VOL-2 (Methodology & Summary)

CLIENT
GEO-TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT
FOR
JAGDISHPUR-PHULPUR-HALDIA
CONSULTANT PIPELINE
PROJECTS (PHASE-IA)
OF
JIRAIN
Final Methodology & Summary OfRIVER
Soil Resistivity, Soil Report For
PIPELINE ROUTECLIENT
SURVEY :AND
GAIL (INDIA) LIMITED.
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION WORK
CONSULTANT:
FOR WHITE PETROLEUM OILS MECON, LIMITED.
(MULTI PRODUCT) PIPELINE FROM
CHITTAGONG TO DHAKA
VOL-II
INVESTIGATED & PREPARED BY:
MAY-2017
M/s. SWAYIN & ASSOCIATES
Investigated & Prepared By:
77, SATYANAGAR, BHUBANESWAR - 751 007
SWAYIN & ASSOCIATES.
Ph. # (0674) 2570015, 2572971, 2570458. Fax: 2570329, 2570985
77,Email:
SATYANAGAR, BHUBANESWAR /- sns@swayinassociates.com
kbs@swayinassociates.com 751 007
Ph.Website:
# (0674)www.swayiengineering.com
2570015, 2572971, 2570458. Fax: 2570329,2570985
Email: kbs@swayinassociates.com / sns@swayinassociates.com
Website: www.swayinassociates.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No PARTICULARS Pg No.
1 SECTION-1 : INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 1
2 SECTION-2 : SCOPE OF WORK
BREIF DESCRIPTION 2
ORGANISATION OF FIELD WORK, LABORATORY 2
TESTING AND REPORT
3 SECTION-3: : SOIL RESISTIVITY
SOIL RESISTIVITY SURVEY 3

METHODOLOGY OF RESISTIVITY SURVEY 3
SOIL RESISTIVITY ALONG THE ROW 3
SUMMARY DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL RESISTIVITY
ALONG ROW 5
GENERAL DISCUSSION ON EFFECT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY
ON CORROSION 7
4 SECTION-4: : SOIL STRATIFICATION
SOIL STRATIFICATION 8
SOIL STRATIFICATION SURVEY 8
METHODOLOGY 8
TERRAIN ALONG ROU 9
5 SECTION-5: : RECOMMENDATIONS 10
DETAILED GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR
WHITE PEROLEUM OILS FROM CHITTAGONG TO DHAKA
CLIENT: PADMA OIL COMPANY LIMITED JOB NO: SA/EIL/BANGLA/17-18
CONSULTANT: ENGINEERS INDIA LIMITED
SURVEYED AND PREPARED BY: SWAYIN & ASSOCIATES
SECTION-1
INTRODUCTION
M/s Swayin & Associates was awarded to conduct “Pipeline Route Survey and Geotechnical
Investigation Work for White Petroleum Oils (Multi Product) Pipeline from Chittagong to Dhaka”.
This report provides the results of the Geotechnical Investigation conducted.
The Geotechnical Investigation was completed and provides accurate and detailed data of the
soil conditions pipeline passage through Bariyadayala, Rampur, Dauladdi, Hossandi, Kazir
Goan, Baghmari and Chittagong in Bangladesh.
The work was completed in accordance with the proposal as per LOA No. AK/A954-000-CA-
TN-9500/1001 dated 7th March, 2017 for Engineers India Ltd., New Delhi.
The geotechnical investigation report for the Area has been submitted in 4 volumes.
They are
Volume-I - Detailed Engineering survey report.

Volume-II - Methodology & Summary of soil Resistivity, Soil Stratification.
Volume-III - Laboratory Tests report.
Volume-IV - Methodology & Study of soil Resistivity, Soil Stratification.
This volume is volume-II titled “– Methodology & Summary of soil Resistivity, Soil Stratification.’’.
EIL 1 S&A
SECTION-2
SCOPE OF WORK
2.0.0 The scope of work in brief involved in the above studies included-
• Soil Resistivity survey at 1000m interval along ROW at depths 50cm, 100 and 200cm at each
location.
• Soil resistivity at Road crossings at depth 50cm, 100 and 200cm.
• Auger boring upto 3.0m depth or refusal in rock and soil stratification survey at 1000m interval
along ROU.
• Collection and analysis of soil samples generally at 0.5m to 3.0m depth along ROW and
collection and analysis of water samples along ROW.
2.1.0 Organization Of Field Work, Laboratory Testing And Report.
The field work for this project has been executed in May 2017. For speedy and timely
execution of the project, field work was organized by deploying two independent crews.
Adequate arrangements were made for transportation of soil samples from site to our
Laboratory, Bhubaneswar through special messenger.
Planning and execution of laboratory testing to establish various chemical and other
parameters has been organized under the guidance of a qualified consultant assisted by
Engineer, Scientist having long experience in soil and water testing and Chemists.
Report has been compiled by computer application and under the expert guidance of
consultants in the specific fields.
EIL 2 S&A
SECTION-3
SOIL RESISTIVITY
Methodology:
3.1.0 Soil Resistivity Survey:
• Method -- Wenner Configuration

