Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5 (2017) 4980–4985

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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jece

Research Paper

Starch extraction potential from plantain peel wastes MARK

a a b
Franklin Hernández-Carmona , Yeison Morales-Matos , Henry Lambis-Miranda ,
⁎
Jorgelina Pasqualinoc,
a
Process Engineering Program, Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, Sede A Barrio España Cr 44 D Nº 30A – 91, Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia
b
CIPTEC Research Group, Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, Sede A Barrio España Cr 44 D Nº 30A – 91, Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia
c
GIA Research Group, Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, Sede A Barrio España Cr 44 D Nº 30A – 91, Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The experimental conditions that increase the starch production yield from plantain peel wastes are evaluated in
Starch this research in order to determine how the extraction parameters, antioxidant concentration and immersion
Plantain time, affect the starch production yield and purity. The most favorable conditions are selected after two-way
Waste management ANOVA statistical analysis.
Wet extraction
The wet extraction method is used for starch extraction from Green plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels.
Balanced 4 × 4 factorial design was used for experimental design, with 4 ascorbic acid concentration levels, 4
immersion time levels, and 3 independent replications. The results were later analyzed with PAST v3.14 software
for statistical evaluation.
Moisture content in plantain peels was an average 87.16%. The starch yield varied from 3.25 to 9.49 g starch
(average 5.7 g) obtained from the original 150 g wet plantain peel samples, representing yields varying from
16.6 to 48.5% (average 29%) from dry mass. Higher starch yields are obtained with higher antioxidant con-
centrations, while immersion time has no-significant effect on the final yield. The starch purity degree varied
from 57.52% ± 0.48% to 69.9% ± 0.76%.
Starch extraction from plantain peel wastes has proven potential for waste use and obtaining value-added
products. Average starch yield was 29% (from dry mass), while purity reached almost 70%. Two-way ANOVA
analysis reflects the ascorbic acid concentration effect on starch yield while it demonstrates that there is no
significant interaction between ascorbic acid concentration and immersion time.

1. Introduction the residual peels as industrial wastes.

Farming and agricultural processing generate millions of tones/year
of residues which contain different amounts and quality of polymeric
components such as starch, sugar, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.
These wastes could be later used as native commodities for the pro-
duction of novel materials or new products for environmentally friendly
industrial applications after chemical modification [1,2].
The production of plantain and banana in Colombia is of great
importance because they are essential fruits in the Colombian family
basket and have high starch and potassium contents. Restaurants,
school/staff cafeterias, and fast food establishments generate large
amounts of plantain peel waste, mainly used in the preparation of
soups, fried slices (which are served with several traditional dishes),
and stuffed varieties. In addition, the Colombian industry produces and
commercializes sweet and salty varieties of packaged plantain fried
slices, which are locally consumed or exported, leaving in both cases
Several banana and plantain varieties are produced in Colombia,
mainly in Quindío and Caldas Departments (coffee-growing region),
and in the Urabá region (Antioquia Department) [3–6], sharing the first
positions of agricultural economy with coffee, palm oil, sugar cane, and
flowers. Due to little technification and inadequate product handling,
large quantities of post-harvest wastes are generated during the banana
and plantain harvest in Colombia, mainly containing partly green or
immature fruits, fruits with pathological or mechanical damages, dis-
carded fruits, as well as foliar waste, stalks, rachis, and fruit peels [4,5].
Plantain and banana harvest wastes are rich in starch, which has
numerous applications in the paper, textile, pharmaceutical (as ex-
cipient), adhesives, food (as thickener), water treatment (as coagulant),
and polymer industries. Starch can be extracted from plantain and
banana wastes for direct commercialization [4] or for other applica-
tions, such as water treatment [7] and polymerization [8–10]. The
starch content in the plantain fruit is approximately 70–80% (dry

