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Chapter 3 Partial Fractions

Try these 3.1

x+2 A B
(a) ≡ +
( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
∴ x + 2 ≡ A( x + 1) + B ( x − 3)
When= x 3,= 5 4 A, = A 5
4
1
When x =
−1, 1 =
−4 B, B=
−
4
x+2 5 1
∴ ≡ −
( x − 3)( x + 1) 4( x − 3) 4( x + 1)
4 A B
(b) ≡ +
(2 x + 1)( x + 2) 2 x + 1 x + 2
∴ 4 ≡ A( x + 2) + B (2 x + 1)
4
x= −2, 4 = −3B, B = −
3
1 3 8
x= − , 4 = A, A =
2 2 3
4 8 4
∴ ≡ −
(2 x + 1)( x + 2) 3(2 x + 1) 3( x + 2)
x x
(c) ≡
x + 5 x + 6 ( x + 2)( x + 3)
2

x A B
≡ +
( x + 2)( x + 3) x+2 x+3
x ≡ A( x + 3) + B ( x + 2)
x =−2, −2 =A
x =−3, −3 =− B, B =3
x 2 3
∴ ≡− +
( x + 2)( x + 3) x+2 x+3
x+2 x+2
(d) ≡
x(3 x + 4 x + 1) x(3 x + 1)( x + 1)
2

x+2 A B C
≡ + +
x(3 x + 1)( x + 1) x 3 x + 1 x + 1
∴ x + 2 ≡ A(3 x + 1)( x + 1) + B ( x)( x + 1) + C ( x)(3 x + 1)
When= x 0,= 2 A
1
When x = −1,1 = 2C , C =
2
−1 5 2 15
When x == , − B, B = −
3 3 9 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 2 of 16

x+2 2 15 1
∴ ≡ − +
x(3 x + 4 x + 1) x 2(3 x + 1) 2( x + 1)
2

Try these 3.2

6x2 − x − 2 A B C
(a) ≡ + 2+
x ( x − 1)
2
x x x −1
∴ 6 x − x − 2 ≡ Ax( x − 1) + B( x − 1) + Cx 2
2

When x =0, −2 =− B, B =2
When = x 1,3= C
Equating coefficients of x 2 : 6 = A + C ⇒ A = 3
6x2 − x − 2 3 2 3
∴ ≡ + 2+
x ( x − 1)
2
x x x −1
6 x2 + 5x + 3 A B C
(b) ≡ + +
x(2 x + 1) 2
x 2 x + 1 (2 x + 1) 2
∴ 6 x 2 + 5 x + 3 ≡ A(2 x + 1) 2 + Bx(2 x + 1) + Cx
When= x 0,3 = A
1 3 5 1
When x =− , − + 3 =− C ⇒ C =−4
2 2 2 2
Equating coefficients of x : 6 =2
4 A + 2B ⇒ B =−3
6 x2 + 5x + 3 3 3 4
∴ ≡ − −
x(2 x + 1) 2
x 2 x + 1 (2 x + 1) 2
3x 2 − 3x − 2 3x 2 − 3x − 2
(c) ≡
( x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 1) ( x − 1)( x − 1) 2
3x 2 − 3x − 2 A B C
≡ + +
( x − 1) 3
x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1)3
2

∴ 3 x 2 − 3 x − 2 ≡ A( x − 1) 2 + B ( x − 1) + C
When x = 1, −2 = C
Equating coefficients of x 2 : 3 = A
Equating coefficients of x : −3 =−2 A + B ⇒ B =3
3x 2 − 3x − 2 3 3 2
∴ ≡ + −
( x + 1)( x − 2 x + 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1)3
2 2