• Measuring Interval -- 1000 m Interval Along entire ROW
• Electrode Spacing -- 50cm, 100 and 200cm at each loction.(Care has to be
taken while taking the readings)
3.1.1 Methodology of resistivity Survey:
In the present investigation standard 4 pin Wenner method has been followed. The resistivity is
calculated by the formula ρ a = 2πaR
Where, ρa is the apparent resistivity and is considered as the average resistivity of the formation
from the surface up to a depth of ‘a’ (i.e. electrodes separation). R is the resistance value measured
for each separation.
3.2.0 The soil resistivity measurements have been carried out at 1000m interval along ROW
using Wenner’s 4 Pin method with pin spacing 50cm, 100 and 200cm. The soil resistivity has
been classified into five groups as below as per standard norms.
CLASSIFICATION OF
SOIL RESISTIVITY
CORROSIVITY
Less than 10 ohm m Very highly corrosive
10 – 25 ohm m Highly corrosive
25 – 50 ohm m Medium corrosive
50 – 100 ohm m Low Corrosive
More than 100 ohm m Very low corrosive
3.3.0 SOIL RESISTIVITY ALONG THE ROW.
On the basis of the observations and recorded resisitivity data and corrosivity data it may be inferred
that mostly medium & high corrosive conditions prevail along the entire route.
Overall assessment of corrosion has been evaluated along the entire ROW by study of standard
EIL 3 S&A
corrosion factors derived from laboratory tests and soil resistivity measurements.
Cumulative corrosion factors have been evaluated on the basis of summation of corrosion factors
assigned for various chemical parameters and resistivity. Classification of corrosivity based on
cumulative corrosion factors is as follows.
There is relation between soil resistivity and corrosion behavior, Soil resistivity determines the ion
exchange, which is responsible for electrochemical corrosion. As the electrical resistance of soil
reduces, the electrochemical process takes place more effectively. Based on the resistivity values,
the corrosion behavior has been evaluated.
Extensive investigation has been carried out by US National Bureau of Standards regarding effect of
various ranges of resistivity’s on steel sections and general classification is summarized as follows
SUM OF CORROSION FACTORS CLASSIFICATION OF

(CF) SOIL CORROSIVITY
>0 Low to Very low Corrosive
0 to –5 Medium Corrosive
-6 to –9 Highly Corrosive
> –9 Very highly Corrosive
Summary of Soil Corrosivity classification based on combined analysis of soil resistivity is presented
below for the pipeline.
3.4.0 Equipments used for fieldwork are furnished below.
Sl. Description Manufacturer/Make Range Accuracy

No.
A. Field Work
1. Resistivity Meter Electros Devices, 0 – 10/1000 ohm ± 1.0%

Panki, Kanpur
2. Augers AIMIL, New Delhi.
EIL 4 S&A
3.5.0 SUMMARY DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL RESISTIVITY ALONG ROW.
3.5.1 For Main Line of the Pipeline Route:

Nature of Corrosion Chainage in km. Length in km % of Occurrence
From To
0.00 5.00 5.00 100.00
5.00 10.00 5.00 100.00
10.00 15.00 5.00 100.00
15.00 20.00 5.00 100.00
20.00 25.00 5.00 100.00
Medium Corrosive (C)
25.00 30.00 5.00 100.00
30.00 35.00 5.00 100.00
35.00 40.00 5.00 60.00
40.00 45.00 5.00 60.00
45.00 50.00 5.00 80.00
50.00 55.00 5.00 100.00
Low Corrosive (B)
55.00 60.00 5.00 60.00
60.00 65.00 5.00 100.00
65.00 70.00 5.00 80.00
Medium Corrosive (C) 70.00 75.00 5.00 100.00
75.00 80.00 5.00 100.00
80.00 85.00 5.00 100.00
85.00 90.00 5.00 80.00
Low Corrosive (B)
90.00 95.00 5.00 100.00
95.00 100.00 5.00 60.00
105.00 110.00 5.00 100.00
Low Corrosive (B) 110.00 115.00 5.00 80.00
120.00 125.00 5.00 60.00
Low Corrosive (B)
125.00 130.00 5.00 60.00
130.00 135.00 5.00 100.00
135.00 140.00 5.00 100.00
140.00 145.00 5.00 100.00
145.00 150.00 5.00 100.00
150.00 155.00 5.00 60.00
Low Corrosive (B) 155.00 160.00 5.00 60.00
160.00 165.00 5.00 80.00
EIL 5 S&A

