ABSTRACT

The study was conducted in Bagamoyo district at Dunda ward. The main objective of the
study was to determine the contribution of small-scale fisheries in poverty alleviation to
communities in Bagamoyo district. The data were obtained from both primary and
secondary sources of information; those data were collected through questionnaires and
interviews. The collected data were analyzed by using statistical package for social
sciences (SPSS) version 12.0 where 40 respondents were interviewed 20 respondents
from Kaole village and other 20 respondents from Dunda village.

The study identifies factors that lead to decrease income of small scale fisheries and the
measures to overcome those problems. The findings reveals that poor technology and
poor knowledge and skills are major source of decreasing income for the small scale
fisheries in Bagamoyo district, followed by lack of training opportunities, lack of better
fishing vessels and gears, and inadequate processing and storing materials. The study
recommended the improvement in fishing vessels and gears, providing trainings, so as to
overcome the problem of decreasing the level of incomes in contribution of the fisheries
in poverty alleviation.

DECLARATION

i
I, Joackim Casmir, do hereby declare to the senate of Sokoine University of agriculture
that this special project is my own original work, and has not been submitted for a degree
in any other university.

……………………… ………………...................
Joackim Casmir.
(B.A. Candidate) Date.

…………………………. …………………………..
Ms F.M. Mapunda.
(Supervisor) Date.

COPYRIGHT

ii
No part of this dissertation may be produced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted
in any form or by any means without prior permission of the author or Sokoine
University of Agriculture in that behalf.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii
It was not possible to accomplish this work without support from different persons and
institutions. Therefore, I am taking this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to
my supervisor Ms F.M. Mapunda for her highly constructive guidance, comments,
suggestions, and encouragements.

I also wish to express my special thanks to the Higher Education Students Loans Board
for financing my work and Bagamoyo district council fisheries department for guidance
though the accomplishing the work.

I, further, would like to thank all my classmates at SUA for their enduring support both
materially and morally.

I further convey many thanks to the local authorities of Dunda ward and its villages
Dunda and Kaole, the WEO, VEO and all community members for their cooperation
during data collection at their area.

Finally, I express my heartily gratitude to my parents Dr. Joackim S.A Materu and Mrs
Devotha Materu who have been my number ones through my academic life.

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 DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my beloved father and mother, Mr. and Mrs. Joackim S.A.
Materu and all relatives who laid out the foundation of my future. May the blessing of the
Almighty GOD be upon them.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................................I
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................................I
COPYRIGHT................................................................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................................III
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................................V
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................VI
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS.....................................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION........................................................................................................................1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM......................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Justification of the Problem..........................................................................................................2
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................................3
1.3.1General objective .........................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives.........................................................................................................................3
1.3.3 Research questions........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................................4
2.1 Small-scale fisheries.........................................................................................................................4
2.2 POVERTY..................................................................................................................................................4
2.3 POVERTY ALLEVIATION...............................................................................................................................4
2.4 FISHERIES IN TANZANIA..............................................................................................................................5
2.5 FISHERIES IN BAGAMOYO............................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................................7
METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................................7
3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION FOR THE RESEARCH AREA........................................................................................7
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGNS...................................................................................................................................7
3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE.......................................................................................................7
3.4 DATA COLLECTION....................................................................................................................................7
3.4.1 Primary data..................................................................................................................................7
3.4.2 Secondary data. ............................................................................................................................8
3.5 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................9
THE STUDY RESULTS AND DISCUSION...............................................................................................9
4.0. OVERVIEW...............................................................................................................................................9
4.1 FISHER’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC..........................................................................................................................9
4.1.1 Sex and marital status.................................................................................................................10
4.1.2 Age, household size and employment of the respondents............................................................11
4.1.3 Education level............................................................................................................................11
4.2 TECHNOLOGY USED FOR FISHING ACTIVITIES IN BAGAMOYO............................................................................11
4.2.1 Types of fishing vessels used by fishers at the study area...........................................................11
4.2.2 Fishing gears used by respondent ..............................................................................................12
4.2.3. Storage facilities and processing technology.............................................................................13
4.3 CONTRIBUTION OF FISHING SECTOR TOWARDS EMPLOYMENT AND INCOMES IN BAGAMOYO DISTRICT......................14
4.3.1 Costs and benefits earned by the respondents.............................................................................15
4.3.2 Relationship of the fisheries activities to other sector................................................................15
4.4 POTENTIAL MARKET FOR FISHERIES IN BAGAMOYO........................................................................................16
4.4.1 Common commercial fish species at the markets at the study area............................................17
4.4.2 Distribution in kg of fish catches and sells per day....................................................................17

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 4.4.3 Permanence of customers of the respondents.............................................................................17
CHAPTER FIVE..........................................................................................................................................19
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION.............................................................................................19
5.1 CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................................19
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................................19
REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................................21

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1: AGE, EDUCATION LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, SEX, MARITAL STATUS AND
EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE RESPONDENTS (N=40)......................................................10
TABLE 2: TYPE OF FISHING VESSELS AND THEIR CONDITIONS USED BY
RESPONDENTS (N=40)..............................................................................................................................12
TABLE 3: TYPE OF FISHING GEARS USED BY RESPONDENTS (N=40)......................................13

