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Drones At Home
Public Safety Drones
By Dan Gettinger April 2017
Drones are no longer a novelty item among law
enforcement and public safety departments. The Key Takeaways
same small unmanned aircraft systems that have
• At least 347 state and local police,
been popular among hobbyists and commercial
users are now sought after by a growing number of sheriff, fire, and emergency units in the
agencies throughout the United States. U.S. have acquired drones.
• Local law enforcement departments lead
Our research suggests that at least 347 state and public safety drone acquisitions.
local police, sheriff, fire, and emergency units have • Consumer drones are more common
acquired drones in the past several years. More among public safety units than
acquisitions took place in 2016 than in the previous specialized professional drones.
years combined, and the pace of acquisitions
shows no signs of slowing down. In a survey of
open source literature and public records, we have for drone use in this sector. In August 2012, the
assembled the most comprehensive, publicly-avail- International Association of Chiefs of Police
able account of law enforcement and public safety released a set of recommended guidelines for
departments that are reported to have acquired police departments seeking to acquire and use
drones. drones. In March 2013, the U.S. Senate Judiciary
Committee held a hearing on the use of drones by
Background law enforcement and privacy considerations. In
November 2016, the Police Foundation released
a publication that examined case studies and
Between 2006 and 2014, a handful of public safety provided guidance to law enforcement departments.
departments explored using drones. One of the In December, the International Fire Chiefs
first agencies to adopt the technology was the Los Association published the “UAS Toolkit,” a guide
Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. In 2006, to policies and procedures for first responder
the LASD tested a fixed-wing drone called the agencies seeking to acquire drones.
Octatron SkySeer. Departments in Gaston County,
North Carolina and Miami, Florida conducted Drones flown by public safety departments are
their own trials soon after. Most of the early considered by the Federal Aviation Administration
public safety drones were developed by small to be “public aircraft.” Prior to the implementation
companies and aimed at a specialized market.
Drone acquisitions by public safety departments
accelerated in 2014 with the introduction and Edited by Arthur Holland Michel. Erin
popularization of affordable, easy-to-use consumer O’Leary, Elizabeth Fitzgerald, and Karin
Roslund provided editorial support.
drones like the DJI Phantom. Maggie Barnett, Isobel Coen, John
McKeon, Minsup Kim, Clara Levy, and
Several organizations have sought to establish how Dylan Sparks provided research support.
public safety departments might acquire drones,
and have developed best practices guidelines We would like to thank Adam Messer for
his kind support.
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Drones At Home
of the Part 107 regulations for unmanned aircraft from private users or other agencies. For example,
systems, public safety departments had to apply we did not include a number of reports regarding a
for a Certificate of Authorization (COA) which public agency using a drone when it was not clear
required, among other things, that the drone whether that drone belonged to the department or
operator be a licensed pilot. Following the to a member or local volunteer. The dataset does
implementation of Part 107 in August 2016, first not cover drones owned by federal agencies, such
responders are able to operate drones either under as the Department of Homeland Security or by
Part 107 or by obtaining a COA. Like private drone civilian volunteer first responder groups.
Public Safety Drones
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Department Acquisitions By State
Findings
TX 28 SC 10 MA 6 KS 4
We found 347 U.S. police, sheriff, fire, and
emergency response units that have acquired drones CA 23 IL 9 MI 6 NJ 4
between 2009 and early 2017. AL 20 MN 9 OK 6 WA 4
WI 18 TN 9 OR 6 SD 3
Department Type OH 13 VA 9 UT 6 ME 2
Public Safety Drones
PA 13 IA 8 AZ 5 MD 2
Of the 347 first responder units in our dataset, 121
are sheriff’s offices, 96 are police departments, 69 GA 12 NC 8 CO 5 NV 2
are fire departments, 43 are other city or county LA 12 CT 7 DE 5 ND 2
government agencies, and 18 are statewide first NY 12 KY 7 ID 5 VT 1
responder departments. Some state and local FL 11 MO 7 MS 5 WY 1
governments in the list purchased drones to be used
by multiple first responder agencies. IN 11 AR 6 NE 5
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Top Models By Acquisition
Drones
We determined the drone make and model for DJI Phantom DJI Inspire
315 out of the 347 known departments. We found
35 different types of drones made by 23 drone 159 95
manufacturers. Drones made by DJI, the Chinese
manufacturer, were the most popular among Draganfly
DJI Matrice Draganflyer
agencies. Of the 315 departments for which we
Public Safety Drones
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Drones At Home
civil U.S. drone market. In the March 2016 report Plainfield Police Department, noting that drones
“Drones: Flying into the Mainstream,” analysts provide law enforcement with unique capabilities
at Goldman Sachs anticipated that high-end that are not possible with manned platforms like
commercial drone makers could find customers helicopters. In these and other cases, objections
in the police and first responder market. While to law enforcement drones have focused on the
this may have been true in the early years of law possibility that drones may be used to conduct
enforcement drone acquisitions, our research surveillance and on concerns that new technologies
suggests that most departments are choosing may be abused.
recognizable brands like DJI that have typically
marketed their drones to consumers and hobbyists. Another concern is that the drones may one day
be armed with lethal or less than lethal weapons.