Try these 3.3

3 A Bx + C
(a) ≡ +
x( x + 1) x x 2 + 1
2

∴ 3 ≡ A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x)
When= x 0,= 3 A

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 3 of 16

Equating coefficients of x 2 : 0 =A + B, B =
−3
Equating coefficients of x : 0 = C
3 3 3x
∴ ≡ − 2
x( x + 1)
2
x x +1
x2 + 4 x −1 A Bx + C
(b) ≡ + 2
( x − 2)( x + 2 x + 3) x − 2 x + 2 x + 3
2

x 2 + 4 x − 1 ≡ A( x 2 + 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + c)( x − 2)
When x= 2,11= 11A ⇒ A= 1
Equating coefficients of x 2 :1 = A + B ⇒ B = 0
Equating coefficients of x : 4 = 2 A − 2 B + C ⇒ C = 2
x2 + 4 x −1 1 2
∴ ≡ + 2
( x − 2)( x + 2 x + 3) x − 2 x + 2 x + 3
2

−2 x − 1 A Bx + C
(c) ≡ + 2
( x + 1)( x + x + 1) x + 1 x + x + 1
2

∴−2 x= − 1 A( x 2 + x + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
When x = −1,1 = A
Equating coefficients of x 2 : 0 = A + B, B = −1
Equating coefficients of x : −2 =A + B + C , C =−2
−2 x − 1 1 x+2
≡ − 2
( x + 1)( x + x + 1) x + 1 x + x + 1
2

Try these 3.4

x4 + 1 A Bx + C Dx + E
(a) ≡ + 2 +
x( x + 1)
2 2
x x + 1 ( x 2 + 1) 2
∴ x 4 + 1 ≡ A( x 2 + 1) 2 + ( Bx + C )( x)( x 2 + 1) + x( Dx + E )
Equating coefficients of x 4 :1 =+ A B, B = 0
Equating coefficients of x : 0 = C
3

Equating coefficients of x 2 :.0 = 2 A + B + D, D = −2

Equating coefficients of x : 0 = C + E ⇒ E = 0
x4 + 1 1 2x
∴ ≡ − 2
x( x + 1)
2 2
x ( x + 1) 2
1 − x + 2 x 2 − x3 A Bx + C Dx + E
(b) ≡ + 2 +
x( x 2 + 1) 2 x x + 1 ( x 2 + 1) 2
∴1 − x + 2 x 2 − x3 ≡ A( x 2 + 1) 2 + ( Bx + C )( x)( x 2 + 1) + ( Dx + E )( x)
When = x 0,1 = A
Equating coefficients of x 4 : 0 = A + B, B = −1
Equating coefficients of x : −1 =C
3

Equating coefficients of x 2 : 2 = 2 A + B + D, D = 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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Equating coefficients of x : −1 = C + E , E = 0
1 − x + 2 x 2 − x3 1 x +1 x
∴ ≡ − 2 + 2
x( x + 1)
2 2
x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2
2

3 x 4 + 5 x 3 + 7 x 2 + 2 x + 1 A Bx + C Dx + E
(c) ≡ + 2 + 2
x( x + x + 1)
2 2
x x + x + 1 ( x + x + 1) 2
∴ 3 x 4 + 5 x 3 + 7 x 2 + 2 x + 1 ≡ A( x 2 + x + 1) 2 + ( Bx + C )( x)( x 2 + x + 1) + ( Dx + E )( x)
When = x 0,1 = A
Equating coefficients of x 4 : 3 =+ A B, B = 2
Equating coefficients of x 3 : 5 = 2 A + B + C , C = 1
Equating coefficients of x 2 : 7 = 3 A + C + D + B, D = 1
Equating coefficients of x : 2 = 2A + C + E ⇒ E = −1
3x 4 + 5 x3 + 7 x 2 + 2 x + 1 1 2 x + 1 x −1
∴ ≡ + 2
x( x + x + 1)
2 2
x x + x + 1 ( x + x + 1) 2
2