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TABLE 4: STORAGE FACILITIES TO PRESERVE FRESH FISH USED BY RESPONDENTS
(N=40)............................................................................................................................................................13
TABLE 5: STATUS OF RESPONDENTS ON FISHING VESSELS (N=40)........................................14
TABLE 6: WEEKLY EARNINGS OF THE RESPONDENTS IN TAS (N=40)...................................15
TABLE 7: COST INCURRED FOR PRODUCTION AND BENEFITS TO THE RESPONDENTS
(N=40)............................................................................................................................................................15
TABLE 8: DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRICING STRATEGY OF THE RESPONDENTS ON
SELLING THEIR PRODUCTS (N=40)....................................................................................................17
TABLE 9: DISTRIBUTION OF THE AVERAGE KG OF FISH SOLD PER DAY BY
RESPONDENTS (N=40)..............................................................................................................................17
TABLE 10: PERMANENCE OF THE CUSTOMERS OF THE RESPONDENTS (N=40).................18

LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
PRS poverty reduction strategy
TCMP Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership
WB World Bank
GDP gross domestic product

viii
GEF Global Environment Facility
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
HESLB Higher Education student Loan Board
URT united republic of Tanzania
HP Horse power
TAS Tanzanian shillings
NGO Non Governmental Organization
DSI Development Studies Institute
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background information

Globally more than one billion people are living in less than US$1 a day and 840 million
people are classified as undernourished (millennium declaration, 2000). As a result in a
resent years there have been a re-focusing on poverty by many Non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), academicians, development practitioners, governments and donor
agencies (FAO, 2005). Poverty alleviation is a major concern to many developing
countries including Tanzania. Poverty can be alleviated mainly through achieving higher
growth of fishing sector and ensure that the poor have a share on that growth (Sinclair,
1998).
In Tanzania, the role of fishing in national development, both from poverty alleviation
point of view and from national economic perspective, poses some interesting concerns.
Fishing has been regarded as one of the most important activities, which from the basis
of livelihood of household living along the coast (United Nations, 1992, and
Coughanowr, 1995) Demand for fish in Tanzania has increased due the population
increase of people living into the coast areas and with the expansion of tourism activities
(Francis, and Bryceson, 2001) As a result, the number of households participating in
fishing has increased due to high prices driven by high demand of both fish and fish
products (Bagachwa and Maliyamkono, 1994). The fisheries products are important
exports products, creating earnings of US$ 12.0 million for Tanzanian mainland and US$
0.6 for Zanzibar (Jiddawi, 2001), although recently Tanzania has witnessed a poor
performance of fishery productivity, in terms of production per unit efforts. The reason
being that the sector is characterized by open access where there is crowding of efforts to
coastal inshore waters. There is often very little precise information about the really
contribution of small-scale fisheries to livelihoods and economies in developing
countries, and although many small scale fishing communities are poor and vulnerable,
it is now widely acknowledged that small scale fisheries can generate significant profits,
prove resilient to shocks and crises, and make meaningful contributions to poverty
alleviation( Kurien, 1982)
Along the coastal regions fisheries the contribution of fisheries to human well being
and poverty alleviation is poorly understood because of several reasons such as poorly or

1
 non existent system of collecting catch statistics, the direct and indirect contribution of
small scale fisheries at the local and household level to reduce vulnerability and safety-
net to prevent falling into poverty are poorly understood and The value of the catch, cost
of production, number of people employed in production and whether the catch has been
produced by large-scale or small-scale fisheries is very rarely collected systematically in
fisheries statistical systems (Kurien, 1982)

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Fishing sector is an important source of livelihood for the majority of the coastal
households but it has faced a number of problems. These include poor and inefficient
fishing gears and vessels, lack of capital, lack of alternative employment opportunities,
poor fisheries management, poor technology and assets endowment, poor fishing
households, limited access to better market coupled with poor handling facilities, poor
infrastructure and high post-harvest losses (Semesi, et al, 1998). Small-scale fisheries are
critical for food security and poverty alleviation in many countries. (FAO, 2005).

1.2.1 Justification of the Problem

Various initiatives for Example poverty reduction strategy in Tanzania (PRS) through
the effort to conserve fisheries resources and improve the welfare of small-scale fishing
households, Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (TCMP) through the local
integrated coastal management action planning and Tanzanian Marine and Coastal
Environment Management project Which aim at promoting coastal resource management
and improving quality of life and social wellbeing of coastal households (World Bank,
2005). All the initiatives have been undertaken to ensure that fishing activities bring
about economic, social, nutritional benefits and making small-scale fishing households
more efficient, (Allison, 2001). Still the communities are facing the array of those serious
problems. This study will enable policy makers to develop efficient policies targeting
coastal resources conservation and households’ welfare. Empirical studies suggest that
productivity in fishing depends on the fishing households’ preferences, technology,
assets endowments (physical, financial, human and social), and available infrastructure
(Gaertner, etal, 1999)
This research can also help government strategies for the development of small-scale
fisheries in coastal regions in term of social services (health, education, housing and

2
 water), ownership (of boats, gears etc) income level and distribution, power structure in
the fishing community, participation by fishermen organization and status of women.

