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2*3 phase -
STEP UP
PMSG CONVERTOR
620/33 KV
COMPENSATING
Fig. 2. Six phase converter inverter system of AWF [4]
CHOPPER
CAPACITOR HIGH VOLTAGE
PROTECTION POWER SUPPLY
The converter device is designed specially according to the
(LVRT) LC FILTER SYSTEM feature of permanent magnet synchronous generator. It has an
excellent flexibility with the six phase PMSG. The inductors
Nacelle OUTSIDE TOWER placed as wing structure used to produce the final three phase
INSIDE TOWER output additionally to that of reducing the harmonics effect.
The direct driven type can greatly reduce the noise of system
Fig. 1. Gold Wind 1.5 MW Electrical Diagram [4] operating and raise reliability. The applicable frequency scope
of GW1500 KW set is 47.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz. In the state of
The figure above applies six phase Rectifier &frequency
power grid short circuit, there are only 1.5 to 2.5 times rated
converter system for the sake of transferring the power
torque. It is 7 to 9 times much lower than that of IM Induction
produced efficiently and with good power quality. The
Motor (IM) or Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG).
rectifier efficiency improvement under six phase is evaluated
using the DC-link output.
III. METHODOLOGY& ANALYSIS
A. Bridge Rectifier For the analysis of the wind farm current performance,
The DClink voltage for six pulseis given by different performance indices are considered. Among this,
90o
power coefficient with respect to tip speed ratio is checked at
³V ab dωt
3
90o
Vdc = 30
= ³ V [sin(ωt)-sin(ωt-120 )]dωt
m
o
(1) its rated wind speed.
2π π 30
6 A. Power Coefficient
3 3
= 3 Vm = 3 2V where, Vm = 2V Then Cp in terms of λ is given as follows
π π
=1.35VLL where, VLL = 3V (1 O )*(1 J )
Cp (3)
For six phase system, the voltage is given by, 2
The DClink voltage for twelve pulseis given by (1 0.0428)*(1 0.04)
75o 2
³ V dωt ab
6
75o 0.5 50%
³ Vm [sin(ωt)-sin(ωt-60 )]dωt
45 o
Vdc = = (2)
2π 45
π
12 Where Cp is power coefficient, λ is Tip speed ratio & γ is
=2.42Vm =1.398VLL Ground surface coefficient.
From the above two results, comparison of the dc-link voltage Using the above value, Matlab simulation output of pitch
can be seen that the six phase system is more efficient than controlled wind turbine power coefficient versus tip speed
three phase system. ratio curve at rated wind speed of 11 m/s is given below.
B. Frequency Converter
The connection of the wind farm to the public grid is done by
a frequency converter system and a transformer. The
frequency converter has been specially designed for the use
together with synchronous generators. It allows a complete
separation of the generator operation from the grid system. So,
variable speed operation of generator in a speed range of 9 to
17.3 rpm is possible.
The main circuit diagram of the converter system is as
follows.
Among all curves, the desired one is the point where pitch
angle is found to be zero because at this angle value of the
required power can be produced.
Using the calculated values and the datas given from the
manufacturer, available power can be determined.
Given the following data:
Blade length, l= r= 38.5 m, Wind speed, V = 11 m/sec
Air density, U = 0.97 kg/m3, Power Coefficient, Cp= 0.5
Inserting the value for blade length as the radius,
l= r= 38.5 m
A = πr2, where A is the swept area
= π*(38.5m) 2
=4654m2
Finally the power converted from the wind by a turbine will
1
be,
Pavail = ρAV3Cp (λ,β)
2
(4)
1
Pavail = *0.97kg/m3 *4654m 2 *(11m/s)3 *0.5
2 Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of PMSG in d-q reference frame
Pavail =1.5MW
The power curve analysis of a turbine system is assessed using From Fig. 5, the voltage equation can be expanded as:
the following diagram. d 1 R Lq
id = vd - id + Pωriq (7)
dt Ld Ld Ld
d 1 R Ld λpω
iq = vq - iq + Pωrid - r (8)
dt Lq Lq Lq Lq
Where,
Ld = d axis inductance
R = resistance of the stator winding
iq= q axis current, id= d axis current, Vq= q axis voltage,
Vd= d axis voltage, ωr = Angular velocity of rotor,
Fig. 4. Comparison between the reference and measured power curve. λ= flux induced, P number of pole pairs.