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jpascualino@tecnologicocomfenalco.edu.co (J. Pasqualino).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.034
Received 30 June 2017; Received in revised form 25 August 2017; Accepted 16 September 2017
Available online 18 September 2017
2213-3437/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
F. Hernández-Carmona et al.
basis), while the peel may contain up to 50% [4,11–14]. As the fruit
ripens, starch breaks down into sugars, being green plantain richer in
starch, while ripe plantain and bananas are rich in sugars (up to 21%)
[11,13,15,16].
Starch composition varies from one plant species to another, being
usually a mixture of 15–30% amylose (linear, insoluble molecule) and
70–85% amylopectin (branched, water-soluble molecule). Higher
amylopectin content increases the adhesive properties, whereas amy-
lose increases the gelatinization capacity [2,7,10,11,17–19]. Nwokocha
and Williams [14] have found starch extraction yields of 4.51 and
6.82% in white and yellow plantain fruits respectively, with gelatini-
zation temperatures between 65 and 77 °C. The sugar content in plan-
tain fruits is mainly due to sucrose (66%), in addition to glucose and
fructose [16]. Plantain peels mainly contain cellulose (about 21%),
hemicellulose (about 8%), and lignin (about 18%), varying its compo-
sition depending on the species [6,20]. Among other uses, cellulose is
widely employed as a raw material to prepare a number of excipients
[1].
Although there are different starch extraction methods suitable to
different plant materials, not all of them are applicable to plantain and
banana species due to differences in composition. Methods that already
been implemented in plantain fruit wastes include dry extraction and
wet extraction [4,5,13]. The dry extraction method allows extracting up
to 49.62% of the starch from plantain pulp, while the wet extraction
yield reaches 56.76% of plantain starch and 73% of banana starch
[4,15,17].
The dry extraction method involves washing the fruit with water,
disinfecting with sodium hypochlorite (1%), peeling, citric acid (3%)
immersion, slicing, drying (40 °C, 10 h), grinding, and sieving [4,17].
The wet extraction method involves washing with water, disinfecting
with sodium hypochlorite (1%), peeling, slicing, immersion in ascorbic
acid (2%), sodium sulfate or citric acid (as an antioxidant), mashing to a
paste, 2nd washing and sieving, decanting, supernatant removal
(through decantation or centrifugation), 3rd washing and sieving,
drying (40 °C, 10 h), and final sieving [4,5,7,12–14,21]. Wet alkaline
extraction methods have been used for rice starch extraction [22]. The
water used within the extraction method later derives into a wastewater
rich in organic matter, with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) values. Physicochemical treatment,
including coagulation and flocculation followed by filtering, have been
implemented for starch extraction wastewater treatment, specifically in
the tapioca starch industries [23].
Biodegradable polymers of natural origin can be obtained from
different processes such as: extraction and plastification of agricultural
materials rich in cellulose and starch; microbial production (such as
PHA and PHB); chemical synthesis of source monomers (such as poly-
lactic acid); and chemical synthesis of synthetic monomers [24–26].
Biopolymers based on starch are the most promising because of the low
cost and high availability of raw material, which can be obtained di-
rectly from agricultural activities or from agricultural wastes. Starches
extracted from different vegetable sources (like corn, potato, wheat,
cassava, barley, and rice) can be used in the polymer industry as raw
material for biopolymers preparation or as an additive to improve
properties of conventional polymers. Starch-based biopolymers can also
be used to improve synthetic products and increase their biodegrad-
ability, and to produce superabsorbent polymers. Starch acid hydrolysis
allows its structural and functional modification, adjusting its digest-
ibility, biodegradability, and thermal and mechanical stability, so that
it can be used in the manufacture of specific products, such as nano and
microcapsules, applicable in drug delivery and sensory properties
concentration in foods [2,9,10,18,19,22,25,27–32].
In this paper, we evaluate the experimental conditions that increase
the starch production from plantain peel wastes using the wet extrac-
tion method. The specific objectives of the research are: to test the wet
extraction method for starch extraction from plantain peel wastes; to
determine how the extraction parameters affect the starch production
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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5 (2017) 4980–4985
yield and purity; and to select the most favorable conditions for starch
production from plantain peel wastes through statistical analysis.
2. Methodology
2.1. Materials
The raw material for starch extraction was green plantain (Musa
paradisiaca) peel, obtained from a local company that produces plantain
fried slices. The original sample contained 10 kg plantain peels, which
were processed immediately after peeling the fruits and separated in
150 g samples. Reagents (sodium hypochlorite 1% and ascorbic acid,
analytic grade) were obtained from local providers (Panreac and
AppliChem, respectively).
2.2. Extraction method
The wet extraction method was selected for plantain peels starch
extraction, as it reported higher starch yields than the dry method,
when implemented in plantain and banana fruits [4,15,17]. We fol-
lowed the procedure described in bibliography for starch extraction
from plantain fruit, banana and cassava [4,5,7,12–14,17,21], which
stars with the washing of the plantain peels in order to remove im-
purities. Washed peels were disinfected after 2 min immersion in NaClO
1% v/v solution. The peels were then sliced into 4 mm pieces prior to
immersion in antioxidant (ascorbic acid) solution in order to avoid the
effects of starch degradation under the action of the endogenous en-
zymes, with the consequent increase in the soluble sugar content
[21,33]. Antioxidant solution varied between 1, 2, 3, and 5% w/v while
immersion times were 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. The material was then
mashed with a grinder in order to obtain a paste, which was later fil-
tered and washed. The filtering and washing stage was repeated 4
times, each with 150 ml water. The wastewater from the washing stages
was subsequently treated by means of coagulation + flocculation
+ decanting [23] with combined aluminum salts, Al2O3 and Al2(SO4)3
(10,000 ppm solution, 15 ml/L dosage) in order to reduce turbidity and
organic content before disposal. Cellulose was obtained as a solid waste
from the filtering and washing stages. Although it was not processed
within this project, cellulose could be useful as a raw material for the
production of paper, textile, fiber board, and other industrial products.
Decanting was performed for 24 h in glass separating funnels. Vacuum
filtration was then applied to reduce the water content. The filters used
for vacuum filtration were grade 3 general purpose qualitative BOECO
filter discs (110 mm), with 5–10 μm pore size. The filtered material was
dried for 10 h at 40 °C and sieved [4,5,7,12–15,21,34,35].
2.3. Characterization
Moisture content in plantain peels was determined with a MB 45
OHAUS moisture analyzer. After extraction, the starch was character-
ized to determine the purity degree using methods AOAC 920.44, for
starch determination in baking powders by means of acid hydrolysis
[36] and AOAC 906.03, for invert sugar determination in sugars and
syrups by Munson-walker general method [37,38].
2.4. Experimental design
The starch yield was selected as the dependent variable while the
ascorbic acid concentration and the immersion time were selected as
the independent ones. A balanced 4 × 4 factorial design was used for
experimental design, with 4 ascorbic acid concentration levels (1, 2, 3,
and 5% w/v), 4 immersion time levels (5, 15, 30, and 60 min), and 3
independent replications taken at each of the 4 × 4 treatment combi-
nations. The design size was N = 4 × 4 × 3 = 48 [39,40].
The results were later analyzed with PAST v3.14 software [41] for
statistical evaluation. A two-way ANOVA test was performed to
F. Hernández-Carmona et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5 (2017) 4980–4985

