Experiment – 1.

Aim: Identify the various components of a computer system.

Equipment: A Personal Computer (preferably not in use)
Theory: COMPUTER stands for Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade
Education and Research.
Computer is an electronic device which accepts data (information) from the user, processes the given
data according to users instructions and produce the required output (result). (OR) A computer is an
electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data.
Instruction: an instruction is a command given to the computer to perform specified task.
Program: A sequence of instructions given to the computer for solving a particular task / problem is
called a computer program.
Hardware is a physical component of your computer such as the keyboard or mouse. Hardware is any
part of a computer system you can see or touch.
A peripheral is any piece of hardware attached to a computer, such as a printer, keyboard, mouse etc.
Booting: It loads Operating system to start up a computer.

I. COMPUTER COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS

1. CPU: The CPU is the brains of the computer. All information goes through the CPU to be
processed. The latest CPUs execute many millions of instructions per second.
a. Control Unit (CU): The process of input, output, processing and storage is performed under the
supervision of a unit called 'Control Unit'. It decides when to start receiving data, when to stop it,
where to store data, etc.
b. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The major operations performed by the ALU are addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison.
c. Memory Unit: Computer is used to store data and instructions.
2. MEMORY: Memory is where the information is stored.
a. RAM: Random Access Memory stores programs and data as it is used. The information in
RAM is lost when the power is turned off.
b. ROM: Read Only Memory stores start up and basic operating information.
3. DISKS: Disks are where large amounts of information are stored, even when the power is off.
a. Floppy Disks - Information can be written to and read from floppy disks.
b. Hard disks - Hard disks are not removable like floppy disks, but hold more information.
c. CD ROMs - Compact Disk Read Only Memory. They are useful for storing large amounts of
data. A CD ROM holds about 700 MB of data and is removable.
4. Input/Output Components: Allow a computer to communicate with the outside world. Following are
some examples of Input/Output devices.
a. Keyboard is used to enter information from the user to the computer.
b. Monitors are used to display information/result. It gives soft copy.
c. Video controller is a board in the computer that controls the monitor. It translates the data in
the video memory into symbols on the monitor.
d. Parallel/Serial ports allow the computer to send data to and receive data from printers,
modems, etc.
e. Mouse and Joystick are used to input positional information to the computer.
f. Network Interface Card – A NIC connects the computer to a network. Networks are a high-
speed method of transferring data from one computer to another.
g. printers give output on paper (i.e., hard copy).
II. Hardware components inside CPU
1. Power Supply (SMPS): The power supply converts the alternating current (AC) from your mains
(110V input or 220V input) to the direct current (DC) needed by the computer.
 ATX Power Supply

2. Motherboard: The motherboard contains all of the wiring that's necessary for the different
devices to communicate with each other. It can also be called main-board or planar. These
include the Central Processor and the Memory cards as well as sound cards, graphics cards,
video cards, any ports such as USB

3. CPU: A processor performs arithmetical, logical, input/output (I/O) and other basic instructions
that are passed from an operating system (OS). It is brain of computer. CPUs get really hot so to
keep them cool; we use a fan and heat-sink to dissipate the heat.

CPU (Processor)
4. RAM: RAM stands for Random access memory. It is a primary memory. It is a volatile memory.
 RAM

5. VideoCard: A graphic card is the component of your computer that interprets video
signal. Some popular graphic card manufacturers are NVIDIA, ATI Etc. It deals with PC gaming,
high definition video and multiple displays.

Video Card

6. Sound Card: Sound cards enable the computer to output, record and manipulate sound. Now it
is common to have a built-in sound card on motherboards, when talking about personal
computers.

Sound Card
7. Expansion Slots: An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that is used to insert an
expansion card (or circuit board), which provides additional features to a computer such as
video, sound, advanced graphics, Ethernet or memory.
8. Storage/ HARD DISK DRIVE: It is a non volatile memory. It stores data permanently. Hard
drives stores data magnetically on a spinning disk. It can be written to or it can be read from.

Hard Drive

9. Chipset: Both the Northbridge and the Southbridge together form a chipset for a motherboard.
Northbridge is used to connect the CPU to the memory, cache, PCI express bus etc.
Southbridge is used to handle all the communication between various input and output devices.
 10. FLOPPY DISKDRIVE/CD/DVD DRIVES: The floppy disk drive allows us to insert a floppy disk in
and save a small amount of data on a removable piece of media. Today it is rarely used.

Floppy Disk Drive Floppy Disk

In addition, we also have our DVD or CD drives.

DVD Drive Blank Media DVD

Most motherboards come with necessary interfaces built in. For example, hard disk can connect
to the motherboard using SATA interface, DVD drive using ATA interface, etc.
11. CMOS Battery: The CMOS battery, which powers the memory for date and time in the BIOS
chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.
12. Buzzer: it gives Beep sounds
III. Various Ports on CPU:
A port is an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. It
provides a signal transfer between devices.

1.PS/2 Port: Used to connect the mouse and keyboard (7 pins).

2. Ethernet Port: Used to connect the network cable (RJ – 45).
3. Audio In/Audio Out: Connect various devices, including speakers, microphones, headsets,
and more Audio.
4. VGA Port: Monitor is connected to this port (15 pins).
 5. USB Port: The Universal Serial Bus port is used to attach a variety of devices such as
mouse, printers, keyboards, web cameras, USB/flash drives, and digital cameras to the
computer quickly
6. Parallel port: it is used to connect printer (25 pins).
IV. Cables used in PC:
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics): IDE cables were used to connect storage devices to a
motherboard.