Try these 3.5

x2 x2
(a) ≡ 2
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 3 x + 2
1
x + 3x + 2 x
2 2

x 2 + 3x + 2
− 3x − 2
x 2
3x + 2
∴ ≡ 1−
( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2)
3x + 2 A B
Now ≡ +
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
∴ 3 x + 2 ≡ A( x + 2) + B ( x + 1)
When x =−2, −4 =− B, B =4
When x =−1, −1 =A
3x + 2 1 4
∴ ≡− −
( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x + 2
x2 1 4
Hence ≡ 1+ −
( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x + 2
x3 x3
(b) ≡
( x + 1) 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 5 of 16

x−2
x + 2x +1 x
2 3

x3 + 2 x + 1
−2 x 2 − x
−2 x 2 − 4 x − 2
3x + 2
x 3
3x + 2
∴ ≡ x−2+
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
3x + 2 A B
Now ≡ +
( x + 1) 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
∴ 3 x + 2 ≡ A( x + 1) + B
When x =−1, −1 =B
Equating coefficients of x : 3 = A
3x + 2 3 1
∴ ≡ −
( x + 1) 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
x3 3 1
∴ ≡ x−2+ −
( x + 1) 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2

x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 2
(c) ≡
x( x + 1)( x + 2) x2 + 2 x + 1
1
x + 3x + 2 x + 6 x + 8 x + 2
2 3 2

x3 + 3x + 2
3x 2 + 6 x + 2
x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 2 3x 2 + 6 x + 2
∴ ≡ 1+
x( x + 1)( x + 2) x( x + 1)( x + 2)
3x 2 + 6 x + 2 A B C
≡ + +
x( x + 1)( x + 2) x x + 1 x + 2
∴ 3 x 2 + 6 x + 2 ≡ A( x + 1)( x + 2) + B ( x)( x + 2) + Cx( x + 1)
When= x 0,= 0 2 A,= A 0
When x = −1,1 = − B, B = −1
When x = −2,14 = 2C , C = 7
3x 2 + 6 x + 2 1 1 1
∴ ≡ + +
x( x + 1)( x + 2) x x + 1 x + 2
x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 2 1 1 1
≡ 1+ + +
x( x + 1)( x + 2) x x +1 x + 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 6 of 16

Exercise 3A

2 A B
1 ≡ +
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
∴ 2 ≡ A (x + 2) + B (x + 1)
When x = –1, 2 = A
When x = –2, 2 = –B ∴ B = –2
2 2 2
∴ ≡ −
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
3x A B
2 ≡ +
( x − 1)( x + 2) x − 1 x + 2
∴ 3x ≡ A (x + 2) + B (x – 1)
When x = 1, 3 = 3A , A = 1
When x = –2, –6 = –3B, B = 2
3x 1 2
∴ ≡ +
( x − 1)( x + 2) x − 1 x + 2
4x A B
3 ≡ +
(3 x + 2)(2 x + 1) 3 x + 2 2 x + 1
∴ 4x = A (2x + 1) + B (3x + 2)
1 1
When x =− , − 2 = B ∴ B =− 4
2 2
2 − 8 −1
x= − ⇒ = A∴ A = 8
3 3 3
4x 8 4
∴ ≡ −
(3 x + 2)(2 x + 1) 3 x + 2 2 x + 1
2x + 3 A B
4 ≡ +
( x − 1)( x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
∴ 2x + 3 ≡ A (x – 2) + B (x – 1)
When x = 1, 5 = –A, A = –5
When x = 2, 7 = B
2x + 3 −5 7
∴ ≡ +
( x − 1)( x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
x x
5 =
2 x − 5 x + 2 (2 x − 1)( x − 2)
2

x A B
≡ +
(2 x − 1) ( x − 2) 2 x − 1 x − 2
∴ x ≡ A (x – 2) + B (2x – 1)
2
When x = 2, 2 = 3B , B =
3
1 1 3 1
When x = , = − A, A= −
2 2 2 3
1 2
−
x 3 + 3
≡
(2 x − 1) ( x − 2) 2 x − 1 x − 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 7 of 16