Table 1 Descriptive statistical analysis and variance analysis (two-way

Starch production (g) results from 150 g wet plantain peel sample. ANOVA) were implemented for the analysis of the replicates starch
production (Table 1) with statistical software package PAST v3.14 [41]
Immersion time (min) Ascorbic acid concentration (%w/v)
to evaluate whether the ascorbic acid concentration and the immersion
1 2 3 5 time affect the starch yield and if there are interactions between them
(Table 2).
5 4.39 6.18 5.05 5.25
Before starting the ANOVA analysis, some tests were carried out to
3.93 4.36 4.26 6.35
5.55 5.96 5.30 5.96 check the data independence assumptions, data normality, and homo-
15 3.25 6.57 6.93 5.02 scedasticity [41,42]. It was concluded that the observations among and
4.45 6.97 5.61 6.97 within the treatment combinations are independent, while the response
4.95 6.47 4.68 9.49 is normally distributed and the variance of the response is the same for
30 3.92 3.59 6.71 6.83
each treatment combination.
3.50 7.58 5.25 7.59
5.40 5.33 4.66 5.33 The test for normality examined the standardized skewness (0.454)
60 5.14 7.32 7.85 5.91 and the Shapiro-Wilks test (0.985, p-value = 0.7493), indicating that
5.90 6.39 5.50 6.39 the data were statistically normal [40,41,43]. The normality of the
5.45 5.18 6.34 5.19
residuals is presented in Fig. 3. The test for homogeneity of variance
(Levene) was not significant, showing a p-value = 0.903, that indicates
evaluate whether the ascorbic acid concentration and the immersion that this assumption underlying the application of the two-way ANOVA
time affect the starch yield and if there are interactions between them. was met.
According to the F distribution values, F0.05,9,32 = 2.21 and
F0.05,3,32 = 2.92 [40], meaning that there is no significant interaction
3. Results and discussion between ascorbic acid concentration and immersion time, and that
there is no significant effect of immersion time while ascorbic acid
Moisture content in plantain peels was an average 87.16%. Green concentration has a significant effect on the final yield. It can then be
plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels were processed in 3 replicates for each rejected the ascorbic acid concentration null hypothesis and safely
run, for 48 trials total. The starch production results were compared as conclude that at least one of the population means across ascorbic acid
a function of immersion time and ascorbic acid concentration (Table 1). concentrations used is different from the rest. The ascorbic acid con-
The starch yield varied from 3.25 to 9.49 g starch (average 5.7 g) ob- centration is the direct indicator of the importance of the pH in this type
tained from the original 150 g wet plantain peel samples, representing of processes with products precipitation in aqueous medium, as the pH
yields varying from 16.6 to 48.5% (average 29%) from dry mass. can affect the physical properties and the chain structure of starch
Higher starch yields are obtained with higher antioxidant concentra- [44,45].
tions (Fig. 1), varying from an average 23.8% to 32.5% yield when
ascorbic acid concentration increases from 1%w/v to 5%w/v. This re-
flects the importance of the antioxidant effect on fresh peels that can 4. Conclusions
help stabilize starch content and stop starch breaking down into sugars
[21,33]. On the other hand, immersion time seems to have no-sig- Starch extraction from plantain peel wastes has proven potential for
nificant effect on the final yield for all antioxidant concentrations used waste recycling within agricultural activities and food processing in-
(Fig. 2), varying from an average 26.6% to 30.9% yield when immer- dustries and obtaining value-added products that could be implemented
sion time increases from 5 to 60 min. The starch obtained was char- in the paper, textile, pharmaceutical, adhesives, food, water treatment,
acterized for purity degree using methods AOAC 920.44 [36] and AOAC and biopolymer industries. The starch yield varied from 16.6 to 48.5%
906.03 [37], reaching maximum purity values from 57.52% ± 0.48% (average 29%) from dry mass (average moisture content 87.16%),
to 69.9% ± 0.76%. which is lower than that reported for the plantain fruit [14] if we