1.3 Research Objectives

1.3.1General objective
Generally the study has an intention to determine the contribution of small-scale fisheries
in poverty alleviation to communities in Bagamoyo district.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

Specifically, the study wishes to address the following issues

1. To identify and describe fishing technology used in Bagamoyo

2. To asses the contribution of fisheries activities on livelihood of fisheries in the
area
3. To examine the potential market for fisheries in Bagamoyo

1.3.3 Research questions

The study was guided by the following questions
1. What type of technology are they using for fishing activities on the study area?
2. What is the contribution of the fishing sector in the study area towards
employment and incomes?
3. What linkages are there between fishing and other sectors of the economy in the
study area?
4. What other activities are being done rather than fishing on the study area?
5. What type of the market fisheries are experiencing on the study area?

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Small-scale fisheries.

FAO, (2003) define Small-scale fisheries as labor-intensive, and are conducted by
artisanal craftsmen whose level of income, mechanical sophistication, quantity of
production, fishing range, political influence, market outlets, employment and social
mobility and financial dependence keep them subservient to the economic decisions and
operating constraints placed upon them by those who buy their production.

2.2 Poverty
Poverty is economic condition in which people lack sufficient income to obtain certain
minimal levels of health services, food, housing, clothing, and education generally
recognized as necessary to ensure an adequate standard of living. What is considered
adequate, however, depends on the average standard of living in a particular society
(Encarta, 2005).

2.3 Poverty alleviation.

Poverty alleviation may be used as an inclusive term encompassing poverty reduction
and poverty prevention. Poverty reduction is a process through which people are
becoming measurably better off over time due to their involvement/investment in
fisheries activities. Poverty reduction, therefore, refers to a situation where wealth is
generated and capital accumulated through capital and labor investment, thus helping to
lift people out of poverty in all its dimensions. There are three economic levels at which
poverty reduction can occur:
1. Wealth generation at the household level and its distribution within
households – to men, women and children,
2. Development at the community level, and
3. Economic growth at the national level.
Poverty prevention refers to the role of fisheries Activities in helping people to
maintain a minimum standard of living (even when is below a given poverty line) and
which help helps them to survive.

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2.4 Fisheries in Tanzania
The fisheries sector is almost entirely dominated by small scale, poor fishing households
who produce 95% of total marine catch in Tanzania (Semesi, et al., 1998). The
contribution of marine fishery to the GDP varies between 2.1-5.0% for Tanzania
mainland and 2.2-10.4% in Zanzibar (Jiddawi, and Öhman, 2002). Fish caught in
Tanzania is primarily consumed on the home market; where per capital consumption has
been estimated to be between 25-30 kg person (Jiddawi, 2001). The fisheries products are
important exports products, creating earnings of US$ 12.0 million for Tanzanian
mainland and US$ 0.6 for Zanzibar (Jiddawi, 2001).
The demand for fish in Tanzania is increasing due to the increase in population living
along the coast and with the expansion of tourism activities (Francis, and Bryceson,
2001). As a result, the number of households participating in fishing is increasing due to
high prices driven by high demand of both fish and fish products (Bagachwa, and
Maliyamkono, 1994). However, recently Tanzania has witnessed a poor performance of
fishery productivity, in terms of production per unit efforts. This is attributed to the lack
of technical skills and capital on the fishing households’ side to go beyond the inshore
waters. The intensity has been increasing in the inshore waters and leads to over fishing
(Jiddawi, 2001).
Sustainable development in the small-scale fishery sector, associated with increased
income of households participating in fisheries is one of the major targets of the national
plans. In addition to this, the World Bank has recently launched a new grant within the
Global Environment Facility (GEF) for the Tanzanian Marine and Coastal Environment
Management project (WB, 2009). The project aims at promoting coastal resource
management and improving quality of life and social wellbeing of coastal households.

2.5 Fisheries in Bagamoyo

Bagamoyo district consist of nine coastal villages, which have around 650 small-scale
fishers. Artisanal fishing is by far the most important economic activity for the people in
these villages and 70-80% of the men and women are to some extent involved in the
fishing industry. Other occupations include boat building, salt making, charcoal making,
mangrove pole cutting, seaweed farming, house building, wage labour, livestock, and
traditional medicine. Women traditionally play a role in fish processing and do little
fishing individually. Their fishing includes collecting bi-valves and catching shrimp and
fish with nets in shallow water (Elin, 2004)

5
The most common commercial reef species in the area are Rabbitfish (Tasi), Parrotfish
(Pono), Emperor (Changu), and Barracuda (Mzia). Community Based Ecological
Monitoring, Interviews with fishers in 1996 revealed that stocks of prawns, fish, crabs,
sea cucumbers, and mollusks had declined dramatically over the past 30-40 years.

Challenges facing fishing sector are over-harvesting of resources, trampling by fishers

during shell and sea cucumber collection, destruction by anchors, and dynamite fishing
contributed to declining stocks (Semesi, et al., 1999). One key event was the introduction
of trawling in the mid-1970s, which in turn influenced the introduction of dynamiting
among artisanal fishers. The number of licensed fishermen in the district rose from 780 in
1988 to 1918 in 2004. Fishermen report that the daily catch per artisanal fisherman has
declined from approximately 75kg in1985 to 25kg in 2004. At the same time, they
noticed a decrease in fish size (TCMP, 2005). The number of traditional vessels in the
district has increased from 120 in 1996 to 368 in 2005. Vessels used in Bagamoyo are
dhows, boats, and outrigger canoes. Very few boats are motorized and most use sails for
propulsion. At the market, on average, fishers sell their catch for approximately 1,200
Tsh per kilogram. This is the same price that fishers receive for cultured milkfish in
Mkuranga. (TCMP, 2005)

