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© IPA, 2006 - 1st Annual Convention Proceedings, 1972
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PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
First Annual Convention, June 1972
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GEOLOGY OF THE KENDENG ZONE
(CENTRAL & EAST JAVA)
Abstract The Kendeng zone is an anticlino-
rium situated between the NE Java hinge belt
and the axis of the central trough of Java. It
appears to be a distinct geological unit from the
standpoints of structure, lithostratigraphy and tec-
tonics.
Prom late Oligocene to Holocene,
sediments were deposited within this area under
dominant regressive conditions which prevailed
at first in the West then 10 ressively extended
eastwards and finally resuied: in the emersion
of the entire Kendeng zone. Volcanoes were almost
permanently active in the western and southern
adjacent areas during this period.
A first uplift of the Kendeng anti-
clinorium occurred in late Pliocene time. The major
tectonic phase took place at the end of the
Pliocene, arid epirognic movements went on during
the Qua ternary.
Phases of orogenesis and periods of
volcanic activity were closely related. Epidermal
folding and faults were due to a northwards
compression originating from the Plio-Pleistocene
uplift of the spine of Java. Horizontal displacement
of basement blocks along deep-seated wrench faults
likely occurred at that time at both extremities of
the Kendeng zone.
INTRODUCTION
Field work in the Kendeng zone was carried
out in 1971 by ten geologists from PUSDIK
MICAS under the guidance of a BEICIP
geologist. This work, combined with a com-
pilation of published and unpublished reports
resulted in a geological map at 1 : 100.000
scale and in an interpretation of the strati-
graphy, the envuonment of deposition and
the tectonics of the Kendeng zone.
The geological work was supplemented by
a reconnaissance gravity survey carried out by
LEMIGAS in Central and East Java. All the
stratigraphic attributions were based upon
determinations of planktonic and/or larger
Foraminifera in the biostratigraphic laboratory
of LEMIGAS.
This paper gives a summary of the structural
setting, lithostratigraphy, tectonics and g e e
logical history of the area. The following
17
“1
PATRICK DE GENEVRAYE
LUKl SAMUEL **I
illustrations are enclosed:
* schematic map of East Java and Madura
(fig. 1)
* geological sketch-map of the Kendeng
zone ( f i g 2)
* tectonic sections across the Kendeng
zone (fig. 3)
* lithological variations within the
Kendeng zone (fig. 4)
* correlation of lithostratigraphic units in
the Kendeng zone and the Rembang
zone (fig. 5).
The writers thank the managements of
LEMIGAS and PERTAMINA for permission
to publish this paper,
STRUCTURAL SETTING
The Kendeng zone is a West-East trending
anticlinorium which extends from the volcanic
Gmung Ungaran in the West t o the Brantas
river in the East where it plunges beneath the
alluvial plain bounding the Madura Strait
(Fig. 1 and 2). It is 250 km long and 20 km
wide in average, covers a surface of about
4,800 sq. km and corresponds in the physio-
graphy to the Kendeng hills.
In a North-South direction, this anti-
clinorium is located between two structural
units: the positive “Rembang zone” in the
North, actually a part of the North Java
hingebelt that extends up to the Java shore-
line; a very deep “Central depression” in the
South, which is a part of the axial Java
trough. The Bouguer isogam map shows an
increased gravity gradient on the northern
and southern edges of the Kendeng zone.
The Kendeng zone appears therefore t o be
*) B.E.I.C.I.P., Bureau d’Etudes Industrielles et
de Cooperation de 1’Institut Francais du
Petrole.
**) LEMIGAS, Lembaga Minyak dan Gas Bumi
(Indonesian Institute of Petroleum).
 STR UC T U R AL U N IT S PHVSIOGRAPH IC UNITS
I..
... ..A llu v ia l plains o f n o r t h e r n Java a
Norihcrn J a v a hinge b e l t -R c m b a n g zone ..... ..R e mb a n g and Madura hills
i. . . . .. . R a n d u b l a l u n g d c p r c r s l o n 51 a
Axial l a v a trough
. . . ., .Kcndcng hills m
. . _ _ _ _ . C. e. n. t.r a l p l a i n of East Java
Axial ridge ... __ .. . _ . . _
. V o l c a n o c ~ (central)
Southern Slope of axial ridge __. . . . . . . . .S o u t h e r n mountains.
Fig. 1 SCHEMATIC MAP O F EAST JAVA AND NADURA Scale 1 : S.OOO.000
 KENDENG ZONE

0
DANDER

114-8s' 111.28'

L E G E N D
P L E I STOC E NE PLIO- PLEISTOCENE m l Damar Fm M IOCE NE J Boundary ot Formation.

HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
m/
Young volcanic products PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE
1-1 Upper
marly
Kalibeng
fhcics
Fm
MIOCENE Kqrek F m / Fault

Putjangan Fm Upper Kalibeng Fm

PLEISTOCENE Volcanic facics PLIOCENE llmy tacics
OLIGO-MIOCENE P e l a n g Fn z Assumed Flexure
r )

P u t j a n g a n Fm Fm
P L E ISTOCE NE
a r g i l a l l a c c o u s facics
MI0 -PLEISTOCENE
/
Lower
w Kalibeng
ilh Hapu ng I s l . 91 Tectonic sections ( 7 1
b
 I N E A C H SECTION, UTHOLOGY I S PRESENTEO LIKE IN FIG.4, WHERE NAMES OF THE FORWATIONS A R E ALSO INDICATED

N
G .Ungaran.G. Surolojo.
I I
A I I
K Elo. 969 H .Pandjang. Tjandi Baru Semaran’

SECTION 1 I
S a l c t i g a -Ungaran Scmarang - I
(Using data from R . W . van BEMMELEN 1941) I
I

II s
K &bang GDjatipereng G .Kendcng Buluk K .Temuircng
/
/
/

K .Prumpungan
N

Tuntang H a n a l

/
S / N
/
/ A
/
Ngrampal K.Solo Sanggra han K.Gantungan 192 Podjok
1 v I I I

____ --2’--,*-------

SECTION 3
c- - --?--- - ---
-
S r a g e n W iros a r

\
\
\
t
\ N
S \
Ngawi. K . S o i o . Pontjo! K’.Solo K.Solo K S o ! o Mendenredjo

I : ‘ II 1 1

SECTION 4
A l o n g the S o l o r i v e r

\
\
S \
N

SECTION 5
T j a r u b a n - Dander

I
/
/.
/
/
/
S I N
Kabub’t. Dakon K .Lamong. Sumbersari
I I I I
I I I I

SECTION 6
Ploso - Nqimbang
(Using data from J. D U I F J E S - 1 9 3 8 )

S N

Bangsal K. P o r o n g K.Kcdunguling K.Brantas Karangasem Domas

I I I I

SECTION 7 /
/.-
-- --I
----.
.------- \

Modjokcrfo - Surabaja
1 Using d a t a f r o m J. DUIFJES- 1938)

scale R - 1
0 2 4 6km

Fig.3; TECTONIC SECTIONS A C R O S S THE KENDENG Z O N E

( See olso Figure 4 )


seated ofi 3 slower dipping segme'nt of the
basement slijpe that goes down from the
hingebelt t o the axis of the Ceqtral dzpresBion.
The Central depression itself is limited to the
South by the fauited West-East "trending
volcanoes range (the axial ridge of Java).
BeCause of this intermediate situation
between the axial trough and the hingebelt:
the Kendeng zone presents its own character-
istics from both sedimentation and tectonics
standpoints and thus is a distinct geological
unit within the North-East Java basinal ,area.
Taking into account the plunging of the
anticlinorium towards t h e East, the Jollowing
three parts can be distifiguished within the
Kendeng zone:
- the Western part, between Ungaran
and the meridian of Purwodadi, is open down
t o Oligocme-Miocene formations; sediments
always have a high content in volcanic material
and the major structural complicatiors occur
there;
-. the Z n t r a l part, between the meridian
of Purwodadi and Gunung Pandan, is open
down t o the Miocene only; it yet presents
numerous and complicated structures, but
the percentage of pyroclastic material contain-
ed in several formations decreases northwards;
- the Eastern part displays Neogene
exposures in the core of t h e anticlinorium
between Gunung Pandan and Kabuh; farther
t o the East, the anticlinpium axis shifts t o
t h e NoIth and, as it keeps plunging, only
Plio-Pleistocene sediments crop out.
STRATIGRAPHY and GEOLOGICAL HIS-
TORY
Most of the sediments exposed in the
Kendeng zone are either Neogene or Quater-
nary in age. These sediments underwent very
frequent changes in facies from W. to E. as
well as from S . to N.
Datation of t h e numerous formations and
members, chiefly using t h e planktonic micro-
fauna, permitted t o establish rather accurate
lithostratigraphic correlations (see fig. 4 and 5).
1 - LATE OLIGOCENE to EARLY MIO-
CENE
The Pelang f2rmation is t h e oldest sedimen-
tary exposure ) found in situ within t h e
Kendeng zone. It crops out in an upthrust
area, South of Djuwangi (western Kendeng
zone), and consists of marls and argillackous
marls.
'1 5,
'This mostly argillaceous formation includes,
in its lower part, several intercalations of
discontinuous hard calcarenite beds which
bear larger Foraminifera tynical of lower Te,
and may thus correspond t o remnants of the
Kudjung limestones shaling o u t from the
Kembang zone towards the South. The t o p
of the formation probabiy reaches the early
middle Miocene ( N 9) in age.
A thickness oi'85 tn. has been measured at
the outcrops, but the total thickness of the
formation is unknown as its base is not
exposed.
The Pelang formation, very rich in plank-
tonic Foraminifera. was deposited in an open
marine environment.
2 - MIDDLE t o LATE MIOCENE
The 'marine deposition o f a volcanpclastic
rock-unit frequently named "Kerek formati-
-
on", which crops out in the core of the
anticlinorium, took place during this period.
Thk passage from t h e Pelang formation t o
the Kerek formation could not be observed
because of high tectonic disturbances occurr-
ing in the area where both formations are
exposed.
The Kerek formation, as a whole, consists
of a massive argiilaceous and caicareous
sequence where volcano-clastic material is very
abundant.
Changes of facies and also the use of
arbitrary nomenclatures are the reasons why
various names are currently given t o members
of this formation.
Western Kendeng zone
In t h e westernmost part of t h e Kendeng
zone, t h e formation has been divided in two
members:
The Merawu member is a vo!cano-clastih
sequence, coarser in its lower part. The lower
part consists of conglomeratic and micro-
conglomeratic layers with pebbles of quartz,
*) Actually, the oldest sedimentary rock en-
countered in the Kendeng Lone is Eocene in age.
It is made of fine calcareous sandstone and
conglomerate bearing Nummulites which have
been brought up to the surface by a mud volcano,
near Sangiran (SW Kendeng zone). Except in
erratic blocks, no Eocene (Ta-b) nor lower
Oligocene (Tc-d) sediments occur in the whole
area.
A possible spreading of Ta-b and Tc-d
deposits over the Kendeng zone, depending upon
considerations beyond the limits 'of this paper,
is not discussed 'here. However, the tectonic
sections (fig. 3) present an hypothesis on the
question.
 -
WEST -
EAST
fig. 1) Fig. 4 LITHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN THE KENDENG ZONE
0
cv Vertical Scale 1:100.000
 W ESTERN KENDENG ZONE
CENTRAL EASTERN REMBANG
W
u
4 UNGARAN NOR1HERN SOUTHER N KENDENG Z O N E KENDENG ZONE ZONE
AREA FLANK FLANK
-PLEIS- Notopurolvo~c NotopurolPutjangan Notopuro - Kabuh - Putjangan - Ngronan
MT
TOCENl ,,,,
Da m a r

