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David A. Bracer-Negron*
A statement given freely and voluntarily without
any compelling influences is, of course, admisible
in evidence. The fundamental import of the
privilege while an individual is in custody is not
whether he is allowed to talk to the police without
the benefit ofwarnings and counsel, butwhetherhe
can be interrogated.'
I. Introducci6n
No fue hasta los afnos '80, en Rhode Island v. Innis,2 que el Tribunal
Supremo Federal proporcion6 una guia de lo que debia considerarse un
3
Id. en 301.
4
Supra nota 1.
5
U.S. CONST. amend. V.
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EL INTERROGATORIO Y LAS PRUEBAS DE... 3
6
Procunier V.Atchley, 400 U.S. 446 (1971).
4 REVISTA DE DERECHO PUERTORRIQUENO [VOL. 40
7
Flecher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603 (1982); Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231 (1980).
'Jenkins v. Anderson, supra nota 7 (op. concurrente Juez Stevens).
9
Pueblo v. Gonzalez Mathews, 109 D.P.R. 683 (1981).
"Pueblo v. Gonzalez Col6n, 110 D.P.R. 812 (1981).
"Pueblo v. Alvarez Trinidad, 85 D.P.R. 593 (1962).
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EL INTERROGATORIO Y LAS PRUEBAS DE... 5
12 d.
"3Prontuario de Derecho Probatorio Puertorriquenio, Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de
Hostos, Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico, pag. 203, Mayaguez, San Juan (1994).
14
Pueblo v. Rios Alvarez, 112 D.P.R. 92 (1982).
'5 Carter v. Kentucky, 450 U.S. 288 (1981).
'6 Chiesa, op. cit. (Suplemento 1988)
"7Pueblo v. De Jesus Rivera, 113 D.P.R. 817 (1983).
'8 Pueblo v. Gonzalez Col6n, 110 D.P.R. 812 (1981).
"9Pueblo v. RiveraNazario, 96 J.T.S. 147 (1996)
"0Pueblo v. Calder6n Alvarez, 96 J.T.S. 57 (1996).
6 REVISTA DE DERECHO PUERTORRIQUENO [VOL. 40
"5Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 (1976); Wainwright v. Greenfield, 106 S.Ct. 634 (1986).
"6United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171 (1971).
2
'Weinwright v. Greenfield, supra nota 25.
2'Wigmore, On Evidence, Secci6n 2252 McMaughton Revision (1961).
29
Op. Cit., pag. 112, Prontuario de Derecho Probatorio, supra nota 13, pig. 205.
8 REVISTA DE DERECHO PUERTORRIQUENO [VOL. 40
30
Pueblo v. Falu Martinez, 116 D.P.R. 828 (1986), Pueblo v. Adorno Quifiones, 101 D.P.R. 429
(1973), Pueblo v. Aspur6a, 61 D.P.R. 252 (1943).
"Doe v. U.S., 108 S.Ct. 2341 (1988).
"2Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 751 (1966).
"3Couselman v. Hitchcock, 142 U.S. 547 (1892).
34Kastigar v. U.S., 406 U.S. 441 (1972).
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EL INTERROGATORIO Y LAS PRUEBAS DE... 9
40
Miranda v. Arizona, supra nota 1.
4IId.
42
Supra nota 2.
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43
Rhode Island v. Innis, supra nota 2 en 300-301.
"Edwards. v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981).
45
Snith v. Illinois, 105 S. Ct. 490 (1984).
4"Michigan v. Mosely, 423 U.S. 967 (1975).
12 REVISTA DE DERECHO PUERTORRIQUENO [VOL. 40'
47
Welsh S. White, InterrogationWithout Questions: Rhode Island v. Innis and United States v.
Henry, 78 MICH. L. REv. 1209 (1980).
48
Police Interrogation and Confessions, U.S. Law Week's Constitutional Law Conference (Sept.
12, 1987).
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. 13
1
49
United States v. Gonzalez, 864 F. Supp. 375 (1994).
50
Garcia v. Singletary, 13F. 3d. 1487 (1 1' Cir. 1994).
5
"United States v. Casiano, 862 F. Supp. 52 (1994).
52
United States v. Walker, 871 F. Supp. 1, 3 (1994).
53
United States v. D'Anjou, 16 F. 3d. 604 (4"' Cir. 1994).