From Fig. 4, the measured power curve shows almost similar C. Energy Production Assessment of AWF
characteristics with that of the reference curve that provides
Monthly energy production data are collected for a year and
the maximum amount of power at rated wind speed value.
then capacity factor is calculated to check the current capacity
B. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) of AWF. A capacity factor implies that the system run at full
Characteristic Equations capacity the entire year. The capacity factor for a large wind
The generator system has two sets of three-phase windings on farm ranges from 20% to 42%, the latter figure being close to
the stator side, which are shifted by 30 electrical degrees with the technology potential.
Annualenergy production (MWh)
each other. The voltage equations for the six physical stator CF=
Installed capacity*total hour in a year
(9)
windings are shown below [19]
Vs =Rs is +ψ's (5)
D. Power Quality Assessment of the Farm
Where, Vs stator voltage, Rs stator resistance, is stator current
The following procedure has been used to analyze the THD
and ψ s is flux leakage. level of the wind farm:
Vs =[Va Vb Vc Vx Vy Vz ]T , Step 1: Choose the point of common coupling.
Step 2: Identify the date where filters are connected to the
i s =[i a i b i c i x i y i z ]T , system.
R s =r1I 6*6 Step 3: Collect harmonic current data from filters output.
Step 4: Calculate THD of current and voltage at selected PCC.
ψ s =[ψ a ψ b ψ c ψ x ψ y ψ z ]T . Step 5: Verify power quality status of AWF by comparing
The resulting voltage equation in d-q axis is: Calculated THD of voltage and current with standard.
V=Ri+ψ' (6) E. Mathematical Formulation of Harmonics
The Equivalent circuit of PMSG based on the wind energy To analyze wave forms of voltage and current, the commonly
conversion system is shown below. used tool is Fourier series. Fourier series basics are described
using the following equations.
f
1 f
f(t)= a 0 +¦ (a n cosnωt+bn sinnωt)
2 n=1
(10)
¦ (I
n=2
n, rms )2
THDI = (18)
I1
Where, ω= 2π
f
T
¦ (V
n=2
n, rms )2
2
T THDV = (19)
T ³0
a0 = f(t)dt V1
2
T
The fundamental current (Ifund) which is used for total
T ³0
an = f(t)cos(nωt)dt
harmonic current distortion estimation has been selected using
2
T
the equation shown below [24].
T ³0
bn = f(t)sin(nωt)dt
kVactual / 3
Where n is a whole number Ifund = (20)
Xfund
The above analysis can also be expressed as follows: Where, K is the k factor of the step up transformer in the
1 f substation (PCC). Vactual is the actual voltage measured at
f(t)= a 0 +¦ Cn sin (nωt+φn ) (11) selected bus bar (PCC) [V].Xfundis the per phase fundamental
2 n=1
where, Cn = a n 2 +bn 2 reactance [ : ]. After computing the current and voltage THD
bn
from the collected harmonic currents, IEEE standard harmonic
φ n =arctan
an
current limit is selected using the following formula to know
that the estimated values are within the limit or not.
So, a distorted voltage V (t) of period T can therefore be SCR=
short circuit MVA Isc
= (21)
expressed in the following manner, load MW IL
f Where,
V(t)=V0 +¦ Vn 2 sin (nωt+jn ) (12)
n=1
ISCis the maximum short circuit current at the PCC.