170.00 175.00 5.00 100.00
Low Corrosive (B) 175.00 180.00 5.00 100.00
180.00 185.00 5.00 80.00
185.00 190.00 5.00 80.00
190.00 195.00 5.00 60.00
195.00 200.00 5.00 80.00
200.00 205.00 5.00 100.00
Low Corrosive (B) 205.00 210.00 5.00 100.00
210.00 215.00 5.00 100.00
215.00 220.00 5.00 100.00
225.00 230.00 5.00 80.00
Low Corrosive (B)
230.00 234.00 4.00 100.00
3.5.2 For 1st Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

Chainage in km.
Nature of Corrosion Length in km % of Occurrence
From To
Low Corrosive (B) 0.00 5.00 5.00 100.00
5.00 10.00 5.00 100.00
10.00 15.00 5.00 100.00
15.00 20.00 5.00 100.00
20.00 25.00 5.00 100.00
25.00 30.00 5.00 100.00
30.00 35.00 5.00 100.00
35.00 40.00 5.00 100.00
40.00 45.00 5.00 100.00
45.00 50.00 5.00 100.00
50.00 54.00 4.00 100.00
3.5.3 For 2nd Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

Chainage in km.
Nature of Corrosion Length in km % of Occurrence
From To
0.00 5.00 5.00 100.00
5.00 9.00 4.00 100.00
In general the entire stretch is mostly medium corrosive to low corrosive considering the importance
of corrosiveness in laying of Pipelines.
EIL 6 S&A
3.6.0 General Discussion on effect of soil resistivity on corrosion.
In Resistivity Survey, the important physical parameter of estimating the apparent resistivity of sub-
soil at various depths is carried out from measurements made on the ground.
Resistivity of formation (ρ f ) can be expressed as,
ρf = ρw
Ft x Fw
Where,
ρw = Resistivity of water contained in the formation
Ft = Factor dependent on the texture of the formation
Factor dependent on the saturation
Fw =
Hence the measurement of resistivity (ρ f ) of the formation helps in estimating the corrosional
properties of the sub-surface formation.
The resistivity measured the degree of aeration of the soil and along with it the chance of forming
oxygen types electrochemical cells.
There is relation between soil resistivity and corrosion behavior, Soil resistivity determines the ion
exchange, which is responsible for electrochemical corrosion. As the electrical resistance of soil
reduces, the electrochemical process takes place more effectively. Based on the resistivity values,
the corrosion behavior has been evaluated. Extensive investigation has been carried out by US
National Bureau of Standards regarding effect of various ranges of resistivities on steel sections
and general classification.
Soil resistivity plays a major role in evaluating the type of corrosion and protection necessary for
buried pipelines.
EIL 7 S&A
SECTION-4
SOIL STRATIFICATION
4.0.0 SOIL STRATIFICATION
Soil stratification bore hole sheets are done based on the visual observations of the soil samples
taken during auger boring along the ROW has been prepared.
4.1.0 SOIL STRATIFICATION SURVEY

Method -- Augue Boring
Depth of Investigation -- Upto 3.00 m depth or refusal in Rock which is along the ROW
Auguring Inerval -- 1000 m interval along the pipeline
Collection of soil Samples -- Generally at the depth of 0.5m, 1.0m, and 2.0m (Disturb
Sample).
4.2.0 METHODOLOGY
• Auger boring has been carried out by using posy hole manual augers.
• 150mm dia. bore hole upto 3m depth are made at intervals of 1000m along the pipe line route,
at all intermediate points where there is apparently a change in type of soil.
• The boring is terminated below normal ground level (NGL) or on top of bed rock it encountered
at a depth of less than 3m.
• For River Crossings boring has done as per specification terminated at a depth of 5m below
NGL or on top of bed rock, if rock is encountered at a depth of less than 5m the diameter of the
borehole 150mm is done using hand operating auger.
• Soil/ water samples are collected along Row for analysis @ 1 location per every 25km along
Row. The samples are collected at 1m & 2m depth at each location.
Auger boring has been carried out by using post hole manual augers. The soil from the auger hole
has been visually examined and classified into.
 Grayish Clay
 Filled up soil
 Medium Stiff Clay
 Sitly Clay
 Clay mix with Gravel
 Sandy Clay
 Clay mix with Gravel
EIL 8 S&A
 Clayey Sand
 Sitly Clay Sand
 Clayey Sand mix with Pebble
 Clayey Sand mix with Gravel
 Fine Sand
 Medium Sand
After examination, the samples were kept sealed in double polythene covers with proper labeling for
identification and analysis.
4.3.0 TERRAIN ALONG ROU.
4.3.1 Along the Main Line of the Pipeline Route:
Sl. Chainage (km) Length Type of Terrain

