IRC:SP: 105-2015

• The sign for compressive stresses needs to be taken as positive.

• X and Y and the direction along which the reinforcement is provided and SEdx

shall be greater than Cl"Edy

• No reinforcement is required if both Cl"Edx & Cl"Edy are compressive (i.e.

positive) and in-plane shear stress 1Edxy is small. To determine whether 1Edxy
small or not, code has included the criteria as Cl"Edx·Cl"Edy > 1Edxy

• If 1Edxy is significantly high or either Cl"Edx or Cl"Edy is tensile then the

reinforcement needs to be provided in that direction.

Two worked examples demonstrate the procedure of the design.

C7.4.2 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF COMBINED IN-PLANE FORCES AND OUT OF

PLANE BENDING AND SHEAR CI. 9.4.3

As per the approach suggested in this clause, the element is divided into three layers
of plate, each having 1/3rd thickness; top & bottom resist the in plane forces &
bending moments with resulting lever arm and the central one resists the out of
plane shear forces. The detailed procedure is available in Annexure B-1 and is
explained with worked examples in the commentary of the said annexure.

CI-9.1
WORKED EXAMPLE

Following are the results at the center of membrane element used for analysis of
diaphragm of bridge deck having thickness of 500 mm with Grade of concrete M40
and reinforcement Fe500

nEdx = 3000 kN/m

nEdy = 2000 kN/m
nEdxy= 1500 kN/m

As per clause 6.4.2.8 (1), fcd= 0.67 x 40/1.5= 17.86 MPa

OEdx =6.0 MPa

OEdy =4.0 MPa
tEdxy =3.0 MPa
OEdxX OEdy= 24
tEdX/ =9.0< 24

Since OEdx.OEdy > 'tEdx/and both OEdx& OEdyare compressive, no reinforcement in both
direction is required (provide the minimum reinforcement as given in section).
62
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 IRC:SP: 105-201:

CHAPTER 8
SECTION 10:DESIGN FOR SHEAR, PUNCHING SHEAR AND
TORSION

8.1 SCOPE C1.10.1

The scope is to cover the design provisions for shear in flexural members including
arriving at the shear reinforcements.

The shear can arise out of (a) flexure, (b) Interface shear due to concrete cast at
different times (c) shear between web and flange in flanged sections (d) due to
punching (e) due to torsion. Different types of shear arising in flexural members can
be represented in the following flow diagram:

I Shea!
I
I
i

,
Flexural Shear
•
Interface Shear
(C oncrete ClSt
ar different
Shear between
flanue and web
III the flauaed
Punching Shear Torsional Shear

tune I beams

The shear design has to be carried out under ultimate limit state only. When the
member requires shear reinforcement, the reinforcement has to be calculated based
on a truss model. For members without shear reinforcement the capacity of the
section is estimated using empirical formula.

The adoption of higher grade of concrete with high permissible stress leads to
slender web resulting in large height to thickness ratio giving rise to significant
second order out-of-plane bending effect. This leads to failure of web at shear force
less than sectional force predicted based on uniform crushing of concrete using the
formula given in the code. Hence the code places restriction for shear strength of
concrete grades higher than M60. The shear strength for the same shall be restricted
to strength class M60 for design purposes.

8.2 DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS FOR SHEAR CI. 10.2

8.2.1 Shear Design model of members without shear reinforcement CI. 10.2.1

The sub clauses of the code are quite elaborate and the same can be followed by the
designers without any difficulty.

64
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

If the strain in the cable is not attaining a value corresponding tpd

Ep
then the force in
cable shall be taken corresponding to the strain attained and the full capacity of the
cable shall not be used.

Conservatively this increase in stress in the prestressing cable can be ignored and
only the prestressing force available may be considered after accounting all losses.
This method of design will lead to slight increase in shear steel.

For unbonded cable, at the ultimate limit state stage the force in the cable shall be
assumed to be same as the initial prestressing force less the losses. Increase in
cable force may not be considered. This will lead to slightly conservative design
shear force.

In the development length portion, the prestressing force develops gradually in case
of pre-tensioned girders. Hence the corresponding force shall be considered by
taking a linear variation.