Mundu
Lower K a l i b n g GL Lower
Kalibng
I -G=
Pcnjatan Lcdok
Scntul

Mcrawu
Kerck
1; N13
N12
N11
Tt
n
3

-
KCrCK

Upy.cr OK

L o w e r OK ,
.---7----

Kudjung

W
z
W
V
0
2
-1
0

-
I f i g I. CORFELATION OF LITHOSTRATI.GRAPHlC UNITS IN THE KENDENG ZONE AND THE REMBANG ZONE

Fig. 5
22
uasalt, andesitic tuffs and limestones (bearing
Lepidocyclina), and contains argillaceous and
tuffaceous streaks. These coarse volcano-
detrital layers are overlain by a shaly-sandy-
calcareous alternation of a “flysch-like”
aspect. The whole member is several hundred
m. thick. The Merawu beds are correlated
with the lower Kerek formation. They are
conformably overlain by the Penjatan member.
The Penjatan member is essentially clastic
and tufyaceous. Calcareous layers are seldom
seen. Numerous thick beds of very coarse
tuff-sandstones are interbedded with dark
layers of clays and m a r k Flysch-like sequences
can again be observed. On the N-NW slope of
the Gunung Ungaran area, South of Pekalong-
an and Semarang (outside the Kendeng zone),
the Penjatan member has been divided in three
parts; the middie one is marked out by the
occurrence of andesitic and basaltic submarine
lava flows intercalated with Globigerina marls.
There, the thickness varies from 1000 m. to
3000 m.
The Penjatan member corresponds t o the
upper part of the Kerek formation.
Central aad Eastern Kendeng zone
The Kerek formation is chiefly made up
there of a rather monotonous series of clays,
argillaceous marls and mark (40 to 45% of the
total thickness) alternating with calcareous
tuff-sandstones ( 2 0 to 35%) and tuffaceous
sandstones (40 to 20%) responsible for the
flysch-like aspect of the sequence.
In the Central Kendeng zone, the formation
is more widely exposed than in Eastern
Kendeng zone and several subdivisions could
locally be made. Along the Solo river (N. of
Ngawi), three members can be differentiated
as follows from bottom to top:
- The Banjuurip member is an alternation
of argillaceous marls, marls and clays with
calcareous tuff-standstones and tuffaceous
sandstones. In the middle part, two coarse
calcareous and tuffaceous sandstone beds,
5 m. thick, can be used as key-beds. At the
top, 5 m. of a hard sandy calcarenite inter-
calated with fine tuffs marks the limit lwith
the conformably overlaying Sentul member.
A thickness of 270 m. was measured i n 4 h e
Solo rrver, but the base of the member is not
exposed.
- The Sentul member also consists of an
alternation of argillaceous and volcano-detrital
layers but here, and particularly in the middle
and upper parts of the member, the tuffaceous
beds are more frequent and can reach a
thickness of 20 m. each. The total thickness
of the member is approximately 500 m.
- The Kerek “limestone” is the upper
member of the Kerek formation. It overlies
conformably the Sentul member, and is made
up of an alternation of tuffaceous limestone
and of tuffaceous and argillaceous layers. The
tuffaceous limestone is dominant; the lime is
mostly a calcarenite or a calcirudite, but cal-
careous conglomerates (with volcanic frag-
ments) where also found in several places.
The Kerek “limestone” is developed ex-
clusively in Central and Eastern Kendeng zone
where it may be up to 150 m. thick.
The Kerek formation was deposited in an
outer neritic environment at a time when a
large volume of pyroclastic material was
brought into the sea. The occurrence of a
calcareous member (Kerek limestqne) in the
upper part of the formation indicates that
the environment of deposition became locally
inner neritic at late Miocene times; it might
correspond to a local regression or t o a filling
in of the basin. The total thickness of the
Kerek formation is estimated to be more than
1000 m. The Kendeng zone was subsiding
luring this middle to late Miocene period.
The volcanic material deposited at that
time in the Kendeng zjme is particularly
coarse and abundant in the western part and,
actually, all around the Gunung Ungaran area,
It can be assumed that the Penjatan member,
which contains lava flows, reflects the first
known eruptions in the Gunung Ungaran area
Outside this volcanic area, pyroclastic ma-
terial was deposited along the whole Kendeng
zone. In the central part of the area, where
the outcrops of Kerek can reach 5 to 10 km.
in width, the content in tuffaceous material
decreases from South t o North. Therefore,
ihe source area of this material should be
looked for in the South: this suggests that the
yolcanoes of the axial ridge were already
active and that this ridge started to uplift
whilst the Central depression and the Kendeng
zone itself were subsiding.
Frequent sedimentary structures are. ob-
served at several levels in the Kerek formation.
Flow rolls, synsedimentary microfolds and
micro growth-faults witness the mobility of
the subsiding sea-floor.
Ripple-marks and cross-bedding are due t o
paleo-currents.