Fig. 1. Average starch yield as a function of ascorbic

acid concentration (%w/v).

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F. Hernández-Carmona et al. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 5 (2017) 4980–4985

Fig. 2. Average starch yield as a function of immer-

sion time (min).

Table 2 delaying the starch degradation to sugars. However, no significant ef-

Two-way ANOVA test for starch yield from plantain peel. fect from immersion time has been observed. Two-way ANOVA analysis
confirms the ascorbic acid concentration effect on starch yield while it
Variable source Square Degrees of Medium F p-value
summation freedom squares
demonstrates that there is no significant interaction between ascorbic
acid concentration and immersion time. Based on the statistical ana-
Time 5.60 3 1.87 1.499 0.2335 lysis, the most favorable conditions selected for wet starch extraction
Concentration 19.31 3 6.44 5.168 0.005016 from plantain peels are the 5%w/v ascorbic acid solution with 5 min
Interaction 8.72 9 0.97 0.777 0.6381
Error 39.86 32 1.25
immersion time. The starch obtained as a product from wet extraction
TOTAL 73.49 47 method has purity values ranging from 57.52% ± 0.48% to
69.9% ± 0.76%.
The washing stages in wet extraction method produce about 100 L
consider that the peels have higher moisture contents than the fruits. wastewater per kg starch, which is a considerable amount to consider
Higher starch yields are obtained from the plantain peels with higher water recycling possibilities for scale up. Thus, physicochemical treat-
antioxidant concentrations (5%w/v), reflecting that the ascorbic acid is ment consisting in coagulation + flocculation + decanting with

Fig. 3. Normal probability plot for residuals.

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F. Hernández-Carmona et al.
combined aluminum salts, Al2O3 and Al2(SO4)3 has been evaluated for
the wastewater in order to reduce both the water consumption (through
treated water recycling) and the wastewater effluent volume. Another
product obtained from the process is cellulose, as a waste from the
filtering and washing stages, which could be later used as a raw ma-
terial for the production of paper, textile, fiberboard, and other in-
dustrial products.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the support given by Fundación
Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco – Cartagena (Colombia), the
members of the Environmental Research Group (GIA), the Processes
Research Center (CIPTEC), Professor Luis Fernando Marín, and the
Environmental Engineering students Dagoberto Menco, Christian
Herrera, and Victor Sebastian Pérez. This work was funded by the
Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco – Cartagena
(Resolution #318 from October 28th 2014), as part of the project
“Production and characterization of vegetable biopolymers based on
banana and plantain peel wastes”.
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