11/29/2018 ANSI-SPARC Architecture - Wikipedia

ANSI-SPARC Architecture
The ANSI-SPARC Architecture, where ANSI-SPARC stands
for American National Standards Institute, Standards Planning
And Requirements Committee, is an abstract design standard
for a Database Management System (DBMS), first proposed in
1975.[1]

The ANSI-SPARC model however never became a formal

standard. No mainstream DBMS systems are fully based on it
(they tend not to exhibit full physical independence or to prevent
direct user access to the conceptual level), but the idea of logical
data independence is widely adopted.

Contents
Three-level architecture The ANSI-SPARC Three-level architecture.
Database schemas
See also
References
Further reading

Three-level architecture
The objectives of the three-level architecture is to separate the user's view,

It allows independent customized user views: Each user should be able to access the same data, but have a different
customized view of the data. These should be independent: changes to one view should not affect others.
It hides the physical storage details from users: Users should not have to deal with physical database storage details.
The database administrator should be able to change the database storage structures without affecting the users’
views.
The internal structure of the database should be unaffected by changes to the physical aspects of the storage: For
example, a changeover to a new disk.
The three levels are:

External level
Conceptual level
Internal level
The Three Level Architecture has the aim of enabling users to access the same data but with a personalised view of it. The
distancing of the internal level from the external level means that users do not need to know how the data is physically
stored in the database. This level separation also allows the Database Administrator (DBA) to change the database storage
structures without affecting the users' views.

External Level (User Views): A user's view of the database describes a part of the database that is relevant to a
particular user. It excludes irrelevant data as well as data which the user is not authorised to access.
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Conceptual Level: The conceptual level is a way of describing what data is stored within the whole database and how
the data is inter-related. The conceptual level does not specify how the data is physically stored.
Some important facts about this level are:

1. DBA works at this level.

2. Describes the structure of all users.
3. Only DBA can define this level.
4. Global view of database.
5. Independent of hardware and software.

Internal Level: The internal level involves how the database is physically represented on the computer system. It
describes how the data is actually stored in the database and on the computer hardware.

Database schemas
There are three different types of schema corresponding to the three levels in the ANSI-SPARC architecture.

The external schemas describe the different external views of the data and there may be many external schemas for
a given database.
The conceptual schema describes all the data items and relationships between them, together with integrity
constraints (later). There is only one conceptual schema per database.
The internal schema at the lowest level contains definitions of the stored records, the methods of representation, the
data fields, and indexes. There is only one internal schema per database.
The overall description of a database is called the database schema.

See also
Three schema approach
View model

References
1. ANSI/X3/SPARC Study Group on Data Base Management Systems: (1975), Interim Report. FDT, ACM SIGMOD
bulletin. Volume 7, No. 2

Further reading
Jardine, Donald A. (1977). The ANSI/SPARC DBMS Model. North-Holland Pub. Co. ISBN 0-7204-0719-2.

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