3 - LATE MIOCENE to MIDDLE PLIOCENE
A rather monotonous 500 t o 700 m. thick
series of mark, very rich in planktonic For-
aminifera, was deposited during this period.
Several names have been given to this argilla-
ceous rock-unit most frequently called &
-
mark (Globigerina mark formation) or Lower
Kalibeng formation.
It crops out widely all along the Kendeng
zone except in the easternmost part where,
owing to the plunging of the anticlinorium,
only Pleistocene deposits can be observed.
Western Kendeng zone
There, on the northern flank of the anti-
clinorium, the formation can be divided into
three members: the Tjipluk and Kalibiuk
mauls separated by the Kapung limestone.
The ,lower member (Tjipluk beds) consists
of marls and argillaceous marls. Intercalations
of tuffaceous sandstones prevail in the lower
part. Planktonic Foraminifera and some shells
of moluscs are present in the whole member.
The thickness vanes from 200 to 500 m.
It is late Miocene in age.
The intermediate member (Kapung lime-
stone), still of late Miocene a g e , m s s i l i f e r -
ous calearenite either platy or massive. In the
Kapung anticline (5 km. South of Gubug) the
upper part is massive and contains algae
and coral fragments beside other fossils
commonly found in the Kapung lime-
stone: larger Foraminifera and molluscs. This
member is subject t o a very quick change in
thickness: it can reach 150 m. but may totally
disappear within few kilometers. It conform-
ably overlies the Tjipluk member and is also
conformably overlain by the Kalibiuk member.
The upper member (Kalibiuk beds) is made
up of mark, argillaceous mark and clays.
Planktonic Foraminifera but also shells of
molluscs are often found. Intercalations of
limestone are frequent: lenses of calcarenite
and a 5 to 20 m. thick hard sandy and fossi-
liferous calcarenite (Balanus beds). The Kali-
biuk member is 200 to 500 m. thick. The
Miocene/Pliocene limit lies within the member.
The top of the member varies in age from W
to E, from early Pliocene to middle Pliocene.
Central and Eastern Kendeng zone
In Central and.Eastern Kendeng zone, the
late Miocene t o middle Pliocene sediments are
23
i monotonous series 01 unstratified mark very
rich in planktonic and benthonic Foraminifera.
Folding in the mark can be observed only
thanks’ to thin key-beds of tuffs and tuff-
sandstones present mostly in the lower and
middle parts of the formation. The size and
occurrence of these key-beds decrease north-
wards. In the very upper part. the mark
become sandy.
The GL/Lower Kalibeng formation lies
conformably upon the Kerek formation except
in the westernmost part of the Kendeng zone
where the two formations are separated by
the Banjak beds.
The Banjak beds mainlyzonsist of andesitic
material deposited in a marine environment:
tuffs, coarse tuff-sandstones, calcareous tuffa-
ceous sandstones and volcanic breccias’alter-
nating with maris bearing planktonic Fora-
minifera. The passage from the underlying
formation (Kerek) t o the Banjak beds is rapid
but progressive and shows an increase in
volcanoclastic material. The Banjak beds are
well developed in the westernmost part of the
Kendeng zone and may be over 1500 m. thick
in the Gunung Ungaran area, They decrease in
thickness and volcanic content eastwards and
finally wedge out within the argillaceous
GLjLower Kalibeng formation.
However, about 30 km. more to the East, and
only in the southern flank of the anticlinorium
( N of Sragen and WNW of Ngawi), the Banjak
beds reappear. They show the same facies but
lie there within the GL mark. Because of this
discontinuity in space and in time the term
“Banjak beds”, or better ’ “Banjqk facies”
should be used instead of “Banjak formation”.
The Banjak facies, in the westernmost part
of the Kendepg zone, witn‘esses a new phase
of volcanic activity in the Gunung Ungaran
area at the end of the.Miocene. At this time
and until middle Pliocene, the deposits in the
whole NW Kendeng zone are indicative of an
outer neritic to littoral environment. This
regression announces the emersion which will
take place in the NW Kendeng zone during
the late Pliocene.
During this period from late Miocene t o