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): Now a day’s we use SATA ports over IDE ports.
Compared to IDE, SATA provides higher data transfer speeds. A standard SATA cable can be identified
by two connectors, each having 7 pins and an empty notch

eSATA (External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): It is an extension of, or improvement of

SATA

 Ethernet: Ethernet cables are used to set up local area networks.

 Cat 5 cables are the most basic type and provide speeds of either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps.
 Cat 5e, which means Cat 5 Enhanced, allows for faster data transmission than its predecessor.
It caps at 1,000 Mbps.
Cat 6 is the latest and offers the best performance of the three. It’s capable of supporting 10 Gbps
speeds.

Power-supply cables: it supplies power to Motherboard, hard disk, DVD drive. Ex:24 pin, 4pin, SATA
power connector
Result: Identified the parts of a computer system.

Experiment No – 1.2

Aim: Differentiate between Hardware and Software.

Equipment: A Personal Computer with Windows 7 Operating System.

Theory:

Hardware is a physical component of a computer which user can touch and feel it.
Ex: Input devices, output devices, Removable data storage, computer case internal parts.

Software is a collection of programs/instructions which instruct the computer to do a particular task.

Ex: System software, Programming software and application software.

Differences between hardware and software

S HARDWARE
No
1 Physical parts of a computer are called
hardware.
2 You can touch, see and feel hardware.
3 If hardware is damaged, it is replaced with
new one.
4 It is not affected by computer virus.
5 User cannot make new duplicate copies
of the hardware.
6 Hardware cannot be transferred from one
place to another electronically through
network.
7 Hardware runs under the control of
software.
8 Ex: keyboard, image scanner,
microphone, joystick, light pen, mouse,
touch screen, monitor, printer, speakers,
DVD Drives, Memory card, pen drives,
hard disk, motherboard, SMPS, RAM,
Processor etc.
SOFTWARE
software is a collection of code installed
onto your computer's hard drive
You can see but cannot touch and feel it.
If software is damaged or corrupted, its
backup copy reinstalled.
It is affected by computer virus.
User can make many new duplicate copies
of the software.
Software can be transferred from one
place to another electronically through
network.
Operations of computer are controlled
through software.
Ex: operating systems, servers, compilers,
debuggers, linkers, Notepad, word pad,
MS Office, C, C++, Java, .Net, Oracle,
VLC player, Internet Explorer, Google
chrome etc.

Note: software and hardware are interrelated. Without software, hardware cannot run itself.

Result: Differentiated between Hardware and Software.

 Experiment – 1.3
Aim of the Experiment: State the Configuration of a Computer system.
Equipment / Resources Required: A Personal Computer with Windows 7 Operating System.
Procedure to Check the Software details of a Computer:
Using My Computer.
1. Select My Computer icon on Desktop.
2. Right click Mouse Button and it displays a popup menu.
3. Point to Properties Option and click it. Now it displays system information window.
Using Control Panel
1. Click on Start Button. Now Start menu appears.
2. Click on Control Panel Option. Now control Panel window appears.
3. In control Panel window, double click the System icon. Now it displays system information
window.
Result:

Using System tools

1. Click on Start Button. Now Start menu appears
2. Select and click on All Programs  Accessories  System Tools  System Information.
3. It displays System Information window.
Using RUN
1. Click on Start Button. Now Start menu appears.
2. Click on RUN. (OR) Press Windows button + R on the keyboard. Now Run dialog box appears.
3. Now Type msinfo32 in the text box and click on OK button.
4. It displays System Information window.

Result:
 Experiment – 1.4

Aim: To create text files using Notepad and WordPad.

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Theory:

Notepad: It is used to create small documents. The documents can be saved, retrieved and printed
in notepad. Notepad saves documents with .txt file extension.

WordPad: WordPad is a text editor for short documents. Using WordPad, we can create and format
the documents with different font, color and paragraph styles. WordPad saves documents with .rtf
file extension. Rtf stands for rich text format.

Procedure to open notepad:

1. Click START button on the taskbar.

2. Select All Programs.
3. Select Accessories.
4. Click on Notepad. Now notepad window appears.

Procedure to format the text:

1. Click on format menu.

2. Click on font option. Now font dialog appears.
3. Select the font. Ex: Calibri
4. Select font style. Ex: Regular
5. Select font size. Ex: 12
6. Click on ok.

Saving notepad file:

1. Type some text.

2. Click on Filesave. Now save as dialog box appears.
3. Enter file name as Lachiram.
4. Select the destination location to save it. Ex: Desktop
5. Click on save button. Now text file is created with Lachiram.txt file name on the desktop.

To create text files using WordPad:

 1. Click on START All Programs AccessoriesWordPad. Now WordPad window appears.
2. Select font name, font size, font style, font color in font group on the ribbon.
3. Select alignment, line spacing in paragraph group on the ribbon.
4. Type some text.
5. Press CTRL + S to save the file. Now save as dialog box appears.
6. Enter file name as Ram.
7. Select the destination location to save it. Ex: Desktop
8. Click on save button. Now text file is created with Ram.rtf file name on the desktop.

Result: created text files using Notepad and WordPad.

