cohesion of the base soil; Φuc = 0.7
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Retained soil properties

Design effective internal friction angle; φ∗r = atan(Φuφr × tan(φ'r)) = 26.1 deg
Design external wall friction angle; δ∗r = atan(Φuφr × tan(δr)) = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Design effective internal friction angle; φ∗b = atan(Φuφb × tan(φ'b)) = 26.1 deg
Design cohesion; c∗b = Φuc × c'b = 0 kN/m2
Design external wall friction angle; δ∗b = atan(Φuφb × tan(δb)) = 12.8 deg
Design external base friction angle; δ∗bb = atan(Φuφb × tan(δbb)) = 26.1 deg

Using Coulomb theory

Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin(α + φ∗r)2 / (sin(α)2 × sin(α - δ∗r) × [1 + √[sin(φ∗r + δ∗r) × sin(φ∗r -
β) / (sin(α - δ∗r) × sin(α + β))]]2) = 0.388
Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(90 - φ∗b)2 × cos(δ∗b) / (sin(90 + δ∗b) × [1 - √[sin(φ∗b + δ∗b) ×
sin(φ∗b) / (sin(90 + δ∗b))]]2) = 3.696

Load combinations for stability limit states - Appendix J3

Load combination 1; 1.25 × DeadC + 1.5 × LiveC < 0.8 × DeadR

Bearing pressure check

Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = 1.25 × Astem × γstem = 35.4 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = 1.25 × Abase × γbase = 11.1 kN/m
Surcharge load; Fsur_v = 1.5 × SurchargeQ × lheel = 5.6 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = 1.25 × Amoist × γmr = 78.8 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fmoist_v + Fsur_v = 130.8 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA × 1.5 × SurchargeQ × (heff - dkey) = 12.5 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = 1.25 × KA × γmr × (heff - dkey)2 / 2 = 94.2 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_h = -0.8 × KP × cos(δb) × γb × (dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = -7.5 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fmoist_h + Fpass_h + Fsur_h = 99.3 kN/m
Moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem = Fstem × xstem = 5.3 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = Fbase × xbase = 5.1 kNm/m
Surcharge load; Msur = Fsur_v × xsur_v - Fsur_h × xsur_h_a = -23.1 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist = Fmoist_v × xmoist_v - Fmoist_h × xmoist_h_a = -81.9 kNm/m
Base soil; Mpass = -Fpass_h × xpass_h = -0.2 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Mmoist + Mpass + Msur = -94.9 kNm/m
Check bearing pressure
Maximum friction force; Ffriction_max = Ftotal_v × tan(δ∗bb) = 64.2 kN/m
Propping force; Fprop_stem = max((Ftotal_v × lbase / 2 - Mtotal) / (hprop + tbase), Ftotal_h -
Ffriction_max) = 38 kN/m
Moment from propping force; Mprop = Fprop_stem × (hprop + tbase) = 163.5 kNm/m
Distance to reaction; x = (Mtotal + Mprop) / Ftotal_v = 525 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = x - lbase / 2 = 0 mm
Loaded length of base; lload = lbase = 1050 mm
Bearing pressure at toe; qtoe = Ftotal_v / lbase × (1 - 6 × e / lbase) = 124.6 kN/m2
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Bearing pressure at heel; qheel = Ftotal_v / lbase × (1 + 6 × e / lbase) = 124.6 kN/m2

PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure

RETAINING WALL DESIGN

In accordance with AS3600-2009 incorporating Amendment No.1 dated November 2010
Tedds calculation version 2.6.07

Properties of concrete - Section 3.1

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete; f'c = 32 MPa
Characteristic flexural tensile strength of concrete - cl.3.1.1.3
f'ct.f = 0.6 MPa × √[f'c / 1 MPa] = 3.394 MPa
Concrete shear strength - cl.8.2.7.1; fcv = min(f'c1/3 × (1 MPa)2/3, 4 MPa) = 3.175 MPa
Calculate compressive stress factor - exp.8.1.3(1); α2 = max(0.67, min(1.0 - 0.003 × f'c / 1 MPa, 0.85)) = 0.85
Calculate stress block factor - exp.8.1.3(2); γ = max(0.67, min(1.05 - 0.007 × f'c / 1 MPa, 0.85)) = 0.826

Reinforcement details
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement; fsy = 500 MPa
Class of reinforcement; N
Exposure classification; B2
Cover to reinforcement
Front face of stem; csf = 40 mm
Rear face of stem; csr = 50 mm
Top face of base; cbt = 50 mm
Bottom face of base; cbb = 75 mm
Load combinations for strength limit states - Appendix J2
Load combination no.1; 1.25 × Dead + 1.5 × Live
Load combination no.2; 0.8 × Dead + 1.5 × Live

2
Loading details - Combination No.1 - kN/m Shear force - Combination No.1 - kN/m Bending moment - Combination No.1 - kNm/m