middle Pliocene, all the rest of the Kendeng
zone was subsiding and underwent open
marine influences. The pelagic ,mark were
interbedded with volcanic. material supplied
from the South.
The Banjak facies occurring within the
GL formation in the central part of the
anticlinorium (southern flqnk) is assumed t o
24
come from the Lawu volcano. On the northern
slope of this volcano, the argillaceous facies
does not occur and the upper Kalibeng
limestone (late Pliocene) lies directly upon
the Banjak beds; the Banjak facies progressive-
ly replaces the argillaceous facies southwards
(see section 3, fig. 3).
The Gunung Lawu was at this time the source
of pyroclastic material for the center of the
Kendeng zone.
4 - LATE PLIOCENE
Epirogenic movements affected the Ken-
deng zone after the deposition of the argilla-
ceous GL/lower Kalibeng formation. The
regressive conditions that were prevailing in
the NW Kendeng zone since late Miocene
extended during the late Pliocene t o the entire
area which locally emerged. A carbonate unit
(Upper Kalibeng formation) was deposited in
the SW., Central and E. parts of the Kendeng
zone.
a/ Stratigraphy
North-West Kendeng zone
The Damar formation lies conformably
on the argillaceous Kalibiuk member. It crops
out chiefly in the Gunung Ungaran area
(where it can be over 1000 m. thick), S. of
Semarang, and along the northern margin of
the westernmost part of the Kendeng zone.
A transition from the KaIibiuk beds t o the
Damar beds is made by black clays with
calcareous concretions and tuff-sandstones
(increasing upwards) still containing marine
molluscs. These transitional beds are succeeded
by the andesitic tuff-sandstones and cong-
lomerates of the Lower Damar beds bearing
the first Vertebrate fossils. The base of the
Damar formation seems to be older in the
Ungaran area (early-middle Pliocene) than in
the northern flank of the Kendeng anti-
clinorium (middle-late Pliocene). The coarse
volcanic breccias, tuff-sandstones, lapillis and
lahar deposits of Middle and Upper Damar
crop out W and S of Semarang only, and are
approximately early and middle Pleistocene
in age,
South-West Kendeng zone
The carbonate unit (Upper Kalibeng) lying
conformably on the Lower Kalibeng formation
has Deen divided in three members, that are
from bottom t o top:
- The Klitik “limestone” (150 m. thick),
made of sandy marlsand calcareous sandstones.
- The Sonde “marls” (180 m. thick),
mainly consisting of blue clays with some
green argillaceous marls.
- The Balanus limestone ( 6 to 60 m.
thick), a cross-bedded calcarenite.
All these members are very fossiliferous
and contain Foraminifera, molluscs, fish-teeth,
algae and coral fragments.
Central Kendeng zone
The Upper Kalibeng carbonate crops out
on both flanks of the anticlinorium; the
outcrops are patchy in the NDrth and almost
continuous in the southern flank. It consists
of sandy marls in the lower part and of either
platy calcarenite, or cross-bedded sandy
calcarenite or reefal limestone in the upper
part. The thickness vanes from 50 t o 150 m.
The contact can be conformable upon the
argillaceous GL/Lower Kalibeng formation
(commonly sandy a t the top), but it was also
found unconformable in several places:
- the geological mapping of the W pericline
of Gesi anticline (N of Sragen) underlines an
unconformity of the Upper Kalibeng lime-
stone on almost all the successive horizons of
the previously folded Lower Kalibeng formati-
on;
- much more t o the East, in the core of
the anticlinorium (Gunung Atasangin, NW of
Gunung Pandan), the Upper Kalibeng car-
bonate lies directly on the Kerek formation
(see section 5 , fig. 3);
- South of the aforesaid area, near Miana,
the carbonate overlies the argillaceous Lower
Kalibeng and a discontinuous conglomeratic
and sandy layer with an angular unconformity
of 30 degrees. The Lower Kalibeng formation
has partly been eroded (absence of middle
Pliocene) before the carbonate deposition.
East Kendeng zone
East of G. Pandan, the Upper Kalibeng
carbonate crops out on the flanks and in the
core of the anticlinorium upon the argillaceous
Lower Kalibeng. No indication of unconformi-
ty could be pointed out.
However, fragments of an intrusive rock