2 1
≡ −
3( x − 2) 3(2 x − 1)
4 4
6 ≡
x + 7 x + 12 ( x + 3) ( x + 4)
2

4 A B
≡ +
( x + 3) ( x + 4) x + 3 x + 4
∴ 4 = A (x + 4) + B (x + 3)
When x = –4, 4 = –B, B = –4
When x = –3, 4 =A
4 4 4
≡ −
x + 7 x + 12 x + 3 x + 4
2

x +1 A B C
7 ≡ + 2 +
x ( x + 2) x x
2
x+2
∴ x + 1 ≡ Ax (x + 2) + B (x + 2) + Cx2
1
When x = 0, 1 = 2B, B =
2
1
When x = –2, –1 = 4C, C = −
4
2
Equating coefficients of x , 0 = A + C
1 1
0 =− A , A=
4 4
1 1 1
x +1 1 1 1
∴ 2 ≡ 4 + 22 − 4 ≡ + 2−
x ( x + 2) x x x + 2 4x 2x 4( x + 2)
x A B C
8 ≡ + +
( x + 1) ( x + 3) x + 1 ( x + 1)
2 2
x+3
∴ x = A (x + 1) (x + 3) + B (x + 3) + C(x + 1)2
1
When x = –1, –1 = 2B, B = −
2
−3
When x = –3, –3 = 4C, C=
4
3
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = A + C , A =
4
3 1 3
x 3 1 3
∴ ≡ 4 − 2 + 4 ≡ − −
( x + 1) ( x + 3) x + 1 ( x + 1)
2 2
x + 3 4( x + 1) 2( x + 1) 2
4( x + 3)
3x + 5 3x + 5
9 ≡
x ( x − 4 x + 4) x ( x − 2) 2
2

3x + 5 A B C
≡ + +
x ( x − 2) 2
x x − 2 ( x − 2) 2
∴ 3x + 5 ≡ A (x – 2)2 + Bx (x – 2) + Cx
5
When x = 0, 5 = 4A, A =
4
11
When x = 2, 11 = 2C, C =
2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 8 of 16

5
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = A + B , 0= +B
4
−5
B=
4
3x + 5 5/4 5/4 11 / 2 5 5 11
∴ ≡ − + ≡ − +
x ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) x x − 2 ( x − 2) 2 4 x 4( x − 2) 2( x − 2) 2
5 5 5
10 ≡ ≡
( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x + 1)3
2 2 2

5 A B C D
≡ + + +
( x − 1) ( x + 1) 3
x − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)3
∴ 5 ≡ A (x + 1)3 + B (x – 1) (x + 1)2 + C (x – 1) (x + 1) + D (x – 1)
5
When x = 1, 5 = 8A , A =
8
−5
x = –1, 5 = –2D , D =
2
5
Equating coefficients of x3, 0 = A + B , 0= +B
8
−5
B=
8
Comparing constants:
5=A–B–C–D
5 5 5
5= + −C +
8 8 2
10 20
C= + −5
8 8
30 40 − 10 −5
= − = =
8 8 8 4
5 5/8 5/8 5/4 5/2
∴ ≡ − − −
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)
2 2 2
( x + 1)3
5 5 5 5
≡ − − −
8( x − 1) 8( x + 1) 4( x + 1) 2
2( x + 1)3
7 A B C
11 ≡ + +
( x − 4) (2 x + 1) x − 4 ( x − 4)
2 2
2x + 1
∴ 7 ≡ A (x – 4) (2x + 1) + B (2x + 1) + C (x – 4)2
7
When x = 4, 7 = 9B, B =
9
2
1  1 
When x = − , 7 = C  − − 4 
2  2 
81 28
=7 = C, C
4 81
28 −14
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 =2 A + C ⇒ 2 A + =0 ⇒ A =
81 81
7 −14 / 81 7/9 28 / 81
∴ ≡ + +
( x − 4) (2 x + 1)
2
x−4 ( x − 4) 2
2x + 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 9 of 16

7 14 28
≡ − +
9( x − 4) 2
81( x − 4) 81(2 x + 1)
5x + 2 A B C
12 ≡ + 2 +
x (3 x − 1) x x
2
3x − 1
∴ 5x + 2 ≡ Ax (3x – 1) + B (3x – 1) + Cx2
When x = 0, 2 = –B, B = –2
1 5 1
When = x , =
+2 C
3 3 9
11 1
= C
3 9
C = 33
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = 3A + C , 3A = –C = –33 ⟹ A = –11
5x + 2 −11 2 33 33 11 2
∴ 2 = − 2 + ≡ − − 2
x (3 x − 1) x x 3x − 1 3x − 1 x x
2x + 1 Ax + B C
13 ≡ 2 +
( x + 1) ( x) x + 1
2
x
∴ 2x + 1 ≡ (Ax + B) (x) + C (x2 + 1)
When x = 0, 1 = C
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = A + C, A = –C = –1.
Equating coefficients of x, 2 = B
2x + 1 − x + 2 1 2− x 1
∴ ≡ 2 + ≡ +
( x + 1) ( x) x + 1 x x 2 + 1 x
2