6
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Geographical location for the research area

Bagamoyo is a large district located just north of the Kibaha District and Dar es Salaam it
is 75 km from Dar es Salaam city, located at 60 26’ 0” south and 380 54’ 0”East. The total
population of the district is around 230,000 persons, with an annual growth rate of almost
2%. Bagamoyo is a relatively large district (almost 10,000 square kilometers) and it has
16 wards and 78 villages. There are 9 coastal villages and the Bagamoyo town, which
recently became upgraded to a township, (Elin, 2004). Economic activities practiced in
Bagamoyo are fishing, tourism and agriculture. The research was conducted at Dunda
ward

3.2 Research Designs

A cross-sectional research was used in this study. The cross-sectional research design
allows data to be collected at a single point in one time and used in descriptive study
where relationships of variables can be made, (Bailey, 1994). The cross sectional
research design was considered favorable because of resources limitations and time for
data collection.

3.3 Sampling Technique and sample size.

Two villages were purposively selected, fisheries households were chosen by using
snowballing technique, after fishing household been identified the selection of the
respondent(s) from the household were purposively done, in each village, 20 households
were chosen. Thus, the sample size comprised 40 respondents (fishing households)

3.4 Data Collection

3.4.1 Primary data

Secondary data were collected in order to supplement primary data. The primary data
was collected at Dunda ward using structured questionnaires. The primary data consisted
information on income levels, technologies, market types, economic activities and
employment activities of the respondents.

7
 3.4.2 Secondary data.
Secondary data was collected through internet, journals, Magazines, and books.

3.5 Data processing and analysis.

Data analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS),
version twelve. Descriptive statistics used to obtain frequencies, means, percentage,
range and standard deviations for various activities, social economic factors and
preferred prevalence. Data collected was coded and summarized prior to analysis

8
 CHAPTER FOUR

THE STUDY RESULTS AND DISCUSION

4.0. Overview
This section presents results and discussion of the findings obtained from the field
research titled contribution of small scale fisheries in poverty alleviation along the Coast
region: a case study of Bagamoyo district.
The primary data discussed were gathered using structured questionnaires and
unstructured interviews prepared and administered according to the research objectives.
Secondary data were also gathered from readings, internet and relevant documents. The
findings are based on the specific objectives of the research outlined in the section.
• To identify and describe fishing technology used in Bagamoyo
• To asses the contribution of fisheries activities on livelihood of fisheries in the
area
• To examine the potential market for fisheries in Bagamoyo

4.1 Fisher’s socio-economic

The socio-economic characteristics of fisher’s examined in this study were sex, age,
household size, educational level employment or occupation. The purpose of choosing
this characteristics was to get the general overview of what the respondents are composed
of and how could that influence fisheries practices towards poverty alleviation in the
study area.

9
Table 1: age, education level, household size, sex, marital status and employment
activities of the respondents (n=40)

Variables Characteristics number Percent (%)

Age (in years) 19-35years 24 60
36-51years 16 40

Education level no formal education 14 35.0

primary school 22 55.0
secondary school 1 2.5
other 3 7.5
Household size 1-4 persons 17 47.5
5-8 persons 19 42.5
9-12 persons 4 10
Sex Male 40 100
female 0 0
Marital status Single 12 30
Married 24 60
Separated 4 10
Employment activities Fishing 21 52.5
Fishing and farming 12 30
Fishing and small 7 17.5
businesses
Total 40 100

4.1.1 Sex and marital status

Table 1. Shows sex and marital status of the fishers in the study area. Of the 40 fishers
were interviewed. 100% (percent) were males. Females were not involving in fishing
activities despite the fact that they are key players in some of small businesses activities
such as fried fish vendors and food vendors around the study area. The reason behind is
that the study targeted the households involving in fisheries and find that all the targeted
households were males headed.
The findings also shows that 30% of the respondents were single, 60% married and 10%
were divorced or separated

10
 4.1.2 Age, household size and employment of the respondents
The study found age distribution of the fishers varying from 19- 51years. The mean age
was 34 years. This implies that most of the fishers are in economically productive age
and they have great experience on fishing activities due to the hardness of the work itself.

According to Mandara (1998) and Mtenga (1999), household members are considered
economically productive from the age of 16 to 64 years. The age group below 16 years
are children whom some attend schools and others too young to participate in fishing
activities. The age group above 64 years is considered less economically active because
the members are too old
The mean household size was 5.0 persons. The smallest household had 1 person while
the largest has 12 people according to the study. The reported mean is slightly higher
than that of 4.4 persons reported in the recent past National Population and Housing
Census of 2002. (URT, 2002) in Bagamoyo district. The fisher’s household sizes
according to the study range from 1 person per household to 12 persons.
The result also shows that 52.2 percent were fishers only, 30 percent were fishers and at
the same time they do farming and 17.5 percent they do fishing and small businesses.

4.1.3 Education level

Education level of the respondents as shown in table 1. Majority 55% had primary
education, 35% no formal education, 2.5 secondary education and 7.5% other
education which is madrasa education ( Muslims religious schools) there were no
respondents with a university education. Except for the 35% who had no formal
education, most of the respondents were educated. This implies that, the introduction of
various fisheries innovations in the study area are likely to be achieved because the
majority could not only trained by experts but also read from books and newsletters.

