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MENSURATION
MENSURATION
1
Mensuration is the science of measurement of the lenghts of lines, Area of DABC = ´ (product of two sides)×
2
areas of surfaces and volumes of solids.
(sine of the included angle)
Perimeter : Perimeter is sum of all the sides or total length around
the boundary. 1 1 1
Area : The area of any figure is the amount of surface enclosed = ac sin B = ab sin C = bc sin A.
2 2 2
within its boundary lines. This is measured in square unit like cm2,
EQUILATERALTRIANGLE
m2, etc.
Volume : If an object is solid, then the space occupied by such an
object is called its volume. This is measured in cubic unit like cm3,
m3, etc. a a
B 3 2
Area = a ; where a is side
4
RIGHTTRIANGLE
a c
h
p h
C A
b
Perimeter (P) = a + b + c
a+b+c 1
where s = and a, b and c are three sides of the Area = pb and h2 = p2 + b2(Pythogoras triplet)
2 2
triangle. where p is perpendicular
b is base
1
Also, A = ´ bh ; where b is base and h is altitude. h is hypotenuse
2
(i) Among all the triangles that can be formed with a given
Let in DABC , BC = a, AC = b, and AB = c,
perimeter, the equilateral triangle will have the maximum area.
A (ii) for a given area of triangle, the perimeter of equilateral
triangle is minimum.
c b (iii) Area of right angles isosceles triangle with given hypoten
h2
B a C use (h) =
4
2
Area of Incircle and circum circle of a triangle. 2Area 1680 ´ 2
\ Perpendicular = = = 30m.
(i) If a circle touches all the three sides of a triangle, then it is Base 112
called incircle of the triangle.
Example 2 The base of a triangular field is 880 m and its height
A 550 m. Find the area of the field. Also calculate the charges for
supplying water to the field at the rate of ` 24.25 per sq.
b hectometre.
c r Base ´ Height
O Solution : Area of the field =
2
B a
C =
880 ´ 550
= 242000 sq.m. = 24.20 sq.hm
2
Area of incircle of a triangle = r. s, where r is the radius of Cost of supplying water to 1 sq. hm = ` 24.25
the incircle and s is the half of the perimeter of the triangle. \ Cost of supplying water to the whole field
If a, b, c are the length of the sides of D ABC, then = 24.20 × 24.25 = ` 586.85
a +b+c AREAOFAQUADRILATERAL
s=
2
1. Area of quadrilateral ABCD
For an equilateral triangle,
1
Length of a side of the triangle h = × (Length of the longest diagonal) ×
r= = , 2
2 3 3
(Sum of length of perpendicular to the longest
where h is the height of the triangle.
(ii) If a circle passess through the vertices of a triangle, then diagonal from its opposite vertices)
the circle is called circumcircle of the triangle.
D C
A
P1 P2
O A B
R
B C 1
= × d × (p1 + p2), where d = AC (i.e. longest diagonal)
2
abc 2. If length of four sides and one of its diagonals of quadrilateral
Area of the circumcircle = , where R is the radius of ABCD are given, then
4R
the circumcircle and a, b, c are the length of sides of the
triangle.
For an equilateral triangle,
Length of a side of the triangle 2h
R= = ,
3 3
where h is the height or altitude of the equilateral triangle. Area of the quadrilateral ABCD
Hence for an equilateral triangle, R = 2r. = Area of D ABC + Area of D ADC
Note that an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle will 3. Area of quadrilateral
have the maximum area compared to other triangles
inscribed in the same circle.
= ( s - a)(s - b)( s - c)( s - d )
d1
1 1
Area of the quadrilateral = d1 d2 sin q1 or d1 d2 sin q2 a
2 2 d2
Here d 1 and d 2 are the length of the diagonals of the
quadrilateral. Perimeter = 4 a
RECTANGLE 1
Area = d1 ´ d2 where a is side and
2
d1 and d2 are diagonals.
b
Example 3 ABCD is a parallelogram. P, Q, R and S are points
on sides AB, BC, CD and DA, respectively such that AP = DR. If
l the area of the rectangle ABCD is 16 cm2, then find the area of
Perimeter = 2 (l + b)
the quadrilateral PQRS.