2π ILis the maximum demand load current at PCC.
where ω= Short circuit current calculation:
T
V0 :Amplitudeof the DCcomponent Assuming Sj = 100MVA, Select short circuit point, that is
jn :Theinitial phaseof Vn ,(t=0) 33kV short circuit point;
Similarly, a distorted current i (t) of period T can be expressed Taking short circuit current from Nazareth substation I R = 10
as: KA, Short circuit capacity,
f MVAsc 3*Un *IR 3*132*10 2286.24MVA (22)
i(t)=I0 +¦ In 2 sin (nωt+φn ) (13)
n=1 Short circuit reactance unit value,
where
Sj 100
I0 :Amplitudeof theDCcomponent Xx 0.0437
SMVA 2286.24
φn :Theinitialphaseof In ,(t=0)
Main transformer reactance unit value:
RMS formula of harmonic voltage and current:
Related with the above basic equations, the RMS value of the UZ % Sj 100
XT * 0.105* 0.19
100 Sn 55
signal V (t) is defined as:
1 2
T
1. Reactance unit value calculation of 34 WTGs:
T ³0
Vrms = V (t)dt (14)
X=Xx XT 0.0437+0.19=0.2337
Parseval's theorem tells us that: 2. Considering infinite bus system
1 1
T f
Iz ' = 4.279
1 2 X 0.2337
³ V (t)dt=V02 +¦ Vn 2 (15) 3. Reference current:
T0 n=1
Sj 100MVA
This gives the following relationship of voltage and current Ij 1.75 KA
3 *Uj 3 *33
RMS values:
f
4. Short circuit current from infinite bus system:
RMSV = V22 +V32 +V42 +... = ¦ Vn 2
n=2
(16) Iz Iz' *I j 4.279*1.75KA 7.49KA (23)
Short circuit current from 34 WTGs
Similarly, 1. Reactance unit value of total 34 WTGs:
f X 0.51
RMSI = I22 +I32 +I4 2 +... = ¦I
n=2
n
2
(17) 2. Effective reactance of 34 WTGs:
Sn 51/ 0.95
Considering that DC components, V0 and I0=0. X js X* 0.51* 0.274
Sj 100
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): 3. Then, Iz ' 4.6
It is the measure of power quality of the wind farm by
analyzing the non-sinusoidal wave forms of voltage and 4. Reference current
Sn 51 / 0.95
current. Assuming no DC component in the output, THD can Ij
3 *Uj 3 * 33
0.94 kA
be determined as follows
Then, Iz '
Iz * I j 4.6 * 0.94 4.324 kA
Short circuit current: As per the above production analysis, there is 3% difference
¦I z 7.49 4.324 11.814 kA between the currently calculated annual energy production of
157,739.93GWhand that of the reference value of firm energy
Maximum short circuit current, considering circuit breaker production of 162.7GWh per year which was held during the
sizing factor is computed as: contract agreement with Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
ISC = 2*Kch *¦ Iz = 2*1.9*11.814=31.5kA (24)
(EEPCo). So, it is found that the farm is providing the desired
Where Kch is sizing factor of circuit breaker [5]. power.
Load current calculation: Capacity Factor (CF) of AWF:
Load MW 51MW
IL = = (25) The Capacity Factor (CF) of AWF based on the above
VLoad 33kV
summarized data can be estimated as follows.
IL= 1.54 kA. 157,739.93 (MWh)
CF =
The load current (IL) is computed by taking the ratio of 51MW*8760 h
maximum Load power in MW and the voltage at 33 kV bus = 0.353,
bar systems. Short circuit ratio is determined from Isc and IL CF = 35.3%
and then the limit for current and voltage are found. Based on the above value of CF, it can be concluded that the
F. Harmonic Power Loss Evaluation of the Farm wind farm is operating well since the value fulfills the
international standard limit which is between 20 to 42 %. But
Power loss of Adama-One wind farm due to the harmonics
the maximum CF value of the farm set during feasibility study
emission effect is assessed at a PCC of 33 KV, 2000A bus bar
was 38%. Hence, only a difference of 2.7 % is found.
system. The power loss calculation is done using harmonic
Capacity Factor versus Average Load:
voltage, current and true power factor.