4.2 Technology used for fishing activities in Bagamoyo

Technology used for fishing activities examined in this study are, types of fishing
vessels used for fishing at the study area, major types of fishing gears used, storage
facilities and processing technology.

4.2.1 Types of fishing vessels used by fishers at the study area

Table 2. Shows major types of fishing vessels mainly used at the study area. The result
shows that 52.5 % of the fishers use small fishing boats which can board about 10 to 30

11
fishers (passengers) mainly with outboard engines. 32.5% of the fishers uses artisanal
dugout canoes which are usually not motorized, they use either paddle or sails for
propulsion. 15% of the respondents use dhows by which very few use inboard engines
and other use outboard engines with sails for propulsion. According to Elin, (2005) the
number of traditional vessels in Bagamoyo district has increased from 120 in 1996 to 368
in 2005. Vessels used in Bagamoyo are dhows, boats, and outrigger canoes. Very few
boats are motorized and most use sails for propulsion. According to fisheries department
in Bagamoyo district, fisheries report, (2009) the number of fishers has increased to
2,017 fishers. 406 fishing vessels and 2 278 different fishing gears. According to fishers
themselves they claim that their vessels cannot sail in waters more than 5 km. because of
the condition into the ocean of wind and waves. Most fishers mentioned other type
fishing take place at the area is that of using canoes and long lines, they have to wake up
very early in the morning to start fishing and used to land at the market area during noon
hours. Another fishers says that “at Bagamoyo there is no fisher who use larger boats
with powerful machinery capable of sailing for long distances and fish large fishes like
barracuda”

Table 2: type of fishing vessels and their conditions used by respondents (n=40)

Fishing vessels Number of Number of not Total number Percent (%)

motorized motorized
boats 21 0 21 52.5
canoes 0 13 13 32.5
dhows 3 3 6 15

Total 24 16 40 100
4.2.2 Fishing gears used by respondent
The main fishing gears used at the study area is gill nets, fish traps, beach seine and long
lines for catching fin fish and other kind of fish. The study shows that 50% of the fishers
at the study area use gill nets, 22.5% long lines, 15% fish traps, 7.5% beach seine and 5%
hand lines. This implies that many fishers use gill nets which resulting to good catch than
others. At the study area I did not observe fishers using trawl nets. According to fisheries
act No. 22of 2003 and fisheries regulation of 2009, trawlers of more than 500 HP and/or
more than 150 GRT are not allowed to fish in the territorial waters. The trawl nets used
for shrimp fishing have to conform to a specified mesh size both for the wings and for the

12
cod end. Traps are used in the coral reef fishery. According to the Fisheries Act No. 22 of
2003 and the Fisheries Regulations 2009, no person is allowed to use or cause use of
trawl nets with mesh size of less than two inches or forty five millimeters for fishing
prawns in marine waters except for approved research and training purposes.

Table 3: type of fishing gears used by respondents (n=40)

Fishing gears Frequency Percent (%)

long lines 9 22.5
Beach seine 3 7.5
hand lines 2 5.0
fish traps 6 15.0
gill nets 20 50.0
Total 40 100.0

4.2.3. Storage facilities and processing technology

The study indicates that the major storage facilities used to preserve fresh fish at the stud
area are refrigerators, ice boxes and salting. The study shows that 7.5% of the
respondents use refrigerators, 55% use ice boxes and 5% use salt to preserve fresh fishes.
This implies that those use refrigerators can preserve for longer period of time while
those who use ice boxes and salting cannot preserve more than 12 hours of time.
According to the study none of the respondent is doing any kind of processing such as
industrial processing.

Table 4: storage facilities to preserve fresh fish used by respondents (n=40)

Storage facility number Percent

refrigerators 3 7.5
ice box 22 55.0
non 13 32.5
other 2 5.0
Total 40 100.0

13
4.3 Contribution of fishing sector towards employment and incomes in Bagamoyo
district
The study shows that about 65% of the respondents are employed on fishing activities
due to the fact that they did not own fishing vessels and 35% are employers on that sector
because they own fishing vessels. The Fisheries Sector in Tanzania employs about 150
000 full time artisanal fishermen. About other 2.0 million people make their livelihoods
through various fisheries-related activities. Such activities include boat building, net
mending, fish processing, food vending and other petty business. Fisheries ministry,
(2006)

Table 5: status of respondents on fishing vessels (n=40)

status number Percent

owners 14 35.0
employees 26 65.0
Total 40 100.0

Also the study shows that all the fishers depends on fishing as the major source of
income than other sources indicated such as farming, livestock keeping and petty
businesses. According to this study one fisher is estimated to earn an average of TAS 39
200 per week on which the minimum value TAS 20 000 and the maximum value of TAS
75 000 and also according to those earnings from selling their catch they have to pay
10% of what they get as government tax and 20% as the activity running costs. Thus
according to those estimates a fisher is ending up on earning an average of TAS 4 000
per day. Other fisheries related activities which employ many people in Bagamoyo
include, boat building, net mending, fish processing, food vendors and other petty
business.
Various fishers indicated that “many of the fishers along the coastal region do not do the
fisheries activities by their own will or inheriting the activities from their parents, factors
enforcing them to do the activities are their poor knowledge, skills and education levels
which did not allow them to do other income generating activities. So they have to
practice the job because it does not require any skills but physical abilities”