20.7
2.91

-22.6
Stem

1
105

105
8.85

8.85
7.5

7.5

2.91
40.78
Key

40.78
2.91
18 -13.5 -2.4 2 -72.5 1.4 0.9 2 49.3
3

40.78
29.99
2.91
XHeel
124.61

124.61

Z
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Loading details - Combination No.2 - kN/m Shear force - Combination No.2 - kN/m Bending moment - Combination No.2 - kNm/m

14.8
2.91

Stem -15.6

1
7.567.2

7.567.2
5.66

5.66

2.91
26.1
Key

26.1
2.91
18 -10.6 -1 2 -49 1.1 0.4 2 33.7
3

3
29.99
26.1
2.91
XHeel
81.68

81.68

Check stem design at 2251 mm

Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Strength of section in bending - Section 8.1
Factored bending moment combination 1; M∗ = 22.6 kNm/m
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - csf - φsx - φsfM / 2 = 238 mm
Tension reinforcement provided; 12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; AsfM.prov = π × φsfM2 / (4 × ssfM) = 565 mm2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.11.7.3; smax = min(2.5 × h, 350 mm) = 350 mm
PASS - Spacing of reinforcement is less than maximum
Neutral axis parameter; ku0 = AsfM.prov × fsy / (α2 × f'c × d × γ) = 0.053
ku0 < 0.36 - No compression reinforcement is required
Ultimate strength in bending; Mu0 = AsfM.prov × fsy × d × (1 - γ × ku0 / 2) = 65.8 kNm/m
Uncracked section modulus; Z = h2 / 6 = 15000000 mm3/m
Minimum strength in bending - exp.8.1.6.1(1); Mu0_min = 1.2 × Z × f'ct.f = 61.1 kNm/m
PASS - Ultimate strength in bending exceeds the minimum strength requirements
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2; φ = max(0.6, min(1.19 - 13 × ku0 / 12, 0.8)) = 0.8
Design strength in bending - cl.8.1.5; φMu0 = φ × Mu0 = 52.7 kNm/m
M∗ / φMu0 = 0.43
PASS - Design strength in bending exceeds design bending moment
Check stem design at base of stem
Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Strength of section in bending - Section 8.1
Factored bending moment combination 1; M∗ = 49.3 kNm/m
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - csr - φsr / 2 = 244 mm
Tension reinforcement provided; 12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; Asr.prov = π × φsr2 / (4 × ssr) = 565 mm2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.11.7.3; smax = min(2.5 × h, 350 mm) = 350 mm
PASS - Spacing of reinforcement is less than maximum
Neutral axis parameter; ku0 = Asr.prov × fsy / (α2 × f'c × d × γ) = 0.052
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ku0 < 0.36 - No compression reinforcement is required