Experiment No – 1.5

Aim: Exercise on creation of .jpeg, .bmp Files using MS Paint

Equipment: A Personal Computer with Windows 7 Operating system.
Theory: Ms-Paint is a drawing tool which is used to create pictures and images. It is also used to view
and edit scanned photos. File formats or file extensions in Paint: a) .jpeg b) .bmp c) .gif d) .tif e)
.png
Tools used in paint:
In the Clipboard Section:
1. Paste: Allows you to paste the contents from the clipboard.
2. Cut: Allows you to cut the selection from the canvas and put it in the clipboard.
3. Copy: Allows you to copy the selection from the canvas and put it in the clipboard.
In the Image Section:
1. Select: Allows you to select objects with a rectangular select box.
2. Crop: Allows you to cut the picture so that is only contains a certain section.
3. Resize: Allows you to change or skew the height or width of your picture.
4. Rotate: Allows you to flip the picture or selection.
In the Tools Section:
1. Pencil: Allows you to draw free form lines and curves.
2. Fill With Color: Allows you to fill an entire area with a single color.
3. Text: Allows you to enter text into a file.
4. Eraser: A free form eraser.
5. Color Picker: Also known as the eye dropper, allows you to use an exactly matched color of a
color already used or already present in the file.
6. Magnifier: Allows you to zoom in or out of the file you are working on.
7. Brushes: Forms free form lines and curves.
In the Shapes Section:
1. Outline: Allows you to select the medium of your outline.
2. Fill: Allows you to select the medium of your fill.
3. Size: Allows you to select the width of the selected tool.
In the Color Section:
1. Color 1: Foreground color used for pencils, brushes, or shape outlines.
2. Color 2: Background color used for erasers or shape fills.
3. Color Palette: A palette of default colors you can chose to draw with.
4. Edit Colors: Allows you to select new colors for the color palette.

Procedure to open MS Paint: click on Start  All Programs  Accessories  Paint.

Creating .jpeg file in MS paint:
1. Pick the tools and create your own drawings.
 2. After completing your drawings, press CTRL+S on the keyboard to save it.
3. Now save as dialog box appears.
4. Type file name in the file name box. Ex: Lachiram
5. Select picture location where you want to save it. Ex: Desktop.
6. Select save as type. Ex: JPEG
7. Finally click on save button.
Creating .bmp file in Ms Paint:
1. Pick the tools and create your own drawings.
2. After completing your drawings, press CTRL+S on the keyboard to save it.
3. Now save as dialog box appears.
4. Type file name in the file name box. Ex: Ram
5. Select picture location where you want to save it. Ex: Desktop.
6. Select save as type. Ex: 256 Color Bitmap
7. Finally click on save button.
Result: created of .jpeg, .bmp Files using MS Paint

Experiment – 1.6
Aim: Exercise how to use calculator.
Equipment: A Personal Computer with Windows 7 Operating system.
Theory: Calculator is an application program. Every windows OS has this application.
Types of Calculators: 1. Standard 2. Scientific 3. Programmer 4. Statistics
Opening calculator:
1. Click on start
2. Click on all programs
3. Click on accessories
4. Click on calculator
5. Now calculator window appears.
6. You can perform all arithmetic operations in standard calculator. Ex: =,-,/,% etc.
Switching to Scientific calculator:
1. Click on view.
2. Click on scientific.
3. You can perform all scientific operations in this calculator. Ex: trigonometric, logarithms etc.
Switching to Programmer calculator:
4. Click on view.
5. Click on scientific.
6. You can perform all programmer operations in this calculator. Ex: binary, hexadecimal, decimal,
octal numbers etc.
Switching to Statistics calculator:
7. Click on view.
8. Click on scientific.
9. You can perform all Statistics operations in this calculator. Ex:∑x2 , Exp, etc.

Result: use calculators for different calculations.

 Experiment: 2.1

Aim: Practice on Internal and External commands in MS-DOS.

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Theory:
Ms-Dos stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. Ms- DOS is an operating system. An operating
system is collection of system programs, used for controlling input/output operation.

There are mainly two types of DOS command.

1. Internal commands
2. External commands

When we start MS-DOS, we get a symbol on the screen like this C:\> This symbol is known as C drive
or C-prompt.
Executing Internal commands:
These commands are automatically loaded into the memory. They perform basic operations on files
and directories.
1. Cls : It used to clear the display screen. Ex: C:\> cls ↵

2. Dir: It displays the list of directories and files on the screen. Ex: C:\> dir ↵
Ex: C:\> dir /p ↵ (It displays the list of directories or files page wise)
Ex: C:\> dir /w↵ (It displays the list of directories or files width wise)
Ex: C:\> dir c*↵ (It displays the list of directories or files whose name starts with C)
Ex: C:\> dir D:↵ (It display list of directories or files in drive D)
3. Date: it is used to display the system current date setting and prompt you to enter a new date.
Ex: C:\> date ↵

Current date is Fri 01-01-2017

Enter new date (mm-dd-yy):

4. Time: This command is used to displays or set the system time.

Ex: C:\> time ↵

Current time is 12 : 39 :48 . 36 p

Enter new time :
5. Ver : It displays the version of DOS being used currently. Ex: C:\> ver ↵
6. Vol: It displays the disk volume label & serial number, if they exist for the drive specified. Ex:
C:\> vol D: ↵
7. Md: stands for make directory. It is used to create a directory. Ex: C:\> md cflab ↵
8. Cd: stands for change directory. It is used to move to subdirectory. Ex: C:\> cd cflab ↵ Result:
C:\cflab>
a. C:\cflab>md college ↵
b. C:\cflab>cd college ↵ Result: C:\cflab\college>
c. C:\cflab\college>md jngpt ↵
d. C:\cflab\college>cd jngpt ↵ Result: C:\cflab\college\jngpt>
e. C:\cflab\college\jngpt>cd.. ↵ Result: C:\cflab\college> (cd.. is used to exit from sub
directory)
f. C:\cflab\college>cd/ ↵ Result: C:\> (cd/ is used to move to root directory i.e., C drive)