14
Table 6: weekly earnings of the respondents in TAS (n=40)

Earnings in TAS number Percent (%)

20 000 - 35 000 19 47.5
36 000 - 50 000 17 42.5
51 000 - 65 000 1 2.5
66 000 - 75 000 3 7.5
Total 40 100

4.3.1 Costs and benefits earned by the respondents

The study shows only 12.5% of the respondents earn benefits through fishing activities,
62.5% they are not earning benefits and 25% they are somehow earn some benefits. This
implies that those fishers owning motorized and larger vessels are those owning good
incomes but those who use poor vessels such as canoes earn nothing but only for
consumption. According to Ellin (2006) most of the fishers are married and they live
together with their larger extended families, with very poor standard of living due to poor
fluctuation incomes from the fishing sector. They would not like to inherit fishing
activities to their generation until the sector is improve and brings better incomes. This
implies that the incomes they earn do not sustain their daily basic needs.

Table 7: cost incurred for production and benefits to the respondents (n=40)

variables number Percent (%)

yes 5 12.5
no 25 62.5
somehow 10 25.0
Total 40 100.0

4.3.2 Relationship of the fisheries activities to other sector

The Fisheries Department collects revenues from the sector activities at different levels
of the government. The money collected is used to develop the sector in terms of
management, training and monitoring of the resource utilization. Some of the revenue is
also used for human resource development in the fisheries sector. In food security

15
 Tanzania fish and fisheries products provide about 27% of total animal protein (fisheries
country profile, 2007)

4.4 Potential market for fisheries in Bagamoyo

In examining the potential market for the fisheries in Bagamoyo this study has describe
types of market fisheries experiencing, permanence of the fish market, major commercial
species at the market and amount of fish caught and sold per day at the study area.
According to this study the 40 respondents (fishers) interviewed sell their products to
individuals, usually retailers, food vendors and individuals who purchase the products at
the landing site market, Table 5 shows the pricing strategy used when selling their fish.
The study shows that 75% sell their fish according to size and type of fish, 20%
according to type of fish and 5% according to size of fish only. The main consumer
markets for fish and fisheries products from at the study area are domestic markets
mainly for family consumption. The study also shows that very few retailers purchase the
products to transport them for sale to far markets such as that of Dar es Salaam.

16
Table 8: distribution of the pricing strategy of the respondents on selling their
products (n=40)

Pricing strategy Number Percent (%)

according to size of fish 2 5.0
according to type of fish 8 20.0
according size and type of
30 75.0
fish
Total 40 100.0

4.4.1 Common commercial fish species at the markets at the study area
The most common commercial species of fishes caught and sold at Bagamoyo market
are Rabbit fish (Tasi), Parrotfish (Pono), Emperor (Changu), Barracuda (Mzia/Msusa),
rock cod (chewa), sweetlips (mchone), snapper (change), half beaks (chuchunge), ray
(bobwe, taa), cat fish (hongwe),‘ snapper (janja), mackerel (kibua), Jacks( kolekole), goat
fish (mkundaji). ‘squid long type (ngisi mwanzi) and ‘cuttlefish, short type (ngisi dobi).
The most demanded species at the study area market are mackerel, rabbitfish, emperor
and Barracuda.

4.4.2 Distribution in kg of fish catches and sells per day

Table 8 shows the distribution of kg of fishes which the respondents can catch and sell
per day. The study shows that 55% sell about 5kg to 10kg per day, 25% sell about 10kg
to 25kg per day and 20% sell about 25kg to 50kg per day on which one kg of fish is
estimated to be sold at 2 000 TAS on which the price is also depending on the price of
the day due to fluctuations.

Table 9: distribution of the average kg of fish sold per day by respondents (n=40)

Kg. of sold per day Frequency Percent (%)

5-10 kg 22 55.0
11-25 kg 10 25.0
26-50 kg 8 20.0
Total 40 100.0

4.4.3 Permanence of customers of the respondents

The study shows that 82.5% of the respondents customers are permanent and 17.5% of

17
the respondents customers are not permanent, this implies that those who have small
catch in a day are easily or able to sell their products than those who have large catch in a
day. Fishers use to sell their fishers to retailers and food vendors around the market.
At the study area fish retailers are the fishers permanent customers while individuals are
normally not permanent.
Table 10: permanence of the customers of the respondents (n=40)

Status of customers number Percent (%)

permanent 33 82.5
Not permanent 7 17.5
Total 40 100.0

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

5.1 Conclusions
The study reveals that fisheries activities are the major income generating activities to
the livelihoods of the communities in Bagamoyo District but the sector did not yet
succeed to alleviate absolute poverty because the sector faces many problems include
technological problems, economic and social problems.
The amount individuals involve in fisheries earnings does not meet the requirements of
nowadays expenses of life. Fishing methods used are outdated and are very poor
technologically to the extent of making the activities very difficult for the fishers.
Example to sail far away to the good fishing grounds their vessels are very dangerous and
unable to fish larger fishes like sharks and barracudas. Poor means of preserving such as
ice boxes and salting and since there is no fisher processes the products to earn more
income. Frozen fishes and salting sometime sun dried are of low quality that hinder from
earning higher prices.
It seems that many of the fishers inter into the activity not for their own will but due to
the forces of hard life they face. Example, poor level of skills and knowledge they have
and lack of education which did not allow them to participate into other income
generating activity which requires skills and knowledge.
Fishing groups which had established are not yet able to sustain the requirements of the
sector because of poor funds. The groups are unable to purchase good fishing vessels and
gears also lack of support to provide education and trainings

