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•to foresee any possible effects or failures that may cause long-
term shutdown of a system, which may take longer time to
recover. The main idea is to restrict the disturbances during
failures to a limited area and continue power distribution in the
balance areas.
HOW???
Fault detection
Isolation the fault
Advantages:
If fault occurs at T2 then only the protection on one leg
connecting T2 is called into operation to isolate this leg.
Other consumers are not affected.
Disadvantages:
If the conductor to T2 2 fails, then supply to this
particular consumers is lost completely and cannot be
restored until the conductor is replaced/repaired.
So??
Radial Distribution Systems with parallel
feeders
A Ring Main Distribution Systems
A Ring Main Distribution Systems
Advantages:
Each consumer has two feeders but connected in
different paths.
Meets the requirement of two alternative feeds to give
100% continuity of supply, whilst saving in
cabling/copper.
Disadvantages:
If fault at T1, fault current is fed into fault via two
parallel paths.
Zs, If
Therefore...
protection must be fast and discriminate correctly
Other considerations:
Cable (most vulnerable component)
Transformer (winding strained, overloading, ageing
failure
Busbar (act as ‘node’ for feeding in or sending out
power) ..need to be given careful consideration from the
protection point of view.
Fault types
1. Active
2. Passive
1. Active faults:
-When actual current flows from one phase
conductor to another (P-P)
(P or P-E.
Example:
3. Three-phase
phase faults:
A: P-E
B: P-P
C: P-P-E
D: 3P
E: 3P-E
*F: P-Pi
*G: Pi-E
Answer:
Other formulae in Ohmic method
• Solid: low voltage (up to say 600V) and single phase load
• Resistance: higher voltages (up to 33kV)
• Reactor/Transformer: > 33kV
33
Cable properties and example
Touch potentials- solid earthing
Touch potentials- resistive earthing
Electrical injuries
IL=IN+IF;
IF=IL-IN
ELCB or
RCCB