9. Rd: stands for remove directory. It is used to delete a directory.

Ex: C:\> md computer ↵
 C:\> rd computer ↵

10. COPY CON:- It used to create a new text file.

Ex: C:\> copy con message.txt ↵
Good morning ↵
How are you ↵
Congrats ↵
All the best ↵
Press CTRL+Z ↵ (Ctrl+Z or F6: used to save and exit)

1 file(s) copied
11. Type: it is used to see the contents of a text file. Ex: C:\> type message.txt ↵
12. Ren: it is used to rename the old file name with new file name. Ex: C:\> ren message.txt
wish.txt ↵
13. COPY:It is used to copy one or more specified files to another disk with same file name or with
different file name.
Ex: C:\> copy wish.txt msg.txt ↵
14. DEL: it is used to delete a file. Ex: C:\> del msg.txt ↵
15. COLOR: it is used to change text color or background color of MS-DOS
Ex: C:\> color 1 ↵
Ex: C:\> color 2 ↵
Executing External commands:

These commands are used to perform advanced tasks. These are stored in a secondary
storage device.
1. DISKCOPY: it is used to copy the file/folders of one disk to another disk. Ex: C:\> diskcopy
D: C: ↵
2. CHKDSK: This command is used to check a disk and display a status report with properties
of disk like serial number, volume label, memory and other properties along with errors. Ex: C:\>
chkdsk D: ↵
3.ATTRIB:- Sets the various type of attribute to a file. Like Read only, Archive, Hidden and
System attribute.
Ex: C:\>attrib +h cflab ↵
Ex: C:\>attrib -h cflab ↵
4. FORMAT: it erases the data in the disk drive. It divides the disk into Tracks and Sectors.
Ex: C:\> format D: ↵ (formats disk D)
C:\> format /q D: ↵ (quick formatting)
C:\> format /u D: ↵ (unconditional formatting)
C:\> format /s D: ↵ (it makes a disk into bootable disk)
5. TREE: to view the list of directories and subdirectories present on the disk in graphical form.
Ex: C:\cflab >tree ↵
5. DELTREE: it is used to remove a directory along with its contents.
Ex: C:\> deltree C:\cflab >college ↵

Experiment – 2.2

Aim: Create and use Batch Files

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Theory:
Batch file: it is a text file which contains a sequence of commands executed by command interpreter.
A Batch file has the file extension “.bat “in MS-DOS.

Creating batch file:

1. Open Notepad and type the following commands in Notepad.

md computer
cd computer
md lab
dir
cd lab
md cflab
cd cflab
cd..
cd/
color 1
2. Press CTRL + S on the keyboard to save it. Now save as dialog box appears.
3. Type file name with .bat extension. Ex: commands.bat
4. Select file location where you want to save it.
Ex: My computer/Local Disk C/cflab
5. Click on save button.

Executing batch file:

1. Open MS-DOS command prompt window.

2. Type the following commands at the command line.
C:\users\student>cd/ ↵
3. Go to the path where batch file is saved.
C:\ >cd cflab ↵
4. Now type batch file name at command line prompt.
C:\cflab> commands.bat ↵
5. Commands automatically get executed and you can see the sequence of execution.

Result: a batch file is created and executed in MS-DOS.

Experiment – 2.3
Aim: To know the usage of Editors.
Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.
Theory: Edlin: it is MS-DOS line text editor. Edlin is an early version of the MS-DOS command. It
allows the user to edit the text files.
Edlin Commands:
Display Commands Definition
---------------- ----------
L LIST: Displays listing of [RANGE] of lines.
 [RANGE] L
P PAGE: Displays listing of [RANGE] of lines.
[RANGE] p
S SEARCH: Searches [RANGE] of lines for [STRING].
[RANGE] s [STRING]

Editing Commands Definition

---------------- ----------
C copy: Copies [RANGE] of lines to [LINE].
[RANGE],[LINE],[NUMBER] c [NUMBER] specifies how many copies to do.
D DELETE: Deletes [RANGE] of lines.
[RANGE] d
I INSERT: Inserts new lines beginning at [LINE].
[LINE] i Use CTRL+C to exit insert mode.
M MOVE: Moves [RANGE] of lines to position [LINE].
[RANGE],[LINE] m
15 LINE EDIT: Allows editing of line.
[LINE]
R REPLACE: Searches [RANGE] for [STRING1] and
[RANGE] r [STRING1][STRING2] replaces it with [STRING2].
Quit Options Definition
------------ ----------
Q QUIT: Quits Edlin without saving changes.
E END: Quits Edlin after saving changes.
Procedure:
6. Open Notepad and type the following text in Notepad.
Hello
Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening
Good night
7. Press CTRL + S on the keyboard to save it. Now save as dialog box appears.
8. Type file name. Ex: wish.txt
9. Select file location where you want to save it.
Ex: My computer/Local Disk C/cflab
10. Click on save button.
Executing edlin commands:
1. Open MS-DOS command prompt window.
2. Type the following commands at the command line.
C:\users\student>cd/ ↵
3. Go to the path where batch file is saved.
C:\ >cd cflab ↵
4. Now type batch file name at command line prompt.
C:\cflab> edlin wish.txt ↵