5.2 Recommendations
Investment opportunities in the fisheries sectors are very attractive and numerous. They
are found in the capture fisheries, fish processing, and manufacture of fishing craft and
gears, aquaculture, fish marketing, supply of gears, engines, spare parts and consultant
services. The government should encourage and provide opportunities to individuals who
can handle it.
Tanzania’s fishery is dominated by wooden fishing boats, which are made from hard
wood. Investment could be in the manufacture of fibre glass boats, ferro-cement boats or
any other alternative cheap material. The market for boats exists in the artisanal fishing
sub sector (fishery country profile, 2007)

19
 The state should use part of the revenue collected from the fisheries sector to develop
management capabilities. The intention is that better management will benefit capture
fisheries, especially in the remote parts of the country, and result in increased fish catch,
better quality and hence better prices
Through some development projects with a Fisheries component, the rural fisher
communities benefit through credit facilitation and trainings. The government should
encourage these projects so that they can develop the fisheries sector.
The Fisheries Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism should
return back into the fisheries sector some of the revenue and allocating for constructing
fish landing sites and associated infrastructures.
The Fisheries Division also can use supports activities intended to develop the
fisheries sector through extension services including training programmes and means of
transport (mainly motorbikes, bicycles, and cars)
There is a possibility of improving the methods of processing for this species for
other markets than those that buy the sun-dried fish, salting and using ice boxes.
Investment opportunities also exist in the exploitation of marine precious species
especially the tuna, and other tuna-like species, mackerel and swordfish, which can be
utilized for canning.

20
 REFERENCE

Allison, H. and Ellis, F. (2001). The livelihoods approach and management of small-
scale fisheries. Marine Policy 25: 377-388.

Adger, W.N., Brooks, N., Bentham, G., Agnew, M. and Eriksen, S. (2004.)New
indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change
Research,Technical Report 7, Norwich, U.K.

Bagachwa, M.D. and Maliyamkono, T.L. (1994). Fisheries and Development in

Tanzania.Macmillan Press Ltd, London, United Kingdom, 10-13pp.

Bagamoyo District Council and Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership

(2001).Integrated Coastal Management Action Plan. University of Rhode island.
20pp.
Bailey, K. D, (1994). Methods of Social Research (Fourth Edition), New York The Free
Press. Pp 345
Coughanowr, C.A, Ngoile, M. and Lindén, O. (1995). Coastal zone management in
easternAfrica including the island states. A review of issues and initiatives. Ambio.
24:448pp.
Elin, T. (2004), Bagamoyo governance baseline, [http://www.crc.uri.crc] site visited on
1,dec,2009.

FAO, (2004). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, fisheries department, Rome,
FAO. 153 pp.

FAO. (2005). Increasing the contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty alleviation

and food security . FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. No. 10.
Rome, FAO. 79 pp.

FAO. (2004). Report of the second session of the Working Party on Small-scale
Fisheries. Bangkok, Thailand, 18 –21 November 2003. FAO Fisheries Report. No.
735 Rome, FAO. 21 pp.

Francis, J. and Bryceson, I. (2001) Tanzania Coastal and Marine Resources: Some
Examples Illustrating Questions of Sustainable Use: In: Lessons learned-case studies
in Sustainable Use. Pp 76-102.

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Jiddawi, N.S. (2001). Marine Fisheries in Tanzania. In: Ngusaru, A. (Eds.)(2001).
Present State of Marine Science. Tanzania. Tanzania Coastal and Marine Planning,
working Documents, 64-99pp.

Kurien, J. and Willmann, R. (1982).Economics of artisanal and mechanized fisheries in

Kerala. A study of costs and earnings of fishing units . Madras, FAO/UNDP Small-
Scale Fisheries Promotion 34:112 pp.

Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia (2005 ) 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation.

Moffat D, Ngoile M, Lindén O and Francis J (1998) The reality of the stomach: coastal
management at the local level in eastern Africa. Ambio, 27: 590–8.

Salas, S. (2000). Fishing Strategies of Small-scale Fishers and implications for Fisheries
Management. PhD thesis, Resource Management and Environmental Studies, The
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, 154pp.
Semesi, A. K. and Mgaya, Y. (1999). Coastal Resources of Bagamoyo District, Tanzania.
Marine Science Development in Tanzania and Eastern Africa:Proceedings of the 20th
Anniversary Conference on Advances in Marine Science in Tanzania. M. Richmond
and J. Francis. Zanzibar, Tanzania, WIOMSA: 517-533pp.
Tanzania Coast Management Partnership, (2005). Tanzania State of Coast. The National
Strategy and Prospects for Poverty Reduction, Report no. 20.
Tanzania Coast Management Partnership, (2001). Tanzania State of Coast: People and
environment, TCMP working document no. 5059.

UNDP.(1997). Human Development to Eradicate Poverty, Human. Development Report

no 527. United Nations Development Programme New York.

United Nations, (1992). Multilateral treaties relating to the protection and preservation of
the marine environment and conservation of marine species, United Nation
conference on environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June.

World Bank, (2005) [http://web.worldbank.org ]site visited on 20 ,Nov, 2009.