In case of beams of varying depth, the design shear force shall be calculated by
ignoring the relief offered due to inclination of chords for justifying the no requirement
of shear reinforcement. However when the section needs to be provided with the
designed shear reinforcement, the relief or additional force due to chord inclination
shall be considered for arriving at the net shear force. The effect due to prestressing
force shall always be considered.

VEd is defined as the shear force in the section resulting from external loading and
prestressing. Chord forces also, if considered, then the net shear force is defined as
VNs in the code (i,e. VNs = VEd - Vccd - Vtd).
CI. 10.3
8.3 DESIGN METHOD
CI. 10.3
8.3.1 Elements not requiring Design Shear Reinforcement

(1) The shear capacity of concrete VRdcshall be greater than VEd which is the
design shear force in the section considered resulting from external loading
and prestressing. No relief due to inclined chord force shall be considered
while arriving at VEd. For sections having shear capacity VRdc more than
VEdno designed shear reinforcement needs to be provided. However
minimum shear reinforcement needs to be provided as per clause 16.5.2.
This minimum reinforcement can be omitted in case of slab structures.

(2) The formula given for calculating the shear capacity of section in the code is
empirical only. The shear strength depends upon the tensile strength of
concrete which in turn depends upon the compressive strength of concrete
to the power 1/3, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and depth of the section.

68
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because VRde in case of beam having no shear reinforcement directly depends upon
As1, the longitudinal reinforcement which will be either absent or negligible.

Hence the designer, for most of the cases can straightway use Eq. 10.7 and 10.8,
without checking the capacity of section to carry shear using equation 10.1.

Derivation of Equation 10.4 for Uncracked Prestressed Sections

For sections having no shear reinforcement, the shear failure is expected to occur
when the principle tensile stress, anywhere in the section exceeds the tensile
strength of concrete feld, which shall be taken as felkos/Ym. Taking tensile stress as
negative, the minor principal stress

_ f' _ O"cp+ O"bending _ CO"cp+ O"bending)2 + t?

J ctd - 2 2

Where,
Oep is the compressive stress at centroid due to axial loading or
prestressing force (after all loss, including partial safety factor), taken as
positive.

Obendingis the stress due to bending moment at the level considered in

MPa, taking compressive stress as positive. This includes the bending
stress due to prestress and all other design loads. The section is
subjected to normal stress and shear stress.

t is the applied shear stress = VRdcIbAx

VRde is the shear resistance of the concrete in the web from the shear
force required to cause web cracking.

I is the second moment of area of section

Axis the first moment of area of the concrete above/below the plane of
consideration about the centroid of the section. This has been taken as S
in the code.

Substitute (cp+ O"bending) =X

2
-fctd=x-vx2+r2
-fctd - x = -vx2 + r2
+fctd + x = vx2 + r2

Squaring both sides:

(feld + = 2 xl x +"[2

70
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uaLjM ·(O:3/\g·a·!) PZ/o JopeJ e Aq pee: siu; oi anp reaus aLjl 6U!Ald!llnW
Aq JeaLjs ssrui sprawo; pao: S!Ljl JO uounquiuoo aLjl 6upnpaJ slsa66ns
apoo aLjl a8uaH 'uouce ssru; Aq pannusuan aq II!M peo] aLjl JO ued pue
suouos JeaLjs pue 6u!puaq 6U/AIOAU! lnOLjl!M uouoe Lj8Je Aq uoddns aLjl o;
penuusuan AlpaJ!p aq II!M spaoj aLjl JO uad se 'raaus spiewo; ainquiuoo II!M
paoj S!Ljl JO Lj8nW MOLj 'sssue uousanb aLjl (pasn aJe sfiuueaq alq!xau uaLjM
fiuueaq JO raiuao JO) uoddns JO a6pa aLjl WOJJP2:ot PS·O U!Ljl!M S! Ae aJaLjM
Ae soueisip e le (doi) a8eJjns .iaddn aLjl uo psudde speoj Ljl!M sJaqwaV\J (S)
·weaq aLjl JO pua aLjl oidn 6upaA08 uo!6aJ S!Ljl U! psnuuuoo aq
IIeLjs W uouoas S!Ljlle paA!JJe lUaWa8JoJU!aJ aLjl JaAaMOH ·Molaq UMOLjS se
oS17JO al6ue ue le uoddns aLjl JO a6pa rauu: aLjl WOJJ peuuou au!! e pue sixe
lep!OJlUa8 8!lSela aLjl uo lU!od uouoesrsnn aLjl sU!elU08 Lj8!LjM uouoas aLjl
pue uouoos uoddns aLjl uaaMlaq suouoss SSOJ8 JOJ pannbai lOU S! uouoas
pa)j8eJ8Un JOJ aejnuuoj sxoqe red se a8UelS!SaJ reous JO uouejnojao aLj_i (17)
'ptonuso ausoduroo 8lH inoqs
P!OJlU8::> 8l!Sodwo::> 84l 8Aoqe UOq::>8S iseoard 84l JO e8Je lU8WOW lSJ!J 84l S! .Jd~.Jdj-"
(Jd::1dV) ~:A= s2
q8M JO qipearq 84l S! q UO!P8S 8l!Sodwo::> JO eqJ8uI JO lU8WOW 84l S!
 IRC:SP: 105-2015