Result:
C:\cflab>edlin wish.txt
End of input file
*L
1:*Hello
2: Good morning
3: Good afternoon
4: Good evening
 5: Good night
*p
1: Hello
2: Good morning
3: Good afternoon
4: Good evening
5:*Good night
*1,3p
1: Hello
2: Good morning
3:*Good afternoon
*3L
3:*Good afternoon
4: Good evening
5: Good night
*4i
4:*ram
5:*sam
6:*kim
7:*press CTRL+C
*L
1: Hello
2: Good morning
3: Good afternoon
4: ram
5: sam
6: kim
7:*Good evening
8: Good night
*4,6d
*L
1: Hello
2: Good morning
3: Good afternoon
4:*Good evening
5: Good night
*1,3,5m
*L
1: Good evening
2:*Hello
3: Good morning
4: Good afternoon
5: Good night
*2,4,1c
*L
1:*Hello
2: Good morning
3: Good afternoon
4: Good evening
5: Hello
6: Good morning
7: Good afternoon
8: Good night
*5
 5.*Hello
5.*Hi
*e
C:\cflab>

Experiment – 3.1

Aim: Exercise on creation of folders and organizing files in different Folders.

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.
Theory:
File:It is a set of logically related data. Files contain information like text, Graphics and numeric data.
Each file must have a name. The name has two parts – file name and extension name. extension
indicates the type of the file. Commonly used extensions are: .xls for excel, .mdb for MS access, .txt
for text file etc.
Folder: A Folder is used to put similar files together. It is a collection files and subfolders
A folder inside a folder is called sub folder.

Procedure for creating a folder on desktop

1. Right click the mouse button on the desktop. It opens a popup menu.
2. Select the NEW option. It opens a sub menu.
3. Click on FOLDER option. Now a folder is created on desktop and by default it is named as New
Folder.
4. Now type the name of the folder. Ex: Lachiram. And press the enter key on the keyboard.

Creating a folder on specified location

1. Double click on Computer icon on the desktop.

2. Double click on Local disk C: or Local disk D: to open it.
3. Right click the mouse button. It opens a popup menu.
4. Select the NEW option. It opens a sub menu.
5. Click on FOLDER option. Now a folder is created on desktop and by default it is named as New
Folder.
6. Now type the name of the folder. Ex: Lachiram. And press the enter key on the keyboard.

Creating a sub folder

1. Double click on a folder to it. Ex: Lachiram.

2. Right click on empty place. Now a popup menu appears.
3. Click on New Folder.
4. Type name of the folder and press enter key.

Renaming a folder

1. Select the file or folder you want to rename.

2. Right click on the selected file or folder. It opens a popup menu.
3. Select the rename option. Now type the name of the folder. Ex: NL Ram. And press the enter
key on the keyboard.

Deleting a folder/file:

1. Select the file or folder you want to rename. Ex: Lachiram

 2. Right click on the selected file or folder. It opens a popup menu.
3. Select Delete option from the popup menu. Now delete file dialog box appears. Click on yes
option to delete the file/folder otherwise click on No option.

(Or) Select the file/folder to delete and Press delete Button on the key board. Now delete file dialog
box appears. Click on yes option to delete the file/folder otherwise click on No option.

To delete a file/folder permanently:

1. Select a file/folder. Ex: NL Ram
2. Press Shift and Delete Buttons on the keyboard at the same time.
3. Now a dialog box appears. Click on YES option in the dialog box.
Organizing files in My Documents:
1. Click on start button. Click on documents. Now documents window appears.
2. Right click on empty place in documents window. Now popup menu appears.
3. Click on Sort by option.
4. Click on Name and Ascending options in the submenu.

Result: a folder is created, renamed and deleted. Files are organized in document folder according
to name.

Experiment – 3.2

Aim: Exercise on use of Recycle bin.

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Theory:

Recycle bin: It is a folder which stores all the deleted files and folders temporarily. By default, it is
located on the desktop.

Restoring Deleted files/folders:

1. Double click on the Recycle Bin on the desktop.
2. Select the file or folder that has to be restored.
3. Right click on the file or folder. Now a popup menu appears. In that, click on Restore option.
4. Now the file is returned to its original Location.
5. Now close the Recycle Bin.

Emptying Recycle bin:

Method 1:

1. Right click on recycle bin icon.

2. Click on Empty recycle bin option popup menu.

Method 2:

1. Open Recycle bin.

2. Press CTRL + A on the keyboard to select all the files and folders.
3. Right click on any selected file.
4. Click on delete.

Now all the files/folder in Recycle bin will get deleted.

Result: Restored deleted file/folder and emptied recycle bin.

Experiment – 3.3

Aim: Exercise on My computer and My documents

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.
Theory:
My computer: it allows the user to access Local disk drives (i.e., Local disk C: Local disk D :), external
disk drives (i.e., CD/DVD, Pen drives etc.) and my documents & other files.
My documents: It is a folder which stores users documents, music, pictures, videos and other personal
files. Each user has his own my document folder.
Opening My computer:
1. Click on start button.
2. Click on Computer button in start menu. Now computer window appears. Short cut key: windows
+ E.

Procedure to view files/folders in Local Disk C:

1. Click on start button.

2. Click on Computer button in start menu. Now computer window appears.
3. Double click on Local Disk C: to open it. (OR) Right click on Local Disk C: and click on open
option.
4. Now a window shows files and folders in C: drive.

Procedure to view files/folders in Local Disk C:

1. Click on start button.

2. Click on Computer button in start menu. Now computer window appears.
3. Double click on DVD drive E: to open it. (OR) Right click on DVD Drive E: and click on open
option.
4. Now a window shows files and folders in DVD drive E:

Procedure to view properties of Local Disk C:

1. Click on start button.

2. Click on Computer button in start menu. Now computer window appears.
3. Right click on Local Disk C: and click on Properties option.
4. Now properties window appears and it shows following information:
Used space: 13.1 GB
Free space: 71.9 GB
Total capacity: 74 GB
5. Click on ok button to close properties window.