While we were unable to find reliable information This issue was on display in 2015 when it was
for the majority of the departments on the means widely reported that the North Dakota Legislative
of acquisition, we did observe that 82 public safety Assembly had legalized armed police drones.
departments reportedly acquired a drone through We did not observe any public safety department
either a donation, grant, or special fund such as that has equipped a drone with anything other
civil forfeiture. Some of the donations have been than cameras. That said, as unmanned systems
from organizations, such as Alabama’s Alzheimer’s capabilities and technology advances, it will be
Outreach Group, who believe that drones could important to track how other payloads such as
be useful in aiding their causes. In other cases, emerging imaging sensors affect public safety
such as that of the Wrightsville Beach Fire and missions.
New Hanover County Emergency Management
departments, the drones were provided by According to a 2017 Rasmussen poll, Americans
manufacturers like DJI. are largely divided on police drones, with 36
percent in favor and 39 percent against. In some
As with other video technologies such as states and municipalities, law enforcement
body-worn cameras, some law enforcement departments are subject to restrictions on drone
drone acquisitions have been controversial. After acquisitions and operations. According to research
purchasing a pair of Draganflyer X6 drones in compiled by the National Conference of State
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Drones At Home
Legislatures, 18 states require law enforcement at night. According to the FAA’s online database,
to obtain a search warrant before using a drone it has granted six public safety departments special
for surveillance or a search. We have found drone waivers to operate at night as of late January 2017.
acquisitions by law enforcement departments in 16
of these 18 states. Some states have other standards In addition to reported drone acquisitions, we
for public agency drone use, such as reporting have also previously documented the acquisition
requirements and data retention timelines. of unmanned ground vehicles by close to 300
Public Safety Drones
Chula Vista Police and the Chino Police, began Adams County Sheriff's
Washington DJI Inspire
Office
engaging and informing the community about
Adams County Sheriff's
public safety drones months ahead of when they Office
Wisconsin DJI Inspire
intended to acquire one. The publication of records QuadRotor
Alameda County Sher- Aircover,
such as flight logs could help provide the public iff’s Office
California
DJI
QR425,
Phantom
with concrete examples of how and when drones
Albemarle County
will be used by first responders. Sheriff's Office
Virginia
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Department
Hazardous Incident Connecticut DJI Phantom
Cowlitz County Sher- Response Team
Washington DJI Inspire
iff's Office
Florence County Emer-
Crestview Police De- South Carolina
Florida DJI Inspire gency Response Team
partment
Flowood Police De-
Crossville Police De- Mississippi DJI Phantom
Tennessee DJI Inspire partment
partment
Footville Fire Depart-
Cullman Police Depart- Wisconsin Yuneec Q500
Alabama DJI Phantom ment
ment
Forest County Sheriff's
Cuyahoga Community Wisconsin
Office
College Police Depart- Ohio DJI Phantom
ment Fort Worth Fire Depart- Physical
Texas InstantEye
ment Sciences Inc
Dale County Sheriff's
Alabama Freeborn County Sher-
Office Minnesota
iff's Office
Dallas County Sheriff's
Alabama DJI Inspire Fremont Police Depart-
Department Ohio
ment
Dane County Emergen-
Wisconsin DJI Phantom Gadsden Police Depart- AeroViron-
cy Management Alabama Wasp III
ment ment
Darke County Sheriff’s
Ohio DJI Inspire Galena Fire Department Kansas Parrot Bebop
Office
Dayton Fire Depart- Georgia Department of Inspire,
Ohio Yuneec Typhoon H Georgia DJI
ment Public Safety Phantom
Delaware County Sher- Leptron
Oklahoma DJI Phantom Golden Police Depart-
iff's Office Colorado Industrial RDASS
ment
Delaware Department Helicopters
Delaware DJI Inspire
of Transportation Goliad County Sheriff's
Texas DJI Phantom
Delaware State Fire Office
Delaware DJI Inspire
School Grand Isle County
Vermont DJI Phantom
Dodge County Sheriff's Sheriff's Department
Wisconsin
Office Grand Traverse County
Michigan DJI Phantom
Douglas County Sher- Sheriff's Office
Minnesota MAXSUR Seeker
iff's Office Granite City Police
Illinois
Dover Police Depart- Department
Delaware DJI Phantom
ment Grant County Sheriff's
Washington DJI Phantom
Dover Township Fire Office
Pennsylvania DJI Phantom
Department Grant Parish Sheriff's
Louisiana DJI Phantom
Duluth Police Depart- Office
Georgia DJI Inspire
ment Greeley Police Depart-
Colorado DJI Phantom
Dunwoody Police ment
Georgia DJI Inspire
Department Greenfield Police
Indiana DJI Phantom
East Baton Rouge Par- Inspire, Department
Louisiana DJI
ish Sheriff's Office Phantom Greensburg Fire De-
Pennsylvania DJI Phantom
Edmonson County partment
Kentucky
Sheriff's Office Greenville County
South Carolina DJI Inspire
Effingham County Sheriff's Office
Emergency Manage- Illinois DJI Phantom Leptron
Guernsey County Sher-
ment Agency Ohio Industrial RDASS
iff's Office
El Dorado County Dis- Helicopters
California DJI Phantom
trict Attorneys Office Gulfport Fire Depart-
Mississippi
Elmira Police Depart- ment
New York DJI Phantom
ment
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Copyright © 2017 Center for the Study of the Drone. All Rights Reserved.
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