piercing through the Lower Kalibeng marls
were found to be reworked in a volcanic
breccia with a calcareous cement, which passes
laterally to the Upper Kalibeng limestone.
Therefore, the intrusion took place between
the respective deposition of the Lower and
Upper Kalibeng formations. Furthermore, the
volcanic material (tuffs, breccias, remnants of
lava flows) lies directly upon the Lower
Kalibeng in an area where the core of the anti-
clinorium was covered by the Upper Kalibeng
carbonate. This material most probably origin-
ated from already active Pandan volcanoe(s)
before deposition of the carbonate.
In the easternmost part of the area, the
Upper Kalibeng formation is marly and rich in
planktonic Foraminifera. Its limit with the
underlying Lower Kalibeng marls becomes
difficult t o mark out, but appears to be
conformable when indicated by a sandy level
rich in volcanic material. A facies of diatoma-
ceous marls, where sponge spicules, diatoms
and globigerines are frequent, develops chiefly
in the upper part of the formation and is
restricted t o this area; it Fades westwards into
the marls rich in globigerines.
b/ Geological history
West Kendeng zone
In the North West of the Kendeng zone,
the anticlinorium was uplifted and emerged,
whilst a stron'g volcanic activity in the Ungaran
area supplied the material deposited in the
synorogenic continental Damar beds. Mean-
while, the facies of the deposits in the South
West of the area gradually changed from
neritic to littoral.
Central Kendeng zone
In Gunung Atasangin, an orogenic phase
followed by emersion and erosion obviously
happened before the deposition of the Upper
Kalibeng. This is corroborated by the angular
unconformity and the conglomerate found
m Miana and by the onlap of the carbonate
upon the Gesi structure. On the other hand,
volcanic eruptions and intrusions (E of G.
Pandan) took place between the Lower and
Upper Kalibeng respective deposition; here
again, vulcanism and tectonic activity appear
to be contemporaneous.
25
This leads t o the following conclusions:
- some structures took shape and emerged
during the late Pliocene; the returning sea
deposited unconformable sediments of an
inner neritic facies on the highs corresponding
to these structures;
- elsewhere, on the flanks of the anti-
clinorium, the sedimentation was not interrupt-
ed during the uplift but the environment
became neritic with open marine influences
(conformable deposition of sandy Globigerina
marls) then neritic (deposition of dominantly
reefal limestone).
In the whole area West of Gunung Atas-
angin, the Upper Kalibeng carbonate crops out
on the flanks of the anticlinorium but is never
exposed on its core. The carbonate may have
been deposited there and eroded afterwards.
But, as well, the center of the anticlinorium
may have emerged at that time, when both
the W. and E. parts of Central Kendeng zone
were actually emerged.
East Kendeng zone
Between the Gunung Pandan and Kabuh,
neritic deposits covered all the anticlinorium
while, E of Kabuh, the open marine influences
which had prevailed in early and middle
Pliocene times still persisted.
The only indications of the late Pliocene
orogenic phase in the area are the sandy streaks
found at the base of the Upper Kalibeng
formation.
Diatomites occur in the easternmost part.
of the Kendeng zone. Such rocks can be
deposited in marine or lacustrine waters,
where the siliceous material frequently comes
from volcanic ashes. As they are rich in
Globigerina, whenever exposed in the Kendeng
zone, their depositional environment was still
marine; ashes could have been projected from
the volcanoes range (Kelud, Ardjuno or Bromo
areas) and/or froin the Gunung Pandan.
Definitley emerged and covered by con-
tinental deposits in the West, either emerged
or under 'shallow water in the central part,
still submerged and undergoing a sedimentati-
on with open marine influences in the East,
the Kendeng anticlinorium was already shaped
and plunging eastwards in late Pliocene time.
5 - QUATERNARY
Because of the paroxysmal orogenic phase
26
that started at the Plio-Pleistocene limit and
led to the emersion of the entire Kendeng
zone, most of the Quaternary deposits are
continental.
The Quaternary sequence is composed of
several formations which are described as
follows from bottom to top.
5.1. Putjangan formation (early Pleisto-
cene):
In West and Central Kendeng zone, this
formation unconformably overlies the Upper
Kalibeng carbonate and consists of continental
coarse pyroclastic sediments: volcanic cong-
lomerates and sandstones with occasional
argillaceous sand and lighite streaks in the
basal part. The thickness is about 100 m.
The Putjangan formation locally displays
an argillaceous facies, like in the anticline of
Sangiran where black clays, 300 m. thick,
contain Vertebrate remains and freshwater
molluscs. Much more to the East, near Gunung
Pandan, a so-called “Ngronan horizon” lies at