Designers can observe that the clause 10.2.2.1 stipulates that no shear
reinforcement is required to be designed for a section within 'd' from support
except the reinforcement designed at 'd' to be continued upto support and
also for the shear generated due to loads placed in the zone covered by 8sup
and 8inf (i,e. between 'd' and '2.5d' from support in case 8inf is considered as
21.8°).

However if we consider the clauses 10.3.2(5) and 10.3.3.3(7), the

requirement is somewhat different. Hence there is a contradiction among
these clauses. The contradiction is, any load placed between '0.5d' and '2d'.
the reduced shear force due to these loads have to be worked out for
arriving at the shear at any section between the support and the
concentrated load and cannot be ignored as stated in clause
10.2.2.1.Secondly when the load is placed at 0.5d and if the shear force is to
be calculated at 'd' distance away from the support, the effect of the load
located at '0.5d' will not appear in the shear force calculation.

The first para of the clause 10.2.2.1 is applicable only in case if there is no
concentrated load occurring within a distance 'd' from support and the
structure is subjected to uniformly distributed load. The second part of the
clause covering the load placed between d and the distance corresponding
to minimum strut angle 2.5 d shall not be operated. Instead clause 10.3.2 (5)
shall be followed.

Clause no.10.3.2 (5) is not suited for multiple concentrated loads or moving
loads in case of bridges, indirect loads or subjected to uniformly distributed
load. This clause is applicable only when the structure is subjected to single
concentrated load. However if this clause is to the applied to the moving
loads, then the following procedure shall be adopted:

a) Workout the support reaction and shear at various sections due to dead
load.
b) It is assumed that there are three concentrated loads within a distance of
2d located at a distance of 0.5d, d and 1.5d. Any load occurring between
the support and 0.5d the same may be considered to act at 0.5d.
c) Place the first concentrated load W1 at 0.5d, W2 at d and W3 at 1.5d. The
P1, P2and P3factorwill be 0.25,0.5 and 0.75.
d) The support reaction.
e) Vsupport = VDLreaction + (reaction due to Wi) + (reaction due to Wz) +
(reaction due to W3) + reaction due to loads beyond 2d.