54
United States v. De la Rosa Contreras, 859 F. Supp. 388 (1994).
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55
United States v. Rogers, 41 F. 3d. 25 (1" Cir. 1994); United States v. Cooper, 19 F. 3d. 1154
(7' Cir. 1994).
"6United States v. Porco, 842 F. Supp. 1393 (1994); United States v. Escobar, 842 F. Supp. 1519
(1994); United States v. WaiKeung, 845 F. Supp. 139 (1994); United States v. Dodge, 85 F.
Supp. 139 (1994).
57
Siripongs v. Calder6n, 35 F. 3d. 1308 (9th Cir. 1994).
5
"United States v. McCurdy, 40 F. 3d. 1111 (lOth Cir. 1994).
59
Kuhlman v. Wilson, 477 U.S. 436 (1986).
60
United States v. Henry, 447 U.S. 264 (1980).
6'State v. Mattatall, 525 A 2d. 49 (1987); State v. Currington, 746 P. 2d. 997 (1988).
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1
62
Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977).
"Wilson v. O'Leary, 895 F. 2d. 378 (1990).
"People v. Ferro, 460 NYS 2d. 585 (1983).
"Arizona v. Mauro, 481 U.S. 520 (1987).
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IV. La Voluntariedad
75
Pueblo v. Calzada, 93 D.P.R. 803 (1966).
76
Pueblo v. Osorio, 37 D.P.R. 898 (1927).
7
'Blackbum v. Alabama, 361 U.S. 199 (1960).
78
Miller v. Fenton, 106 S. Ct. 445 (1985).
79
Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532 (1897).
80
Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279 (1991).
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.. 19
8
"Pueblo v. Guido Maya, 90 D.P.R. 821; Pueblo v. Melendez Santiago, 93 D.P.R. 770 (1966).
82
Califomia v. Beheler, 103 S. Ct. 3517 (1983); Berkemer v. McCarty, 104 S. Ct. 3138 (1984).
83
Wong Sun. v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963).
84
"The Trial Judge in determining the issue of volutariness shall take into consideration all the
circunstances surrounding the giving of the confession, including (1) the time elapsing between
arrest and arraignment of the defendant making the confession, if it was made after and before
arraignment, (2) whether such defendant knew the nature ofthe offense with which he was charge
or of which he was suspected at the time of making the confession, (3) whether or not the
defendant was advised or knew that he was nor required to make any statement could be used
against him, (4) whether or not such defendant had been advised prior to questioning of his right
to the assistance of counsel; and (5) whether or not such defend'ant was without the assistance of
counsel when questioned and when giving such confession." Viase Roger v. Richmond,365 U.S.
534 (1961) y Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986).
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"SWashington v. Commonwealth, 323 S.E. 2d. 577 (Va. 1984); Washington v. Murray, 952 F.2d.
1472 (1991).
8
"Welsh White, False Confessions and the Constitution, 32 HARV .Civ. RIGHTS Civ. LIBERTIES
L. REv. 135 (1997); Houriham Paul, Earl Washington 's Confession: MentalRetardationand the
Law of Confessions, 81 VIRG. LAW REV. 1471 (1995).
8
"United States v. Mallory, 354 U.S. 449 (1957).
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88
States v. Halbert, 436 F. 2d. 1126 (9th Cir. 1970).
89
United States v. Perez, 733 F. 2d. 1026 (2d. Cir. 1984); United States v. Khan, 625 F. Supp. 866
(1986); United States v. Leland, 376 F. Supp. 1193 (1974).
"0 United States v. Abell, 586 F. Supp. 1414 (1984); Virgin Island v. Gereau, 502 F. 2d. 914 (3rd
Cir. 1974).
"'Grooms v. United States, 429 F. 2d. 839 (8' Cir. 1970); United States v. Fallon, 457 F. 2d. 15
(10' Cir. 1972).
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VI. Conclusi6n
92
BRIAN C. JAYNE & JOSEPH P. BuCKLEY, Crinminal Interrogation Techniches on Trial,
Prosecutor;J. NAT. DISTRICT ATTYS. ASSON. (Fall 1991).
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. 23
2
We have learned the lesson of history, ancient and modern, that a system of
criminal law enforcement which comes to depend on the confession will, in
the long run, be less reliable and more subject to abuses than a system which
depends on extrinsic evidence independently secured through skillful
investigation. 93
93
Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 181 (1986).
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