the base of the Putjangan formation. It is
made of brown tuffs and mark bearing thin
shells of marine molluscs and coral fragments.
In the easternmost Kendeng zone, the Pu-
tjangan formation rests conformably upon the
Lower Kalibeng marls and can be divided in
hree members :
- an argillaceous member, consisting of
dark blue clays and argillaceous mark
with sand streaks and lignite; it contains
abundant marine molluscs;
- a sandy and tuffaceous marly member,
with marine molluscs and coral frag-
ments;
- a coarse volcanic member made of brec-
cias and sandstones.
The formation is about 500 m. thick.
As a whole, the Putjangan formation is
chiefly a volcanic and continental (mostly
fluviatile’) formation. In several places, it con-
stains Vertebrate fossils from the Djetis fauna
(with Pit hecant hropus modjokertensis) of early
Pi-&st‘;;TiSe =eT*--
Paralic sediments in the Putjangan fornia-
tion occur locally between the Pliocene neritic
sequence and the Putjangan continental depo-
sits. This paraiic environment lasted longer in
eastern Kendeng zone than in the rest of the
area.
5.2. Kabuh formation (middle Pleistoce-
n9) :
It lies conformably upon the Putjangan
formation in the West and unconformably in
the East.
The Kabuh beds are fluviatile and display
conspicuous cross-bedding.
They generally consist of volcanic sandstones
and tuffaceous conglomerates rich in fresh-
water molluscs and Vertebrate fossils of the
Trinil fauna (with Pithecanthropus erectus).
Argillaceous intercalations are locally present.
The grain of the pyroclastic material is fine
when compared t o that of the Putjangan
formation. The thickness of the Kabuh forma-
tion varies between 100 and 600 m.
5.3. Notopuro formation (middle t o late
Pleistocene) :
The continental Notopuro formation rests
unconformably either on the Kabuh formation
or on the Putjangan formation.
Along the entire Iength of the Kendeng.
zone, the formation consists of coarse to very
coarse volcanic conglomerates, tuffaceous sand-
stones, tuffs and lahar deposits. It contains
Vertebrate fossils of the Trinil fauna.
A thickness of 300 m. has been reported.
It is most probably thicker to the South, in
the ceptral depression.
The Djompang layers in eastern Kendeng
zone are equivalent in time and facies t o the
Notopuro formation.
In Ngawi area (a? Ngandong and Pitu,
central Kendeng zone), a late Pleistocene Ver-
tebrate fauna (Ngandong fauna with I-k-k
soloensis) is embedded in the Solo river terra-
ces.
5.4. Late Quaternary river deposits are
particularly thick and abundant near
the Brantas river(East Kendeng zone).
The limit between Pliocene and Pleistocene
is marked by an important orogenic phase
that affected not only the Kendeng zone but
also the neighbouring areas.
This second tectonic phase increased the
surface of the portions In the Kendeng zone
already emerged at late Pliocene time. But
the emersion of the entire Kendeng zone
progressively tgok place during the Pleistoce-
ne when a littoral then continental environ-
ment gradually replaced the late Pliocene
neritic conditions.
The successive unconformities encountered
between the Pleistocene continental formations
indicate that the orogenesis was still going on
when these volcano-clastic sediments were
deposited.
Ex-ept on the eastern pericline of the anti-
clinorium, the occurrence of those volcanic
formations is restricted to the southern flank.
Therefore, this considerable volume of p y r e
clsstic material likely came from the South,
i.e. from the Central and East Java volcanoes
range. The reliefs made up by the emerged
Kendeng hills were at that time high enough
t o pr0hibit.a water transportation and depositi-
on of the volcanic products farther to the
North.
TECTONICS
1- At the westermost edge of the Kendeng
zone, N.W. of-the Gunung Ungaran area, it
has been reported above that the Banjak beds
of late Miocene age were found lying uncon-
formably upon older formations.This might
correspond to an orogenic phase within this
volcanic area but, in the Kendeng zone itself,
there is no evidence of orogenesis before the
Pliocene .
The following observations have also been
mentioned :
- the orogenic phases are always associat-
ed with a strong volcanic activity in the
neighbouring areas;
- a first uplift of the Kendeng zone
occurred during the late Pliocene; the limit
between Pliocene and Pleistocene is marked
by an important tectonic phase; epirogenic
move.ments lasted during Pleistocene times.
2 - The resulting structures (see fig. 3) are
tightly folded with steep, vertical or reverss
flanks, and faults are extremely frequent in
the area. The intensity of folding and faulting
appears to decrease from West to East. The
size of these structures is rather small but
they are numerous and disposed all along the
anticlinorium. They are very elongated and
West-East trending, like the antickinorium
itself.
The folds are dissymetricai and their steeper
- or reverse-flank is predominantly the north-