No. From To (km)
Filled up Sand, Fine Sand, Medium Sad, Coase Sand,
1 0 50 50
Coarse Sand mix Gravel
Fine Sand, Medium Sad, Coase Sand, Coarse Sand
2 50 100 50
mix Gravel, Clayey sand, Silty sand, Sand mix pebble
Fine Sand, Medium Sad, Coase Sand, Coarse Sand,
3 100 150 50
Clay, Grayish Clay, Clayey Sand, Sandy clay, Silty Clay
Brownish clay,Blackish Clayey sand, filled up soil
4 150 200 50
,Gravel, blackish clay.
Clay mix gravel, Clay mix soil, Filled up soil boulder,
5 200 237 37
Blackish clay,
4.3.2 Along the 1st Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

No. From To (km)
Black cotton soil, Silty clay, Blackish clay, Filed up soil
1 0 67 67 mix gravel, Clay mix boulder /gravel, Filed up soil /
Rock/ Mix gravel .
4.3.3 Along the 2nd Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

No. From To (km)
Fine Sand, Medium Sad, Coase Sand, Coarse Sand,
1 0 8 8
Clay, Grayish Clay, Clayey Sand, Sandy clay, Silty Clay
EIL 9 S&A
SECTION-5
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of resistivity values, of soil and water corrosion factors and general field observations it
is revealed that the soil along the entire pipeline ROU irrespective of depths is mostly medium, or low
corrosive.
The overall stretch of the pipeline route is not very corrosive but owing to its large length of 305 km
even though showing a low or average corrosive tendencies across the route the pipeline still has
some pocket regions with high resistivity. The detailed resistivity report is attached in the Vol-II of the
report. If left untreated and ignored these pocket regions can be considerably harmful for the overall
performance and longevity of the pipeline. So for these specific regions there are two conventionally
used methods for protection of pipelines, namely
(i) Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) method and
(ii) Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection method.
The “LIDA” mixed metal oxide coated tubular titanium anodes are based on electrode technology
developed worldwide and extended into the important field of cathodic protection of pipelines in view
of its suitability for Saline and Corrosive environment. Apart from this, corrosion resistance
reinforcement bars may be used where feasible. In the ICCP system current is impressed into the
pipeline through the soil and collected back through conductor and thus effectively making the
pipeline more negative with respect to the soil.
The cathodoc protection of pipeline may be done by sacrificial anode method. The sacrificial anodes
used are generally the Magnesium alloys and Zinc which protect the pipeline from corrosion.
The method which would be found more suitable and feasible may be implemented and maintained
by continuing surveillance facilities.
All pipes, piping components, structural support exposed to atmosphere should be properly cleaned
and painted for protection against external corrosion by means of Redoxide Zinc coated primer and
synthetic enamel paint of Indian standard. The buried pipeline may also be protected by 3mm thick
polythylene external coating as insulation measure.
The above recommendations are suggested for necessary consideration and feasible action.
EIL 10 S&A

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CLIENT

GEO-TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT

SOIL RESISTIVITY SURVEY 3

Volume-I - Detailed Engineering survey report.

2.1.0 Organization Of Field Work, Laboratory Testing And Report.

• Method -- Wenner Configuration

3.1.1 Methodology of resistivity Survey:

3.3.0 SOIL RESISTIVITY ALONG THE ROW.

SUM OF CORROSION FACTORS CLASSIFICATION OF

>0 Low to Very low Corrosive

> –9 Very highly Corrosive

Sl. Description Manufacturer/Make Range Accuracy

1. Resistivity Meter Electros Devices, 0 – 10/1000 ohm ± 1.0%

3.5.0 SUMMARY DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL RESISTIVITY ALONG ROW.

3.5.1 For Main Line of the Pipeline Route:

Medium Corrosive (C) 165.00 170.00 5.00 60.00

3.5.2 For 1st Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

3.5.3 For 2nd Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

3.6.0 General Discussion on effect of soil resistivity on corrosion.

4.0.0 SOIL STRATIFICATION

4.1.0 SOIL STRATIFICATION SURVEY

4.3.0 TERRAIN ALONG ROU.

4.3.1 Along the Main Line of the Pipeline Route:

Sl. Chainage (km) Length Type of Terrain

4.3.2 Along the 1st Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

Sl. Chainage (km) Length Type of Terrain

4.3.3 Along the 2nd Spur Line of the Pipeline Route:

Sl. Chainage (km) Length Type of Terrain

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