3x − 2 Ax + B C D
14 ≡ + + 2
( x 2 + 4) ( x 2 ) x 2 + 4 x x
∴ 3x – 2 = (Ax + B) (x ) + Cx (x2 + 4) + D (x2 + 4)
2

1
x = 0, –2 = 4D , D = −
2
3
Equating coefficients of x, 3 = 4C , C =
4
1
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = B + D , B = –D =
2
3
Equating coefficients of x3, 0 = A + C , A = –C = −
4
−3 1
x+
3x − 2 4 2 + 3 / 4 − 1 / 2 ≡ 2 − 3x + 3 − 1
∴ ≡
( x + 4) ( x )
2 2
x +4
2
x x2 4( x 2 + 4) 4 x 2 x 2
x A Bx + C
15 ≡ + 2
( x + 2)(4 x + 3) x + 2 4 x + 3
2

∴ x ≡ A (4x2 + 3) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
−2
When x = – 2, –2 = (4 (–2)2 + 3) A , –2 = 19A , A =
19
−6
When x = 0, 0 = 3A + 2C , = 0 + 2C
19
6 3
2C = ⇒C =
19 19
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = 4A + B

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 10 of 16

−8 8
0 = + B, B =
19 19
8 3
x+
x −2 / 19 19 19 ≡ 8 x + 3 − 2
∴ = +
( x + 2) (4 x + 3)
2
x+2 4 x + 3 19(4 x + 3) 19( x + 2)
2 2

4x Ax + B C
16 = 2 +
( x + x + 1) ( x + 1) x + x + 1 x + 1
2

∴ 4x = (Ax + B) (x + 1) + C (x2 + x + 1)
When x = –1, –4 = C
When x = 0, 0 = B + C , B = 4
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = A + C , A = 4
4x 4x + 4 4
≡ 2 −
( x + x + 1) ( x + 1) x + x + 1 x + 1
2

2 2
17 ≡
(4 x + 2) ( x + 2) 2 (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 2)
2

1 A Bx + C
⇒ = + 2 .
(2 x + 1) (x + 2) 2 x + 1 x + 2
2

⟹ 1 = A (x2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (2x + 1)

1 9 4
When x = − , 1 = A∴ A =
2 4 9
8 1
When x = 0, 1 = 2A + C , 1 = + C ⇒ C =
9 9
4 −2
Equating coefficients of x , 0 = A + 2B , 0 =
2
+ 2 B, B =
9 9
4 −2 1
x+
2 9 + 9 9≡ 4 1 − 2x
∴ ≡ +
(4 x + 2) ( x + 2) 2 x + 1
2
x +2
2
9(2 x + 1) 9( x 2 + 2)
7x − 5 A Bx + C
18 ≡ + 2
(3 x + 1) (2 x + 5 x + 4) 3 x + 1 2 x + 5 x + 4
2

∴ 7x – 5 = A (2x2 + 5x + 4) + (Bx + C) (3x + 1)

−1 −22 2 5 
When = x , = A  − + 4
3 3 9 3 
−22  2 15 36 
⇒ = A − + 
3 9 9 9 
3
−22 23 −22 9 −66
= A⇒ A = × =
3 9 3 23 23
−264
When x = 0, − 5 = 4 A + C ⇒ − 5 = +C
23
149
C=
23
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = 2A + 3B
− 132 44
=
0 + 3 B ⇒= B
23 23

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 11 of 16

66 44 149
− x+
7x − 5 23 + 23 23 ≡ 44 x + 149 66
= −
(3 x + 1) (2 x + 5 x + 4) 3 x + 1 2 x + 5 x + 4 23(2 x + 5 x + 4) 23(3 x + 1)
2 2 2