ern one. They often broke and, as a consequen-
ce, northwards thrustfaults, p.aralle1 to the
structural axis, are frequent. Such faults usually
do not extend very far in depth. Still, several
reverse faults of high vertical displacement
(about 1000 rn) are related to major accidents
which may originate from the basement
according to gravity data. These folds are often
extremely tight and complex in the dstail;
few of them show a bidirectional asymmetry.
These characteristics are typical of M
epidermal folding, largely independant, at the
folds scale, from the deep structural pattern.
The disharmonic folds are assurningly due to
the non-competent and plastic argillaceous
members of the Mio-Pliocene sequence.
3 - The folds dissymetry generally led t o a
surface shortening of the northern flank of
the anticlines, and may be explained by a
lateral compression from the South t o the
North. A folding mechanism due t o gravity
sliding of the sedimentary cover on the bake-
ment appears to be excluded as, beneath the
Kendeng zone, the basement slopes down to
the South, towards the axis of the Central
depression.
A lateral compression stress towards the
North would have pushed the sedimentary
cover in the Kendeng zone against the obstacle
made by the upper segment of this basement
slope, and permitted the folds t o arise, over-
turn and eventually break.
Such a lateral compression stress could
have been a tangential component of the
forces responsible for the Plio-Pleistocene
uplift of the axial ridge, where most of the
volcanoes in Central and East Javaare located.
This assumption would also explain the fact
that the tectonic phases in the Kendeng zone
went along with peaks of volcanic ,activity.
4 - Beside the longitudinal reverse faults
that spread along the anticlinorium, the katter
is transversely cut by numerous wrench faults.
These wrench faults are of two types.
The major faults are roughly perpendicular
t o the anticlinorium axis, transversely cut
across the Kendeng zone over a long distance,
and are often arranged in a staggered network.
They are believed to be deep-seated faults
originating from the basement.
Such faults or networks of faults are
located, from the West to the East of the
anticlinorium :
- between the Tuntang Kana1 and Salatiga;
S of Purwodadi and along the Kali
28
Serang;
N of Ngrumpal;
- along the Solo river (which crosses t h e
anticlinorium in this faulted zone),
~- in Gunung Pandan area (the volcanic
eruptions of which are related t o a deep
accident perpendicular t o the axis of the
antidinorium),
- from SW of Sumbersari t o W of Kabuh.
They transversely delineate several blocks
across both the sedimentary cover and the
underlying basement of the anticlinorium.
Some of these blocks were displaced relatively
t o each other when pushed northwards during
the Plio-Pleistocene uplift.
Within each block secondary wrench faults
develop. They keep approximately parallel
inside a given block, and are either NW-SE or
NE-SW trending and thus oblique t o the anti-
clinorium axis.
5 The most conspicuous examples of the
relative displacement of the above-mentioned
blocks, transversely t o the Kendeng zone
West-East trend, occur in its westernmost and
easternmost parts:
a/ the westernmost block is comprised
between the Gunung Ungaran faulted area and
the Tuntang Kanal/Salatiga network of deep-
seated faults. It has been displaced towards
the North as shown b y the northwards shift
of the anticlinorium axis in this area.
b/ in t h e easternmost part of the Kendeng
zone, East o! the Sumbersari - W. Kabuh
faults, t h e anticlinorium axis has also been
shifted towards the North b y t h e assumed
displacement of the basement in the same
direction. The northwards relative displace-
ment of this block would also be responsible
for the folding of the large Ngimbang anti-
cline which happens t o lie there, just N of t h e
easternmost Kendeng zone.
When considering the whole Kendeng zone,
the eastern part (E. of G. Pandan) appears
obviously t o b e less folded and faulted than
the central and western parts. This may b e
explained if admitting that, in this eastern
part, both t h e basement and the sedimentary
cover were almost simultaneously shifted
northwards during the orogenesis. As a con-
sequence, t h e south dipping basement slope,
though rather steep according to gravity data
(see fig. 3, section 6 ) , did not behave in this
area as an obstacle capable t o give rise t o a
strong folding in t h e sedimentary cover.
The northwards shift of the easternmost
block is assumed t o be responsible for a lateral
distension towards the NE of the adjacent
block extending between Kabuh and G. Pan-
dan. The distension caused the major deep-
seated open fault through which lavas out-
flowed and made up the Pandan volcanoe.
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79
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30

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