Ultimate strength in bending; Mu0 = Asr.prov × fsy × d × (1 - γ × ku0 / 2) = 67.5 kNm/m
Uncracked section modulus; Z = h2 / 6 = 15000000 mm3/m
Minimum strength in bending - exp.8.1.6.1(1); Mu0_min = 1.2 × Z × f'ct.f = 61.1 kNm/m
PASS - Ultimate strength in bending exceeds the minimum strength requirements
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2; φ = max(0.6, min(1.19 - 13 × ku0 / 12, 0.8)) = 0.8
Design strength in bending - cl.8.1.5; φMu0 = φ × Mu0 = 54 kNm/m
M∗ / φMu0 = 0.913
PASS - Design strength in bending exceeds design bending moment
Strength of section in shear - Section 8.2
Design shear force; V∗ = 72.5 kN/m
Beta factors - cl.8.2.7.1; β1 = max(1.1 × (1.6 - d / 1000 mm), 0.8) = 1.492
β2 = 1
β3 = 1
Ultimate shear strength - exp.8.2.7.1; Vuc = β1 × β2 × β3 × d × fcv × (Asr.prov / d)1/3 = 152.9 kN/m
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2; φ = 0.7
Design strength in shear; φVuc = φ × Vuc = 107 kN/m
V∗ / φVuc = 0.678
PASS - Design shear strength exceeds design shear force
Check stem design at prop
Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Strength of section in shear - Section 8.2
Design shear force; V∗ = 20.7 kN/m
Beta factors - cl.8.2.7.1; β1 = max(1.1 × (1.6 - d / 1000 mm), 0.8) = 1.492
β2 = 1
β3 = 1
Ultimate shear strength - exp.8.2.7.1; Vuc = β1 × β2 × β3 × d × fcv × (Asr1.prov / d)1/3 = 152.9 kN/m
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2; φ = 0.7
Design strength in shear; φVuc = φ × Vuc = 107 kN/m
V∗ / φVuc = 0.193
PASS - Design shear strength exceeds design shear force
Horizontal reinforcement parallel to face of stem
Wall restrained in the secondary direction
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.11.7.2; Asx.req = 0.006 × min(tstem / 2, 250 mm) = 900 mm2/m
Transverse reinforcement provided; 16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
Area of transverse reinforcement provided; Asx.prov = π × φsx2 / (4 × ssx) = 1005 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Check base design at heel
Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Strength of section in bending - Section 8.1
Factored bending moment combination 1; M∗ = 0.9 kNm/m
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cbb - φbb / 2 = 217 mm
Tension reinforcement provided; 16 dia.bars @ 300 c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; Abb.prov = π × φbb2 / (4 × sbb) = 670 mm2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.9.1.1(b); smax = min(2 × h, 300 mm) = 300 mm
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Neutral axis parameter;
Ultimate strength in bending;
Uncracked section modulus;
Minimum strength in bending - exp.8.1.6.1(1);
PASS - Ultimate strength in bending exceeds the minimum strength requirements
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;
Design strength in bending - cl.8.1.5;
Strength of section in shear - Section 8.2
Design shear force;
Beta factors - cl.8.2.7.1;
Ultimate shear strength - exp.8.2.7.1;
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;
Design strength in shear;
Check key design
Depth of section;
Strength of section in bending - Section 8.1
Factored bending moment combination 1;
Depth to tension reinforcement;
Tension reinforcement provided;
Area of tension reinforcement provided;
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.9.1.1(b);
Neutral axis parameter;
Ultimate strength in bending;
Uncracked section modulus;
Minimum strength in bending - exp.8.1.6.1(1);
PASS - Ultimate strength in bending exceeds the minimum strength requirements
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;
Design strength in bending - cl.8.1.5;
Strength of section in shear - Section 8.2
Design shear force;
Beta factors - cl.8.2.7.1;
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PASS - Spacing of reinforcement is less than maximum
ku0 = Abb.prov × fsy / (α2 × f'c × d × γ) = 0.069
ku0 < 0.36 - No compression reinforcement is required
Mu0 = Abb.prov × fsy × d × (1 - γ × ku0 / 2) = 70.7 kNm/m
Z = h2 / 6 = 15000000 mm3/m
Mu0_min = 1.2 × Z × f'ct.f = 61.1 kNm/m
φ = max(0.6, min(1.19 - 13 × ku0 / 12, 0.8)) = 0.8
φMu0 = φ × Mu0 = 56.5 kNm/m
M∗ / φMu0 = 0.016
PASS - Design strength in bending exceeds design bending moment
V∗ = 2.4 kN/m
β1 = max(1.1 × (1.6 - d / 1000 mm), 0.8) = 1.521
β2 = 1
β3 = 1
Vuc = β1 × β2 × β3 × d × fcv × (Abt.prov / d)1/3 = 144.2 kN/m
φ = 0.7
φVuc = φ × Vuc = 101 kN/m
V∗ / φVuc = 0.024
PASS - Design shear strength exceeds design shear force
h = 300 mm
M∗ = 1.4 kNm/m
d = h - cbb - φk / 2 = 217 mm
16 dia.bars @ 300 c/c
Ak.prov = π × φk2 / (4 × sk) = 670 mm2/m
smax = min(2 × h, 300 mm) = 300 mm
PASS - Spacing of reinforcement is less than maximum
ku0 = Ak.prov × fsy / (α2 × f'c × d × γ) = 0.069
ku0 < 0.36 - No compression reinforcement is required
Mu0 = Ak.prov × fsy × d × (1 - γ × ku0 / 2) = 70.7 kNm/m
Z = h2 / 6 = 15000000 mm3/m
Mu0_min = 1.2 × Z × f'ct.f = 61.1 kNm/m
φ = max(0.6, min(1.19 - 13 × ku0 / 12, 0.8)) = 0.8
φMu0 = φ × Mu0 = 56.5 kNm/m
M∗ / φMu0 = 0.025
PASS - Design strength in bending exceeds design bending moment
V∗ = 13.5 kN/m
β1 = max(1.1 × (1.6 - d / 1000 mm), 0.8) = 1.521
β2 = 1
β3 = 1
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Ultimate shear strength - exp.8.2.7.1;
Capacity reduction factor - Table 2.2.2;
Design strength in shear;
Transverse reinforcement parallel to base
Slab restrained in the secondary direction
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.9.4.3.4;
Transverse reinforcement provided;
Area of transverse reinforcement provided;
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Vuc = β1 × β2 × β3 × d × fcv × (Ak.prov / d)1/3 = 152.6 kN/m
φ = 0.7
φVuc = φ × Vuc = 106.8 kN/m
V∗ / φVuc = 0.127
PASS - Design shear strength exceeds design shear force
Abx.req = 0.006 × min(tbase / 2, 250 mm) = 900 mm2/m
16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
Abx.prov = π × φbx2 / (4 × sbx) = 1005 mm2/m

16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c

40 50
horizontal reinforcement
parallel to face of stem

12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c 12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c

12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c 12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c

12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c 12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c

12 dia.bars @ 200 c/c

50
150

75
16 dia.bars @ 300 c/c
16 dia.bars @ 300 c/c 16 dia.bars @ 200 c/c
transverse reinforcement
in base

Reinforcement details