12 x 2 − 3 x − 10 12 x 2 − 3x − 10
19 ≡
(2 x + 1) (3 x − 4) 6 x2 − 5x − 4

2
6 x 2 − 5 x − 4 12 x 2 − 3 x − 10
12 x 2 − 10 x − 8
7x − 2
12 x − 3 x − 10
2
7x − 2
∴ ≡2+
(2 x + 1) (3 x − 4) (2 x + 1) (3 x − 4)
7x − 2 A B
≡ +
(2 x + 1) (3 x − 4) 2 x + 1 3 x − 4
∴ 7x – 2 = A (3x – 4) + B (2x + 1)
4 28 8 
When = x , −=2 B  + 1
3 3 3 
22 11
= B ⇒ B= 2
3 3
1 −7  −3 
When x =− , − 2 =A  − 4
2 2  2 
−11 −11
= A ⇒= A 1
2 2
7x − 2 1 2
∴ ≡ +
(2 x + 1) (3 x − 4) 2 x + 1 3 x − 4
12 x 2 − 3 x − 10 1 2
Hence ≡2+ +
(2 x + 1) (3 x − 4) 2 x + 1 3x − 4
x2 + 8x x2 + 8x
20 ≡ 2
( x + 2)( x − 1) x + x − 2

1
x2 + x − 2 x2 + 8x
x2 + x − 2
7x + 2
x2 + 8x 7x + 2
∴ ≡1+
( x + 2)( x − 1) ( x + 2) ( x − 1)
7x + 2 A B
≡ +
( x + 2) ( x − 1) x + 2 x − 1
7x + 2 ≡ A (x – 1) + B (x + 2)
When x = 1, 9 = 3B, B = 3
When x = – 2, – 12 = –3A, A = 4
7x + 2 4 3
∴ ≡ +
( x + 2) ( x − 1) x + 2 x − 1

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 12 of 16

x2 + 8x 4 3
Hence ≡1+ +
( x + 2) ( x − 1) x + 2 x −1
12 x 2 + 10 x + 15 A B C
21 ≡ + +
( x + 2) (1 − x) x + 2 ( x + 2) 1 − x
2 2

∴ 12x2 + 10x + 15 ≡ A (x + 2) (1 – x) + B (1 – x) + C (x + 2)2

37
When x = 1, 7 = 9C , C =
9
43
When x = –2, 48 – 20 + 15 = 3B B =
3
37
Equating coefficients of x2, 12 = A + C ⇒ 12 − = A
9
71
A=
9
71 43 37
12 x 2 + 10 x + 15 71 43 37
∴ ≡ 9 + 3 + 9 ≡ + +
( x + 2) (1 − x) x + 2 ( x + 2) 1 − x 9( x + 2) 3( x + 2)
2 2 2
9(1 − x)
− 11x − 15 − 11x − 15
22 ≡
(2 x + 1) (2 x − 5 x − 3) (2 x + 1) (2 x + 1) ( x − 3)
2

−11x − 15 A B C
≡ + +
(2 x − 1) ( x − 3) 2 x − 1 (2 x − 1)
2 2
x−3
∴ –11x – 15 ≡ A (2x – 1) (x – 3) + B (x – 3) + C (2x – 1)2
−48
When x = 3, − 48 = 25 C ⇒ C =
25
1 −11 30 5 41
When x = , − = − B⇒B=
2 2 2 2 5
− 82
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = 2A + 4B , A = –2B , A =
5
−11x − 15 −82 / 5 41 / 5 48 / 25 41 82 48
∴ ≡ + − ≡ − −
(2 x + 1) (2 x − 5 x − 3) 2 x − 1 (2 x − 1)
2 2
x − 3 5(2 x − 1) 2
5(2 x − 1) 25( x − 3)
5x2 + 8x + 5 A 3x + B
23 ≡ + 2
(2 x + 1) ( x + x + 1) 2 x + 1 x + x + 1
2

∴ 5x2 + 8x + 5 ≡ A (x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (2x + 1)