74
 0·0 = d~D '.: 0 = peOlle!xy
£S·1 = ~
~/'- + 1= )j
.- . = SL·89X001 = pMq _ Id
20 > LSOO a·6£ lsV -
GWo LG·6£ = ISy
wWOOO ~ = 4lP!M SA!ps.u3
z
·wWS·L89 = sz OS - OSL = uidep SA!lOS.u3
w/zwo LG·6£ = lUSWSOJoJU!SJ JO eSJY
·WWSG~ e!p SG WSWSOJoJU!SH
·O£LAJspeJ6 SlSJOUOOwWOS JSAOO 'WWOSL qejs JO sssu)jO!41
:SMOlloJ se SJe qers JO sremoured su_
·psp!AOJd S! lUSWSOJoJU!SJ resus OU 40!4M U! qejs JJH JO Alpedeo Jes4s s4l slewqs3
·Jelel pauiejdxa
se e:JJoJpJOl_Pleuo!l!ppe Ol enp psseeroui eq ueo iuaursorojurar el!suel elH
JO uouoanp elqeJOAeJun e4l U! .p, JOsoueisro e JeAOpsurus aq lIe4S eU!1P3l!\J
e4l eJnx81JU! paxoero uo!6eJ e4l U! luewe:JJoJu!eJ leU!pnl!6uOI JO ufnsep JO.:l (9)
·sqels U! '4l!M pasuadstp
aq II!M ewes e4l pue iuaureorojurai raaus umununu 4l!M pepixord eq oi
eJe sweeq e4l JeAeMOH ·luew8:JJOJU!eJreaus ln04l!M reaus U! eJes eq oi
peweep S! uouoas e4l pue UO!S!AeJou peeu suouoas e4lle4l papnpuoo
aq ueo l! 'mns JO 5UI4SnJ8 JOJg·O~ uouenbs AJS!leSoi elqe osie aJe suouoas
psonpa, a4l pue uoddns a41 ·pap!AoJd aq oi pannba, S! iuauraorojuja,
resus ou uau; '~·O~ uouenbs AJS!leS oi alqe aJe suouoas a4l JI (I
TO~
uouanbs lSu!e6e pexoauo aq lIe4S Jea4s e4l pue pa!ldde aq 0llOU paau
roioe, uouonpai a4l 'PZ puoxoq pue 'PZ uouoos 4:JeaJ spaoj a4l ua4M (>I
.p uonoss a4l 6u!>I:Ja4:JJOJPZ le£M pue pg. ~ pue
P le GM pue ~M pao: a4l 6upeld pue 6U!AOWAq uouejnojeo a4l leedaCi (f
·g·O~ pue ~·O~ uouenbs lSu!e6e psxoaqo aq osja lIe4s
uouoas S!4l PZ aprsino JO PZ U!4l!M uouoos SSOJ:JU! uouonpai e S! aJe4l JI (!
·lnJls
JO 6u!4SnJ:JJOJg·O~ uouenbo AJS!les lIe4s reaqs uoddns a4l pue roioe,
g 6upnpOJlU! ln04l!M (p) U! UM04s se 'uouoeai uoddns a4l aleln:Jle:) (4
. ~·O~ uouenbs AJS!leSpinous (a) dais axoqe e4l U! ino pa>iJOMraaqs a41 (6
·PZ puoxoq spaoj oi anp raeus + .(EM peo: oi anp
Jea4s)Eo + (GM pao] Ol enp reaus) GO+ ("M peo] oi anp reaus) "0+ peoj
peap oi enp Jea4s /\ = aHil(peol uouoas JO Uel) pg·O uouoas le Jea4S (J
 LL
8zl0J+T ..
T = 8zUIS. .
8zUlS 8zUIS
8z S0J US
+ 8z l 8z S~J +I
z 8 WJ +I
e z UlS = -=--=-----=-=----
I I I
8 c:U!S(0 lO:J + 8 lO:J) Z MqJo =
8 U!S x 8 U!S (0 lO:J + 8 lO:J) Z MqJo =
:Uoq:J8J!P 18:JqJ8/\ U! 8:JJOJ 8/\!SS8Jdwo:J 18::_
8 U!S (0 lO:J + 8 lO:J) Z Mq:.c =
8 U!S Z TirqJo = x-x 8U81d oi J8In:J!PU8dJ8d 8:JJOJ 8/\!SS8Jdwo:J 18::_
SS8JlS 8/\!SS8Jdwo:J 81q8MOll8 8lH SI :.c ~
8
-
/777777
x z
8 UlS 1\7
s = SOCI/\OS ~ = 0 U!S '0 = 0 lO:J '006 = 0 sdrurus 18:J!lJ8/\ JC=
() roo Z P'/.HI
V
S
(.8l0J +DlOJ
) Z· = sdruius JO raqumu 18+0-
s = 0 816u8 U8 l8 drums P8U!PU! JO 6Up8dS
 ~
IRC:SP:I05-2015

ucvlfcdbwZ(cot8+cota) (Codal Eq:l (I '

VRdmax (1 +cot2 8)

When stirrups are provided in vertical direction a = 900cot a =0

UCWbWZVlfcd ( Codal Eq: 11

VRdmax (tan8+cot8)

For members with vertical shear reinforcements, the shear resistance is the smaller
value of VRd,s and VRd.max. The maximum effective cross sectional area of shear
reinforcement for vertical stirrups can be found out by substituting 8 = 45° as the
capacity due to reinforcement cannot exceed the capacity of concrete.

