Journal for Research| Volume 01| Issue 11 | January 2016

ISSN: 2395-7549

Transformer Winding Deformation Analysis

using SFRA Technique
Mr. Patil Ritesh Anil Prof. A.P.Chaudhari
PG Student Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
SSGBCOEP Bhusawal Dist: Jalgaon, Maharashtra (India) SSGBCOEP Bhusawal Dist: Jalgaon, Maharashtra (India)

Prof. G.K.Mahajan Prof. R.C.Patil

Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
SSGBCOEP Bhusawal Dist: Jalgaon, Maharashtra (India) SSGBCOEP Bhusawal Dist: Jalgaon, Maharashtra (India)

Prof. G.P.Tembhurnikar
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
SSGBCOEP Bhusawal Dist: Jalgaon, Maharashtra (India)

Abstract
The sweep rate response analysis is wide used technique for establish veiled fault and circumstance observance of power
electrical device. The action is administrated by provide a coffee voltage signal of changeable frequencies to the electrical device
windings and measures each the input and output signals. These 2 signals provide the specified response of the magnitude
relation is named the transfer operate of the electrical device from that each the magnitude and section may be obtained.
Frequency response is modification as deliberate by SFRA techniques might indicate a state change within the electrical device,
so causes of fault recognized and examination is needed for root cause analysis.
Keywords: Power Transformer, Sweep Frequency Response Analyzer Double M5100, SFRA, SFRA Traces, Winding
Deformation
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
Power transformers ar the foremost high-priced and vital part in a very high voltage power system. They’re usually concerned in
energy transfer in power transmission and distribution networks, changing ac voltage or current from one level to a different
level reckoning on the receiver finish. Throughout its life, it's subjected to chiefly electrical, mechanical and thermal stresses.
The most reason behind the stresses may be as a result of ageing of insulation, throughout transportation, and therefore the most
crucial reason may be a tangency event. Throughout tangency, the present within the electrical device winding is gigantic as
compared to traditional current. The high magnitude of tangency current has harmful impact on the electrical device and
alternative equipment’s related to it.
The interaction of tangency current and therefore the mutual flux (linking each the first and secondary windings of electrical
device) offers rise to great amount of magnetic attraction forces that are chargeable for the deformations occurring within the
transformer winding. The winding is subjected to chiefly 2 sorts of deformations, axial deformation as a result of the action of
axial force and radial deformation as a result of the action of radial forces on that. The deformations within the winding could
result in permanent failure of the electrical device, if unknown for long amount of your time. The tangency stand up to capability
is drastically reduced as a result of deformation within the winding.

II. SWEEP FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS (SFRA)

This method can give the proper information about an indication of core movement and winding deformation. In this method
measurement are performed at frequency ranges varied from 20 Hz to 20 MHz. We can easily detect the deformation in winding
on discrete frequency ranges.
This method can be done in four steps:
 Measurement in healthy transformer
 Again Measurement in faulty case of sister transformer of similar rating
 Signature curve of both conditions means healthy and faulty compared.
 If any difference between both cases found means fault occurred.

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 Transformer Winding Deformation Analysis using SFRA Technique
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Fig. 1: Proposed model of SFRA

Different SFRA Method

We can perform SFRA test in different ways but mostly used methods are discussed as fallows.
 Time based current SFRA result will be compared to previous result of the same case.
 Type based SFRA of one transformer will be compared to an equal type of transformer.
 Phase comparison SFRA results of one phase will be compared to the results of the other phases of the same
transformer.
Short Circuit Forces
Short circuit events generate large magnitude of current in the transformer winding. The interaction of the current and leakage
flux density result in extreme electromagnetic forces to act on the winding. The basic equation for the calculation of
electromagnetic forces is
F=L×I×B (1)
Where B is leakage flux density vector,
I is current vector and
L is winding length.
There are basically two categories of short circuit forces involved in the deformation action on the transformer windings,
which are axial force defined by expression in (2) and radial force defined by expression given in (3). In Fig. 2 (b), the resolution
of forces and leakage flux density in radial and axial direction is shown. The leakage flux density can be resolved into two
components, one in the radial direction, (KL) and the other in the axial direction, (KN). The action of radial leakage flux density
with the current density (J) results in axial force (ON).
ON = ∬(R ×KL)TL TN (2)
Similarly, the interaction of axial leakage flux density with the current density results in radial force (OL).
OL = ∬(R ×KN)TL TN (3)

