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Tuberculosis can be treated with antibiotics. Patients need to be given three or four
different antibiotics (combination therapy) for several months. It is important that the
drugs are taken every single day and that the medication continues to be taken even after
the patient feels better, to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance.
(i) With reference to the effect of M. tuberculosis on lung tissue, suggest how the
bacteria cause the coughing of blood-stained mucus.
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(2)
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(Total 6 marks)
(a) Name the organ which is the most commonly infected by M. tuberculosis.
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(b) Suggest why 90% of people who are infected by M. tuberculosis never develop TB.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
3. Mycobacterium bovis is a bacterium which can be injected into the body to stimulate active
immunity against tuberculosis (TB). This is known as the BCG vaccine. TB is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that is closely related to M. bovis.
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(5)
Another common bacterium, Mycobacterium fortuitum is harmless and often found in soil. In a
study to compare the effects of different Mycobacterium species, mice were infected with
Mycobacterium as shown in the diagram opposite. Enough time was allowed between injections
for an immune response to develop.
B a c te riu m s p e c ie s T re a tm e n t A T re a tm e n t B T re a tm e n t C
in je c te d
M . fo r tu itu m
M . b o v is
M . tu b e rc u lo s is
M o u s e d ie s o f T B M o u s e s u rv iv e s M o u s e d ie s o f T B
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(d) The BCG vaccine needs the M. bovis cells to grow and divide in order to provide
protection. Suggest reasons why the BCG vaccine in treatment C failed to protect the
mouse against TB.
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(e) M. fortuitum often infects wounds in young children. Suggest one possible consequence
of this in later life.
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(Total 12 marks)
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(Total 3 marks)
5. Many people infected with the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB) do not develop the
disease for a number of years.
(a) Suggest how some TB bacteria avoid being destroyed by the immune system for a
number of years.
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(b) Describe the role of B-cells and T-cells in preventing the development of the symptoms of
TB in an infected person.
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(ii) Give two symptoms which are likely to occur in a person with TB.
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(Total 8 marks)
(a) The table below lists five structural features that may be found in bacteria and viruses.
Put a cross in the box if the structural feature is present.
Mesosome
Capsid
Nucleic acid
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
(5)
(b) The table below shows the number of new TB cases recorded in 1994 and in 2004 from
four different geographical regions. These data exclude people who are HIV positive.
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(ii) HIV positive people were excluded from the data. If they had been included
suggest how the data would differ. Give an explanation for your answer.
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(Total 12 marks)