rti I Sti < ucwbWZVlfcd

Asw.maxfywdZ
F or V e rca trrups s - 2
_Asw.maxfywd< 1 f (Codal Eq:lO.!
- -aCvl cd
b wS 2

As 8 cannot be assumed more than 45° ,the shear steel area cannot exceed the
above shown value in a section. In case if it exceeds, it means, the section has failed
in compression and hence need to redesigned

For 8 = 45° cot 8 = 1

For Inclined stirrups

AswmaxfydXZ
VRds . S (cota+l)sina
V UCbWZv1fcd(1+cotU)
Rdmax (1+1)
V Rds~V Rdmax
Asw.maxfYd. 1 b f
S SIn a::; zacw wVl cd
(Codal Eq:]C' _
< ucvlfcd
Asw.maxfYd
bws - 2 sin «
A j'
s)"· yd

b s
At any situation if the provided shear reinforcement 10 works out to be greater
than ucvlfCdi it can be safely concluded the web has failed in shear and requires
2 sin tx
redesign.

It is necessary to restrict the shear resistance of concrete grades of higher than M60
to that of M60 grade for design purpose.

The adoption of higher grade of concrete with high permissible stress leads to
slender web resulting in significant second of order out plane bending effect leading
78
 6L
'MOl8q uwous se inc
p8)lJOM 8q AeW P3/\ Je8L1S oi anp PJOLl::>UO!SS8Jdwo::> pue UO!SU8l U! 8::>JOJleUO!l!PP\i
8::>JO.::l8I!SU8.lleUO!l!PP\i
'S!SAleUe leJnX81J U! peuieiqo WJe J8/\81 8LH
idope J8U6!S8P 8L1l 8::>U8H 'poo6 pjou lOU S80P sAeMle P6'O leLll U88S 8q ueo l! snLll
z
'PSL'O S! L1::>!L1M
UlUl S'tlL = TLv - OS6 = WJe J8/\8l UlUlILt
005 X 5v X 5v'O
= 5n = 188lS JO 6U!PI8!A JOJ PJOLl::>UO!SS8Jdwo::> JO uidep S!SAleUe SSnJl WOJ.::l
OCiSx 5960T
'U0!l::>8S paouejeq e S! UO!P8S 8L1.l 'ZWWS960 ~
= 188lS JO e8J\i 'WWOS6 = uidap 8/\!P8JJ3 'wwooo ~ = L1ld80 'wwoos = L1lpe8J8 'S17lf\J
8peJ6 8l8J::>U08 'iuesq Jeln6uep8C1 'MOl8q UMOLIS S! 81dweX8 ue 86uelJ ou 6u!/\eLl
uieaq Jeln6uep8J JOJ P6'O S8WnSSe 8UO J! 8q II!M Sn08UOJJ8 MOll 8/\OJd oi J8pJO UI
'lU8W8::>JOJU!8JJe8L1S8L1lle 6u!/\!JJe JOJZ sa u8)lel eq AeW 8WeS 8L1l pue inc p8)lJOM
eq IleLls WJe J8/\81 leUJ8lU! 8L1l S!SAleUe leJnX81J 8L1l 6U!l8Idwo::> J8Ue S8Se::> 8S8L1l UI
'swe8q Jeln6uep8J '8'! (iueoq snonuuuoo
JO U0!l::>8S uoddng) 86uelJ UO!SS8Jdwo::> ou 6u!/\eLl U0!l::>8S SSOJ8 'V
'S8::>JOJle!Xe 6u!/\eLl UO!P8S 'S
suiseq p8SS8JlS8Jd 'z
'L1lP!M 6U!AJe/\ 6u!/\eLl swe88 '~
'P8/\!J8p eq pjnous WJe J8/\81lenpe 8L1l 'S8Se::>6U!MOIIOJ
8L1l JO.::l '8PJP 8L1l J8/\O pamquisrp lU8W8::>JOJU!8J leU!pnl!6uOI 8L1l JO srupai 8L1l =
sJ JO UO!P8S Jeln::>Jp JO srupai = J 8J8L1M 'lLjsJZ+J = <lp 8J8L1M <lP6'O se u8)lel 8q pjnous
l! UO!P8S Jeln::>Jp JO 8Se::> UI 'swe8q-.l JOJ sjqaoudde AIUO S! 8p0::> 8L1l U! p8le::>!pU! P
6'0 WJe J8/\81 8L1.l 'p8J8JJO S! uouneo JO pJOM e 'p 6'0 WJe J8/\81 JO asn 8L1l 6u!pJe68C1
'UO!P!JlS8J S!L1lpsoeid sell 8p0::> 8L1l 8Jnl!eJ uons p!o/\e oi J8pJO
UI 'uotsserduroo le!xe J8pUn 8l8J::>UO::>JO 6u!L1snJ::>JOJ 8Iqe::>!ldde 8p0::> 8L1l U! u8/\!6
einuuo; 8L1l uo psseq peiejnojeo Alpede::> Je8L1S 8L1l ueui SS81 8::>JOJJe8L1Sle 8Jnl!eJ oi
 IRC:SP: 105-2015