Fig. 2(a): Cross sectional view of the core and the windings of a 66/11KV,40 MVA transformer. Fig. 2(b): Flux and forces distribution of
40MVA transformer simulated using FEM (finite element method)

Radial Forces
The forces generated by the action of axial leakage field and perpendicular to the direction winding height are called the radial
forces. The axial field is maximum at the middle part, in the air gap between the two windings. Hence the radial force will be
maximum at that portion too. The forces acting on the inner winding produces a compressive stress and that acting on the outer
winding produces a tensile stress. Let us consider an outer winding, which is subjected to hoop stresses. The value of the leakage

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 Transformer Winding Deformation Analysis using SFRA Technique
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field increases from zero at the outside diameter to a maximum at the inside diameter (at the gap between the two windings). The
peak value of flux density in the gap is given in value of winding ampere-turns and ./ is winding height in meters.

(4)
The whole winding is in the average value of flux density of half the gap value. The total radial force acting on the winding
having a mean diameter of \] (in meters) can be calculated as [11]:

(5)
For the outer winding, the conductors close to gap (at the inside diameter) experience higher forces as compared to those near
the outside diameter (force reduces linearly from a maximum value at the gap to zero at the outside diameter).
The effects of radial forces are the tensile stress on the winding resulting in forced buckling and free buckling as shown in Fig.
2(a) and (b) respectively.

Fig. 3(a): Forced Buckling (b). Free Buckling

The failure modes for radial forces include

 Forced mode Buckling
 Free mode buckling
 Stretching of outer windings and spiraling of end turns in helical windings
Axial Forces
The forces generated by the action of radial leakage field and acts in a direction parallel to the winding height are called as axial
forces. The influence of axial forces will be extreme at the winding ends causing maximum bending of the conductors. The
forces produce compressive stress on the winding conductors which acts towards the center of the winding. The axial forces are
supreme at the ends of the winding as the radial leakage field between the two windings is maximum at the ends. While the axial
forces will be minimum at the center as the axial leakage field is maximum between the air gaps of the two windings. For an
asymmetry factor of 1.8, the total axial compressive force acting on the inner and outer windings taken together is given by the
following expression:
50.8×𝑆
𝑒𝑥 = (6)
Zpu×Hw×F
Where S is rated power per limb in KVA, Hw is winding height in meters, Z is in per-unit impedance and f is frequency in
Hz. The inner winding being closer to the limb, by virtue of higher radial flux, experiences higher compressive force as
compared to the outer winding. In the absence of detailed analysis, it can be assumed that 25 to 33% of force is taken by the
outer winding, and the remaining 75% to 67% is taken by the inner winding.
The failure modes for axial forces include:
 Conductor tilting
 Conductor axial bending between spacers
 Displacement of the complete winding
 Axial overlap of conductors

Fig. 4(a): 100 MVA Power Transformer without any Transformation Fig. 4(b): Free Mode Buckling Fig. 4(c): Axial deformation

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 Transformer Winding Deformation Analysis using SFRA Technique
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III. MATLAB/SIMULINK
Simulation of sweep frequency response analysis for the detection of fault in transformer has been done by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software 2012. In reference paper PSPICE software has been used for the same but by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software we observed the fine result as compare to the PSPICE software. Sim power system toolbox has
been used for the simulation.

IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

No Fault Condition
In this case 10 winding model of 16 MVA, 33KV/11KV transformer developed. But it is case of no fault condition every turns of
winding is similar as per manufacturing design.
Rs=0.01942 Ω,
Ls=0.3655 mh,
Cs=0.914 pF
Cg=0.011 nF
The following fig.5 shows the transformer model for healthy condition. From this model plot for Normal condition is found
which is shown in fig.6 below.

Fig. 5: Transformer model for Normal condition Fig. 6: Simulated plot of SFRA for case 1

The response shows the conventional condition of electrical device. This response is found once there's no fault within the
electrical device. For wide selection of frequency the equivalent circuit of electrical device winding includes varied inductance,
resistance and capacitance components. There are a unit mutual inductive and electrical phenomenon coupling between the
winding components, that area unit effectively determinant the SFRA response of winding together with multiple resonance and
anti-resonances.
The primary resonance is happening at 414 kHz. On the far side this resonance purpose, inductance of electrical device
winding dominates. once initial resonance purpose magnetic result of purpose tries to extend however winding inductance result
is screened. This method endlessly repeats many times so radio frequency varies has additional range of resonance points. once
radio frequency vary winding inductance result is totally off owing to series and shunt capacitance of windings. this measured
from the undulation is found to be 450.1 A. any analysis are often thought of from initial resonance purpose.
Inter Turn Fault Condition
This is second case studied for the simulation of same rating transformer for SFRA. In this case fault is artificially created in
fourth turn of transformer 10 segment winding.

Fig. 7: Transformer model for inter turn fault condition Fig. 8: Simulated SFRA plot for case 2.
Rs=0.01942 Ω, Ls=0.3655 mH, Cs=0.914 pF and Cg=0.011 nF

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 Transformer Winding Deformation Analysis using SFRA Technique
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Compared to Normal condition 50 A hike is observed. Increased current produces an abnormal heat which will affect
transformer insulation and also leads to winding burn out.
Turn To Turn Fault
This is third case studied for the simulation of same rating transformer for SFRA. In this case fault is artificially created in
between the third and fourth turn of 10 segment winding in transformer.

Fig. 9: Transformer model for fault turn to turn condition Fig. 10: Simulated SFRA plot for case 3

In this case the electric resistance parameter knowledge taken from the reference paper [2].
Rs=0.01942 Ω, Ls=0.3655 mH, Cs=0.914 pF and Cg=0.011 n
The plot shown on top of provides SFRA behavior for address flip fault condition. From fig. ten we will notice that important
undulation displacement occur compared to traditional undulation. Additionally these waveforms area unit compared to show to
show fault. The primary resonance purpose is ascertained at 428 kHz. At address flip fault condition the undulation obtained gets
fully displaced from one.4417 MHz. to 4.3697 MHz. compared to reference set. the present measured at address flip fault
condition is 562.7. Once compare to traditional condition the accumulated current is found to be 112.6 A that thermally stress the
insulation utilized in electrical device winding. Because of this sudden thermal stress the insulation is degraded. During this case
we have a tendency to study the simulation of address flip Fault and got the SFAR plot frequency Vs magnitude signal plot.
Scrutiny the on top of plot with plot of traditional condition once more we will observe the modification in resonant frequency
and current worth furthermore. Therefore from on top of comparison we will conclude that it's condition of fault.

V. CONCLUSION
The analysis of winding deformation is meted out by considering a benchmark winding that exhibits an analogous high
frequency behavior as a electrical device. The winding parameters like series capacitance, ground capacitance, self and
coefficient of mutual induction area unit taken from reference for simulation, at healthy condition. Further, the diagnostic
methodology used here is sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) that could be a sensitive and powerful procedure.
Victimization the parameters values and applying SFRA, fingerprint graph for the healthy winding is obtained. this can be taken
as reference plot for comparison with the unhealthy response appreciate axial and radial deformation. Henceforth, the parameters
computed area unit accustomed make SFRA curves for the radial and axial deformation. the proportion of deviation in resonant
frequencies, information measure and input current is discovered in tabular type. the placement and kind of deformation will be
evaluated by the integrated use of SFRA plots.

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