Opening My document:
1. Click on start button.
2. Click on Documents button in start menu. Now computer window appears.

Hiding/showing my document button in start menu:

1. Right click on start button/taskbar.

 2. Click on properties. Now properties window appears.
3. Click on start menu tab.
4. Click on Customize tab.
5. Under document group, click on don’t display this Item to hide document button in start menu.
(Or) click on display as link to show document button in start menu.
6. Click on ok.
7. Click on apply and ok buttons.

Creating a start cut icon for My document on the Desktop:

1. Click on start button.
2. Right click on Documents button in start menu. Now popup menu appears.
3. Click on send to option.
4. Click on Desktop.

Result: opened my computer and my documents. Viewed files/folders in disk drives.

Hided/displayed my document button in start menu. Created shortcut for my documents.

Experiment – 3.4

Aim: Exercise on creation of shortcuts to files and folders.

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Theory: Shortcut: It is an icon which is created mostly on the desktop for easy access of the file. It can
be created for applications, files and folders.

Displaying My computer Icon on the desktop:

1. Click on start button. Now start menu appears.

2. Right click on Computer.
3. Click on Show on Desktop option. Now computer icon appears on the desktop.

Creating short cut to a file/folder:

Method 1:

1. Right click on desktop. Now context menu appears.

2. Click on new option.
3. Click on shortcut option. Now create shortcut dialog box appears.
 4. Click on browse button. Now a dialog box appears.
5. Select file or folder. Ex: My computer/Local Disk C: /Lachiram/Lachiram.bat
6. Click on Ok.
7. Click on Next.
8. Type a name for shortcut. Ex: Batch file.
9. Click on finish button.

Method 2:

1. Right click on the file/folder to create shortcut. Ex: Lachiram.bat

2. Click on send to option.
3. Click on Desktop (create shortcut).

Result: created shortcut to file/folder and My computer.

Experiment – 3.5

Aim: Exercise on arranging of icons on the desktop.

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Arranging icons Name wise on the desktop:

1. Right click on the desktop.

2. Click on sort by option in the context menu.
3. Click on Name option in the submenu.
4. All the files & folders are arranged according to their names in alphabetical order.

Arranging icons by size on the desktop:

1. Right click on the desktop.

2. Click on sort by option in the context menu.
3. Click on size option in the submenu.
4. All the files & folders are arranged according to their sizes in ascending order.

Arranging icons by date modified on the desktop:

1. Right click on the desktop.

2. Click on sort by option in the context menu.
3. Click on date modified option in the submenu.
4. All the files & folders are re-arranged according to their names in alphabetical order.

Arranging icons by type on the desktop:

1. Right click on the desktop.

2. Click on sort by option in the context menu.
3. Click on Item type option in the submenu.
4. All the files & folders are re-arranged according to their modified time from past to latest.
 Result: Arranged icons according to name wise, size, type, Modified on desktop.

Experiment – 3.6

Aim: Exercise on searching of files and folders.

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Theory: Search is a tool which is used to find a file/folder in the whole computer based on its name
and it displays a list of files and folder.

Searching a folder/file:

Method 1:

6. Click on start button. Now Start menu appears.

7. Type a search term (i.e., file name) in the search field at the bottom.

The Search field and results in the Start menu.

8. Now it displays a list of search results.
9. Click on required file/folder to open it.
10. Click the See More Results link (optional).
Method 2:

1. Click on start button ti open start menu.

2. Click on computer. Now computer window appears.
3. Type a search term (i.e., file name) in the search computer field at the right top corner of the
window.
4. Now it displays a list of files and folders.
5. Double click on required file/folder to open it.

Result: searched and opened files/folders

 Experiment – 3.7

Aim: Exercise on using of explorer for accessing of files and folders

Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.

Theory:

Windows explorer: it is also called as File Explorer. It is a file browser used to navigate and manage
the drives, folders and files on your computer. It is used to access files and folders.

Accessing files/folders using windows explorer:

1. Click on start button.

2. Click on all programs.
3. Click on accessories.
4. Click on windows explorer. Now windows explorer window appears.

(OR)

Click windows explorer folder on the taskbar to open it.

5. Now windows explorer shows the following folders:

i. Documents. ii. Music. iii. Pictures. iv. Videos.

6. Now you can navigate whole system using left pane.

7. Double click on required file/folder to open it.

Result: used explorer to access files/folders.