Area = l × b; where l is length
b is breadth R
D C
2
(Perimeter)
In a rectangle, = (diagonal) 2 + 2 ´ Area Q
4
If area of circle is decreased by x%, then the radius of circle
S
is decreased by (100 -10 100 - x)%
A B
SQUARE P
Solution : Area of the quadrilateral PQRS
= Area of DSPR + Area of DPQR
a
1 1
= ´ PR ´ AP + ´ PR ´ PB
2 2
1 1
a = ´ PR ( AP + PB) = ´ AD ´ AB
Perimeter = 4 × Side = 4a 2 2
Area = (side)2 = a2; where a is side (Q PR = AD and AP + PB = AB)
PARALLELOGRAM 1 1
= ´ Area of rectangle ABCD = ´16 = 8cm 2
2 2
b
TRAPEZIUM
a
a h a
m
h n
b
Perimeter = 2 (a + b) b
Area = b × h; where a is breadth Perimeter = a + b + m + n
b is base (or length)
Area = 1 ( a + b) h; where a and b are two parallel sides;
h is altitude 2
If q be the angle between any two adjacent sides of a m and n are two non-parallel sides;
parallelogram whose length are a and b. h is perpendicular distance
Then, Area of parallelogram = ab sinq. between two parallel sides.
4
146
and AB = = 36.5 cm
4
55
b + 2a b Also, AO = = 27.5m
2
a \ BO = (36.5 )2 – ( 27.5 )2 = 24 cm
+ 2a
Hence, the other diagonal BD = 48 cm
1
Area = (l + 2a) (b + 2a) – lb; where l is length Now, Area of the rhomhus = AC´ BD
2
b is breadth
1
a is width of the pathway = ´ 55 ´ 48 = 1320 cm2
2
5
RING
Example 7 Find the area of a quadrilateral piece of ground, one
of whose diagonals is 60 m long and the perpendicular from the
other two vertices are 38 and 22m respectively.
R2
Solution : Area = 1 ´ d ´ ( h1 + h 2 )
2 R1
1
= ´ 60 ( 38 + 22 ) = 1800 sq.m.
cm2
2
CIRCLE
(
Area of ring = p R22 – R12 )
Example 8 A wire is looped in the form of a circle of radius 28
cm. It is re-bent into a square form. Determine the length of a
r
side of the square.
Solution : Length of the wire = Perimeter of the circle
= 2p × 28
Perimeter (Circumference) = 2pr = pd = 176 cm2
Area = pr2; where r is radius
Side of the square = 176 = 44 cm
d is diameter 4
22
Example 9 The radius of a wheel is 42 cm. How many revolutions
and p = or 3.14 will it make in going 26.4 km ?
7
Solution : Distance travelled in one revolution = Circumference
SEMICIRCLE
22
of the wheel = 2pr = 2 ´ ´ 42 = 264 cm
7
\ Number. of revolutions required to travel 26.4 km
r 26.4 ´ 1000 ´ 100
Perimeter = pr + 2r = = 10000
264
1
Area = ´ pr 2 Example 10 Find the area of sector of a circle whose radius is 6
2
cm when–
SECTOR OFA CIRCLE (i) the angle at the centre is 35°
(ii) when the length of arc is 22 cm
Solution : (i) Area of sector
O q 22 35
= pr . = ´6´6´ = 11 cm 2
2
q r 360° 7 360
1 22 11 2
= ´ = m a
6 7 21
a
Area of equilateral triangle a
3 2 Total surface area of a cube = 6a2
= a
4 Volume of the cube = a3
7
O A B
600
= = 100 cm
6
r
r G
5cm
4cm
3cm
9
H I
E F
B C
SOME OTHER IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Thus length of a side of an inner triangle is half the length
1. In the figure ABC is a triangle right angled at B. Three of immediate outer triangle. Similarly the radius of an inner
semi-circles are drawn taking the three sides AB, BC and circle is half the radius of immediate outer circle.
CA as diameter. The region enclosed by the three