1 5 1 1 
When x =− , − 4 + 5 =A  − + 1
2 4 4 2 
9 3
= A ⇒ A= 3
4 4
When x = 0, 5 = A + C , C = 2
Equating coefficients of x2, 5 = A + 2B , 2B = 2, B = 1
5x2 + 8x + 5 3 x+2
∴ ≡ + 2
(2 x + 1) ( x + x + 1) 2 x + 1 x + x + 1
2

1 1
24 3 ≡
x − 8 ( x − 2) ( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
1 A Bx + C
≡ + 2
( x − 2) ( x + 2 x + 4) x − 2 x + 2 x + 4
2

∴ 1 ≡ A (x2 + 2x + 4) + (Bx + C) (x – 2)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 13 of 16

1
When x = 2, 1 = 12A , A=
12
2 1
When x = 0, 1 = 4A – 2C , =− 2C , C = −
3 3
1
Equating coefficients of x2, 0 = A + B , B = −
12
1 1 1
− x−
1 1 x+4
∴ 3 ≡ 12 + 2 12 3 ≡ −
x − 8 x − 2 x + 2 x + 4 12( x − 2) 12( x + 2 x + 4)
2

2 x 2 − 3x + 5 A Bx + C
25 ≡ + 2
( x + 1) ( x + 4) x + 1 x + 4
2

∴ 2x2 – 3x + 5 = A (x2 + 4) + (Bx + C) (x + 1)

When x = –1, 2 + 3 + 5 = 5A , A = 10/5 = 2
When x = 0, 5 = 4A + C , 5 = 8 + C , C = –3
Equating coefficients of x2, 2 = A + B , B = 0
2 x 2 − 3x + 5 2 3
∴ ≡ − 2
( x + 1) ( x + 4) x + 1 x + 4
2

4x 2 + 4x + 1 4x 2 + 4x + 1
26 =
x (x + 1) x2 + x
4
x + x 4x + 4x + 1
2 2

4 x2 + 4 x + 0
1
4x + 4x + 1
2
1
∴ ≡4+
x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
1 A B
Now ≡ +
x ( x + 1) x x + 1
1 = A (x + 1) + Bx
When x = 0, 1 = A
When x = –1, 1 = –B, B = –1
1 1 1
∴ ≡ −
x ( x + 1) x x + 1
4x2 + 4x + 1 1 1
⇒ ≡4+ −
x (x + 1) x x +1
x3 + 6 x 2 + 7 x + 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 7 x + 2
27 ≡
( x + 2) ( x + 4) x2 + 6x + 8

x
x + 6x + 8 x + 6x + 7x + 2
2 3 2

x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 0
−x+2
x + 6x + 7x + 2
3 2
−x + 2
∴ ≡x+
( x + 2) ( x + 4) ( x + 2) ( x + 4)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 14 of 16

−x + 2 A B
≡ +
( x + 2) ( x + 4) x + 2 x + 4
–x + 2 ≡ A (x + 4) + B (x + 2)
When x = –2, 4 = 2A, A = 2
When x = –4, 6 = –2B, B = –3
−x + 2 2 3
∴ ≡ −
( x + 2) ( x + 4) x + 2 x + 4
x3 + 6 x 2 + 7 x + 2 2 3
Hence ≡x+ −
( x + 2) ( x + 4) x+2 x+4
x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 1
28 ≡
x ( x 2 + 1) x3 + x
1
x3 + x x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 1
x 3 + 0x 2 + x + 0
x2 + x + 1
x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 x2 + x + 1
∴ ≡ 1 +
x ( x 2 + 1) x ( x 2 + 1)
x 2 + x + 1 B Cx + D
≡ + 2
x ( x 2 + 1) x x +1
∴ x + x + 1 ≡ B (x2 + 1) + (Cx + D) (x)
2