22
APENDIX

SOKOINE UNIVERSITY IF AGRICULTURE

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES INSTITUTE

RESEARCH QUSTIONAIRES
1. Respondents name………………………………………..............
2. Date……………………………………………………….............
3. District BAGAMOYO.
4. Division DUNDA .
5. Ward DUNDA.
6. Village…………………………………………………................
7. Age of respondent……………………………………...................
8. Sex (tick one)
Male [ ]
Female [ ]
9. marital status (tick one)
1) single [ ]
2) married [ ]
3) widow [ ]
4) divorced [ ]
10. what is your highest level of education
1. No formal education [ ]
2. Primary school [ ]
3. Secondary school [ ]
4. Post secondary [ ]
5. Adult education [ ]
6. Other (specify)………………………………………………..
11. household size
1) Under five years old [ ]
2) Between 6-18 years [ ]
3) Between 19-65 years [ ]
4) Between 66 and above [ ]

23
 12. What are the major source of protein for your family?
1) Meat [ ]
2) Eggs [ ]
3) Fish [ ]

13. Mention the type and number of the following assets you own
Type of assets Condition of the Number Remark
asset (Tick one ) of the
assets
House Made of;
Mud
[ ]
Blocks
[ ]
Bricks/loamed
[ ]
Others

House roof Made of;

Gathered grasses
[ ]
Galvanized iron
sheets
[ ]
Other

livestock Cow
[ ]
Goat [ ]
Chicken [ ]
Sheep [ ]
Ducks [ ]
Others
cart
Bicycle
trucks Car [ ]

24
 Bus [ ]
Truck [ ]
other
refrigerator Large [ ] For family use or business?
Small [ ]
Fishing vessels
tick one Tick one number remark
Boat : YES [ ] Motorized [ ]
NO [ ] Not motorized
[ ]
Canoe: YES [ ]
NO [ ]
Dhows: YES [ ]
NO [ ]
other
14. do you use any of the following gears for fishing activities

Type of fishing gear remark

Long lines YES [ ]
NO [ ]
Beach seine YES [ ]
NO [ ]
Hand lines YES [ ]
NO [ ]
Fish traps YES [ ]
NO [ ]
Gill nets YES [ ]
NO [ ]
others

15. What are your major sources of income among the following?
1) Fishing [ ]
2) Farming [ ]
3) small businesses [ ]
4) other [ ]

25
16. From the above activities, which one contributes more? (tick one)
1) Fishing [ ]
2) Farming [ ]
3) small businesses [ ]
4) other [ ]
17. how did you take the fishing activities (tick one)
1) permanent [ ]
2) seasonal [ ]
3) temporarily [ ]
18. If temporarily or seasonal which other activities did you do? (specify)
……………………………………………………………………………..
19. what kind of fish do you usually fish
a. ...................................................................................
b. ...................................................................................
c. ....................................................................................
d. ......................................................................................
e. .....................................................................................
20. Who are your customers?
1) Hotels [ ]
2) Individuals [ ]
3) Institutions [ ]
4) Other (specify)……………………………………………………….
21. Which types of fish is mostly demanded by your customers?
a. ..............................................................................
b. ..............................................................................
c. ..............................................................................
22. What are the pricing strategies you use?
a) According to size of fish [ ]
b) According to type of fish [ ]
c) According to size and type [ ]
23. How many kg(s) of fish do you sell per day to your customers
1) 0-5 kg [ ]
2) 5-10kg [ ]
3) 10-25kg [ ]

26
 4) 25-50 kg [ ]
5) 50 and above kg [ ]
24. Are your customers permanent (tick one)
1) YES [ ]
2) NO [ ]

25. If no what strategies do you use to ensure marketing of your products?

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
................
26. Do you do any kind of processing before selling your products?
1) YES [ ]
2) NO [ ]
27. What kind of storage facilities you use to preserve your products?
1) refrigerators [ ]
2) ice box [ ]
3) salting [ ]
4) smoking [ ]
5) non [ ]
6) other
28. Is there distances from the source to the market?
a) YES [ ]
b) NO [ ]
29. How do you make supplies to the customers?
a) you supply the products to the customers [ ]
b) customers get the products from the source [ ]
30. How much do you earn per week....................................................Tsh.
31. Are the costs you incur for production brings you benefits/profit?
a. YES [ ]
b. NO [ ]
c. SOMEHOW [ ]
32. Are you a member of any association?
a) YES [ ]
b) NO [ ]

27
33. if yes list the associations
1) ……………………………………………………………
2) ……………………………………………………………..
3) …………………………………………………………….
34. do you have bank account
a) YES [ ]
b) NO [ ]
35. Do you have access to financial institution?
a) YES [ ]
b) NO [ ]
36. Do you have enough capital to run your business?
a) YES [ ]
b) NO [ ]
37. If no what are the strategies you use to ensure sustainability of your business?
..............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
38. Do you have any training concerning the activities you are doing?
a) YES [ ]
b) NO [ ]

39. If no do you need any training in order to improve your activities.

a) YES [ ]
b) NO [ ]
40. What are the constraints for marketing of your products?
1) ……………………………………………………………………………
2) ……………………………………………………………………………
41. What do you think are important thing to take place in order for the fishing
activities to be sustainable and hence bring positive change to the fisheries in your
area?
1) ………………………………………………………………
2) ………………………………………………………………
3) ………………………………………………………………
Thank you

28
29