Experiment – 3.8

Aim: Exercise on organizing files / folders using copy and paste of files and folders
Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.
Theory:
Copy: makes a duplicate of the original file.
Cut: Cut deletes the content from the screen, but keeps it in memory.
Delete: Delete deletes an item from the screen without storing it in memory. In the case of files or
folders,
Delete deletes it from the screen but moves them to the Recycle Bin.
Move: moves an item from one location to another (i.e. source folder to destination Folder).
Paste: used to make a cut or copied item appear again at a specific location.
Copying files/folders to another location:
1. Select the file/folder you want to copy. Ex: Lachiram
2. Right click on the selected file or folder. It opens a popup menu.
3. Select copy option from the popup menu.(or) press CTRL+C to copy it.
4. Open the destination location where you want to copy the file or folder.
EX: My computer  Local disk DCF Lab folder
5. Right click on the mouse. It opens popup menu. In that popup menu, select paste option.
(OR) press CTRL+V to paste it.
Copying multiples files/folders to another location:
1. Select the file/folder on the desktop.
2. Press & hold CTRL key on the keyboard.
3. Click on one or more files to select it using mouse.
4. Release CTRL key.
5. Right click on the selected file or folder. It opens a popup menu.
6. Select copy option from the popup menu.(or) press CTRL+C to copy it.
7. Open the destination location where you want to copy the file or folder.
EX: My computer  Local disk DCF Lab folder
8. Right click on the mouse. It opens popup menu. In that popup menu, select paste option.
(OR) press CTRL+V to paste it.
Moving a file/folder to another location:
1. Select the file/folder you want to cut. Ex: NL Ram
2. Right click on the selected file or folder. It opens a popup menu.
3. Select cut option from the popup menu.(or) press CTRL+X to cut it.
4. Open the destination location where you want to copy the file or folder.
EX: My computer  Local disk DIT Lab folder
5. Right click on the mouse. It opens popup menu. In that popup menu, select paste option.
(OR) press CTRL+V to paste it.
Moving multiples files/folders to another location:
1. Select the file/folder on the desktop.
2. Press & hold CTRL key on the keyboard.
3. Click on one or more files to select it using mouse.
4. Release CTRL key.
5. Right click on the selected file or folder. It opens a popup menu.
6. Select cut option from the popup menu.(or) press CTRL+X to copy it.
7. Open the destination location where you want to copy the file or folder.
EX: My computer  Local disk DCF Lab folder
8. Right click on the mouse. It opens popup menu. In that popup menu, select paste option.
(OR) press CTRL+V to paste it.

Note: when we copy & paste a file/folder, it appears at source and destination locations.
When we cut & paste a file/folder, it appears at destination location only.
Result: copied and moved files/folders to another location.

Experiment – 3.9
Aim: Change resolution, color, appearance, screen saver options of Display.
Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.
Theory: A computer system consists of hardware and software. Desktop is a Graphical User
Interface. Desktop contains icons, shortcuts, files and folders.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the system. Now you will see a colorful screen on the monitor. It is called the Desktop.
2. There are three Important things on the desktop are:
a. Wall paper
b. Icons
c. Taskbar
Wallpaper: it is the background picture that displays on the desktop. It can easily changed.
Icons: Icons are the small pictures on the desktop that represent the programs, files, folders, etc. by
clicking on an icon, we can open a program.
Taskbar: It is a long rectangular bar present at the bottom of the desktop. It has three main
components: Start button, Quick Launch Bar and System Tray.

Changing desktop background:

1. Right click on the desktop. Now a popup menu appears.
2. Click on Personalization. Now a Personalization window appears.
3. Click on desktop background.
4. Select the picture location. Ex: Windows desktop background.
5. Click on select all button.
6. Select the picture position. Ex: Fill
7. Finally click on save changes button and close the personalization window.
Changing Screen saver:
1. Right click on the desktop. Now a popup menu appears.
2. Click on Personalization. Now a Personalization window appears.
3. Click on Screen Saver. The Screen Saver Settings window opens.
4. Click or tap the Screen saver drop-down list. Then, select the new screensaver. Ex: Bubbles.

5. If you don't want to use a screensaver, select (None).

6. You can preview it by clicking the Preview button.
7. In the Wait box you set the number of minutes of inactivity. Ex: 10.
 8. Also, you can set whether to display the logon screen when you resume using your Windows PC
or device.

9. Finally click on Apply and OK.

Changing windows color:

1. Right click on the desktop.
2. Click on Personalization. Now a Personalization window appears.
3. Click on windows color.
4. Select any color button. Ex: Green.
5. Click on save changes button.
Changing appearance:
1. Right click on the desktop.
2. Click on Personalization. Now a Personalization window appears.
3. Click on windows color.
4. Click on advanced appearance setting option.
5. Now a dialog box appears and change the following options.
a. Select item. Ex: Desktop
b. Select color 1. Ex: Green.
6. Click on apply and ok buttons.
7. Finally click on save changes button.

Changing screen Resolution:

1. Right click on the desktop.
2. Click on Personalization. Now a Personalization window appears.
3. Click on Display option in the left pane.
4. Click on adjust resolution in the left pane.
5. Now change the following options.
a. Display: Dell x7836C
b. Resolution: 1024 X 768
c. Orientation: Landscape.
6. Click on apply and ok buttons.

Result: changed resolution, color, appearance, screen saver options of Display

Experiment – 3.10
Aim: Change system date and time.
Equipment: A Personal computer with windows 7 Operating System.
Procedure to change date & time:
1. Click on the Date and Time on the extreme right of the task bar.
2. Click Change Date and Time settings. The Date and Time popup window opens.
3. Click Change Date and Time button.
4. Click on change time zone button.
5. Now select time zone. Ex: (UTC+5:30) Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi. And click on OK
button.
6. Click on change date and time button.
7. Select the date (Ex: 1, Jan 2017) from the calendar and change the time.
8. Click Ok button.
9. Click apply and Ok buttons.

Result: changed the System date and Time:

Experiment – 4.1

Aim: Importance of web browser software

Equipment: A personal computer, internet connection, web browser software’s.
Theory:
1. A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application used for
accessing sites or information on a network (such as the World Wide Web).
2. The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.
3. A web browser is a software program that allows a user to locate, access, retrieve and display
content on World Wide Web including web pages, images, video, sound and other files.
4. Popular browsers: Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox.
5. Other major browsers: Apple Safari, Opera and UC browser.
6. In client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the web server
and it requests information.web server sends the information back to the web browser.
7. Browser is used to perform tasks such as videoconferencing, to design web pages other security
features. A Browser displays HTML web pages, applications, java script etc.