When x = 0, 1 = B
Equating coefficients of x2, 1 = B + C , C = 0
Equating coefficients of x, 1 = D
x2 + x + 1 1 1
∴ ≡ + 2
x ( x + 1) x x + 1
2

x3 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 1 1
Hence ≡1+ + 2
x ( x + 1)
2
x x +1
x 2 + 3x + 3 x 2 + 3x + 3
29 (a) (i) ≡ 2
( x + 1) 2 x + 2x + 1
1
x 2 + 2 x + 1 x 2 + 3x + 3
x2 + 2x + 1
x+2
x 2 + 3x + 3 x+2
∴ ≡1+
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
x+2 A B
≡ +
( x + 1) 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
∴ x + 2 = A (x + 1) + B
When x = –1, 1 = B
Equating coefficients of x, 1 = A
x+2 1 1
∴ ≡ +
( x + 1) 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 15 of 16

x 2 + 3x + 3 1 1
Hence ≡1+ +
( x + 1) 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
x +1 x +1 x +1
(ii) 4 ≡ 2 ≡
x − 16 ( x − 4) ( x + 4) ( x − 2) ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 4)
2

x +1 A B Cx + D
≡ + + 2
( x − 2) ( x + 2) ( x + 4) x − 2 x + 2 x + 4
2

∴ x + 1 ≡ A (x + 2) (x2 + 4) + B (x – 2) (x2 + 4) + (Cx + D) (x – 2) (x + 2)

3
When x = 2, 3 = A (4) (8), A =
32
1
When x = –2, –1 = B (–4) (8), B =
32
3 1 1
When x = 0, 1 = 8A – 8B – 4D, 1 = − − 4 D, D = −
4 4 8
3 1 1
Equating coefficients of x3, 0 = A + B + C, 0 = + + C, C =−
32 32 8
3 1 1 1
x+
x +1 32 + 32 − 8 8
∴ ≡
( x − 2) ( x + 2) ( x + 4) x − 2 x + 2 x + 4
2 2

x +1 3 1 x +1
∴ ≡ + −
x − 16 32( x − 2) 32( x + 2) 8( x 2 + 4)
4

x 4 − 3x 3 − 4 x 2 − 9 x − 6
(b)
(x − 4) (x 2 + x + 1)
(x – 4) (x2 + x + 1)
= x3 + x2 + x – 4x2 – 4x – 4
= x3 – 3x2 – 3x – 4
x
x − 3x − 3x − 4 x 4 − 3x3 − 4 x 2 − 9 x − 6
3 2

x 4 − 3x3 − 3x 2 − 4 x + 0
− x2 − 5x − 6
x 4 − 3x3 − 4 x 2 − 9 x − 6 x2 + 5x + 6
∴ ≡ x −
( x − 4) ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x − 4) ( x 2 + x + 1)
x2 + 5x + 6 A Bx + C
≡ + 2
( x − 4) ( x + x + 1) x − 4 x + x + 1
2

∴ x2 + 5x + 6 = A (x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x – 4)
When x = 4, 16 + 20 + 6 = A (21), 42 = 21 A, A = 2
When x = 0, 6 = A – 4C, 4C = 2 – 6, C = –1
Equating coefficients of x2 , 1 = A + B , 1 = 2 + B, B = – 1
x2 + 5x + 6 2 x +1
∴ ≡ − 2
( x − 4) ( x + x + 1) x − 4 x + x + 1
2

x 4 − 3x3 − 4 x 2 − 9 x − 6  2 x +1 
∴ ≡x− − 2 
( x − 4) ( x + x + 1)
2
 x − 4 ( x + x + 1) 
2 x +1
≡x− +
x − 4 x2 + x + 1
30 A (x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2) ≡ 2x2 + 4x + 3

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 16 of 16

When x = –2, A (4 – 2 + 1) = 2 (–2)2 + 4 (–2) + 3

∴ 3A = 3 , A = 1
Equating coefficients of x2, A + B = 2
∴ B=2–1=1
When x = 0, A + 2C = 3, 1 + 2C = 3, C = 1
∴ A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
2x2 + 4x + 3 A Bx + C
≡ + 2
( x + 2) ( x + x + 1) x + 2 x + x + 1
2

∴ 2x2 + 4x + 3 ≡ A (x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)

From above A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
2x2 + 4x + 3 1 x +1
∴ ≡ + 2
( x + 2) ( x + x + 1) x + 2 x + x + 1
2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 3 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013