The wind farm production contribution to the grid system is
Ploss =VH *I H *pf (26) analyzed by using the relationship between monthly capacity
Evaluation of Harmonic Filters and Their Impact: factor and average load. The farm average load data is
The impact of 3rd and 5thharmonic filters installed in AWF is collected from three turbine groups and capacity factor is
evaluated based on their contribution of power factor calculated for each month from the respective energy
improvement of the wind farm. The active and reactive power production of the wind farm.
datas are collected for a sample of one month. To calculate the
power factor, first apparent power (S) is calculated from Capacity Factor Vs Average Load
collected power datas using equation shown below. 56.1 52.7 51
S= P 2 +Q 2 (27) 60 44
50 38.7 35.2
And, 40 29.4529.727.7326.91 27.8 23 23.07 26.18
18.415.9116.55 22.49 20.13 18.07
P 30 14.211.7411.87
cosφ= 20 9.41
S
10
Where S apparent power and cosφ is power factor. 0
For estimation of the power factor, the maximum values of
active and reactive power are used to find the power factor
value at worst case.
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS Capacity factor (%) Average load (MW)
A. Energy Production Analysis of Adama-One Wind Farm
(AWF) Fig. 7. Capacity Factor vs. Average Load of AWF
The Fig. 6 below summarizes the annual energy production of From Fig.7 above, it can be seen that the wind farm capacity is
AWF based on the collected data from Data Logger and high which can handle the respective load (MW) effectively,
SCADA system. so it can be said that the farm contributes its part for avoiding
the energy shortage currently.
ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION (MWH)
B. Power quality evaluation of the wind farm
25,000.00
20,000.00 20,631.54
19,358.11 18,737.20
15,000.00 16,189.28 14,212.12 Simulation output of voltage and current at PCC:
10,915.47
10,000.00 10,814.05 10,225.72 12,952.90
8,473.22
8,454.99 The steady state output of voltage and current THD values are
5,000.006,775.34
0.00 analyzed using FFT analysis from Matlab and detailed model
of AWF is shown below.
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (s)
3.5
Mag (% of Fundamental)
2.5
1.5
0.5
50%
0%
1 4 7 1013161922252831343740434649525558
16
40%
Mag (% of Fundamental)
14
12
10
20%
8
6
0%
4 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Frequency (Hz)
600 700 800 900 1000
Date Min THDv (%) Max THDv (%)
Fig. 10. FFT output of total harmonic current distortion
FFT analysis of Voltage THD: Fig. 13. Summary of current THD at 33 KV bus bar system
From the two graphs, the result summary of harmonic voltage [2] J.Arrilaga, D.A.Bradley and et al. “Power System Harmonics”, John
Willey & Sons, 1985.
and currents are within permissible limits as compared to
[3] T.C. Shuter, H.T Vollkommer and et al. “survey of harmonic levels on
IEEE standard values. And therefore, it can be said that the the American electric power distribution system”, IEEE Transactions on
wind farm power quality is good and did not affect the grid power delivery, vol. 4, pp. 2204-2213, October 1989.
system power quality. [4] GoldWind science and technology Co.LTD, Manual, Goldwind
University, 2009.
E. Harmonic filters and their impact [5] “Gold Wind technical offer”, Hydro China and CGCOC joint venture,
November, 2009.
Using maximum active (P) and reactive power (Q) datas from [6] A. Ametani, “harmonic reduction in thyristor converters by harmonic
SCADA system, the power factor of the farm has been current injection”, IEEE transaction. Power App system, vol. PAS-95,
analyzed in order to assess the impact of filters in the wind no.2, pp.441-450, Mar.1976.
farm. [7] T. Ackermann, “Wind Power in Power Systems”, John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd, 2005.
[8] “Power Quality issues standards and guide lines”, IEEE, Vol-32,
May1996.