Procedure to open internet explorer:

1. Click on start button.
2. Click on Internet explorer.
3. Now internet explorer window appears.

Procedure to open Google Chrome:

1. Click on start button.
2. Click on Internet explorer.
3. Now Google Chrome window appears.
Procedure to open Mozilla Firefox:
1. Click on start button.
2. Click on Internet explorer.
3. Now Mozilla Firefox window appears.

Result: Opened web browsers like IE, Chrome and Firefox.

 Experiment – 4.2
Aim: Understand Structure of URL
Equipment: A personal computer with internet explorer or Chrome or Firefox.
Theory: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is the location of your page on the web. It
is shown in the address bar of the browser. It is one type of Uniform Resource Identifier. URI
(Uniform Resource Identifier) is a generic term for all the name and addresses which show objects
on the World Wide Web.
A URL consists of a protocol, domain name, and path. Basic format of URL

protocol://domain-name.top-level-domain/path

The protocol indicates how a browser should retrieve information about a resource.
Protocols: .http,.https, .ftp, .mailto, .smtp etc.
Domain name: It is also referred to as the host or server id or IP address. where the resource is
located.
Top level: it is a category for websites. Ex: .com, .in, .gov, .org, .edu, .mil etc.
Path: program name is a path to a file on the server. A path, which contains data, usually organized
in hierarchical form. it is always start with single slash. it is also called resource id.
Example:

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.htm

Protocol Name: http

Domain name: www.ietf.com
Top level: .com
Path: rfc/rfc2396.htm

Result: understood structure of URL.

Experiment – 4.3

Aim: create an E-mail account.

Equipment: a personal computer, internet connection, Google chrome browser.

Theory: e-mail is a message that may contains text, files, images or other attachments. It is electronic
mail. It is exchanged between two users through a network.
Procedure to create an e-mail:

1. Open web browser. Ex: chrome.

2. Type gmail.com in the address bar and press enter key. Now a window appears.
3. Click on create an account. Now it displays a registration form.
4. Enter Your Name and last Name Ex: computer Lab
5. Type user name. Ex: cflab17@gmail.com
6. Type password in Create a password field. Ex: date@2000
7. Again type same password for confirmation in Confirm your password field.
8. Enter your date of birth in birthday field.
9. Enter your gender. Ex: Male
10. Enter your Phone number.
11. Enter your email-id if you have, otherwise leave it as blank.
12. Enter your location. Ex: India
13. Click on Next step. Now a dialog box appears.
14. Click on I Agree button.
15. Click on continue to Gmail button.
16. Now email account is created.
17. Now you can set profile picture.

Gmail Log out:

1. Click the profile icon in the upper right corner. Now Account popup box appears.
2. Click the Sign out button to log out of your new Gmail account.

Result: Gmail account is created and logged out.

Experiment – 4.4
Aim: understand how to send an e-mail.
Equipment: a personal computer with internet connection and a mail-id created.
Theory:
Compose mail contains following options:

CC: add more mail id’s to send carbon copy of the mail.
Bcc: add more mail id’s to send Blind carbon copy of the mail.
Subject: this is the head line that the recipient will see in your mail.
Attach a file:click this link to attach an image, audio, video, document to the mail.
Check spelling: click this link for any spelling mistakes.
Send: used to send the mail.
Save now: used to save the mail.
Discard: used to discard the mail.

Procedure:

1. Open Google chrome.

2. Type gmail.com in the address bar. Now Gmail window appears.
3. Click on sign in button.
4. Type username and password and press enter key.
5. Now you are logged in into your account.
6. Click on compose mail. Now new message form appears.
7. In the ‘To’ box, type email-id of the recipient. Ex: nlachiram@gmail.com.
8. In the subject box, enter message head line. Ex: cf lab experiments.
 9. Type your message in the main body of your email.
10. Click on attachment symbol at bottom of the email to attach a file/document.
11. Finally click on Send button.

Result: learnt how to send a mail.

Experiment – 4.5
Aim: understand how to receive an e-mail.
Equipment: a personal computer with internet connection and a mail id created.

Procedure:

1. Open Google chrome.

2. Type gmail.com in the address bar. Now Gmail website window appears.
3. Click on sign in button.
4. Type username and password and press enter key.
5. Now your mail get opened.
6. Click on Inbox in the left pane.
7. All of your received mails will be displayed over here.
8. Un-opened mail will be highlighted as bold.
9. Click on the mail link to open and read it.

Result: Learnt how to read a mail.

Experiment – 4.6

Aim: Browse the internet using various search engines.

Equipment: a personal computer with internet connection and a web browser.

Theory:

Search engine is a software program that searches documents and files for keywords and
return the results of any files containing those keywords.

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results
are usually presented in a list of results. The information may consist of web pages, images,
information and other types of files.

A search engine is a software system on the Internet that will conduct a search of its own database of
websites based on terms you have entered. As a result, you will be shown a list of web addresses that
contain the term you were looking to find.

Most popular search engine: Google.

Other search engines: AOL, ask.com, Baidu, Bing and Yahoo.

Procedure:

1. Open web browser. Ex: chrome.

2. Type google.com in the address bar. Now Google window appears.
3. In the given text box, type the search string and press enter key. Ex: what is a computer?
4. Google gives you the results in the form of links to websites and links are represented by blue
colored underlined text.
5. Click on that link to find the answer for your question. If it is not the correct link, click on another
link.
6. Repeat above step until you find the correct answer.
7. In the similar way, you can use other search engines to search a particular web site or
documents.
Result: learnt how to search in internet.