z J
v
-: ~/
"
,.
"
~
~
~
,V
-.' -. ~
-"1

Fig: CIO.8 Truss Model for Arriving at the Additional Tensile

Force in Chords

Force in the strut =~

sin 8
Horizontal component of this force = ~sin8 cos S = VcotS
Similarly force in diagonal steel element = ~sm «
Horizontal component of this force =~ SID a
cos a = Vcot«
Unbalanced tensile force Ft = V (cot O- cot a)

This force has been shown in Fig: CIO.8. Distributing this force between tension and
compression chords equally the additional force =t:.ftd = ~2 V(cot S - cot a). This
tensile force shall be added to the tensile force generated due to flexure and the
MEd
reinforcement to be provided accordingly. The total tensile force at a section z +
t:.ftd -:; ME~maxwhereMEd,max is the maximum moment along the girder.

The angle of compression strut shall be limited to minimum of 21.8° and maximum of
450. Similarly the angle of shear stirrups shall be limited to minimum of 45° and
maximum of 90°. Alternatively shift rule can be applied as per clause 10.3.2 (6).

The spare capacity available in prestressing steel can be used to carry this additional
tensile force arising out of shear. In case if the cable is draped the inclination has to
be taken into account.

However if it is decided to carry this additional longitudinal force both by un-tensioned

steel and prestressing steel, the force shall be allocated in each of these
reinforcement in the same ratio of their respective original forces arrived in the
flexural analysis. This procedure will maintain the same lever arm arrived during the
flexural analysis. However additional longitudinal reinforcement can be provided to
take care of this longitudinal force arising out of shear. As this reinforcement is
located below the prestressing steel, the lever arm will be lowered. This increase in
lever arm can be omitted in the analysis. Conservatively the prestressing steel only
can be utilized for flexural and shear analysis.
80
 18
'Mol8q U8i\!6 S! U,8!U,MU6!S8P J88U,Saui ino 6U!AJJ88JO~lJ8U,8MOI~8 ~OWJO~ci",: -
P8lU8S8Jd 8q U88 8Jnp880Jd U6!S8P 8U,1 'w81qOJd U8i\!6 8U,l JO~inns ~O816u8 8U,l s -
)!JjT(( SZZ'O] [)!:J jT(( SZ:Z:'O]
UlS S'O = U1SS'O =8
[ SS2.L)S.w2l{SpaJ)ddv 1- , PHI! 1-'
oSf! = e UdlfJ?Pj1a SZZ'O = ;:~, ;
V]1(( SZ:Z:'O]
[ PHI! = 8Z:U!S
ez U1S 1a)f:Jj SZZ'O = 8 z:U!SS'O )p~1a St'0=P3/\
v- UO!l8nb3 U! 9 UO!l8nb3 6u!lnl!lsc~ ~
(8 UEH8~O))
(9) - e Z uts S'O = 1
g ell/SSG = (8 U8l + 8 l08)
I
_ 8Z: UIS 5'0 z 8 SO) 8 UlS 8 SO) 8 U1S
(S) __ =- +-=8 U8l+8108
1 - (ezms) 8ZU1S+8zso:J 8UlS S0 8 )
T
(8U1?H8~O)) ZMq
(£) PJ IT((,ADV ueui ld{El'6 aq NU Plnol{s -;::=P3/\
88JO~J88U,SP8!ldd8 oi anp SS8JlS J88U,S
, (t'o+s'Z:)
(Z:) _)f:Jj1a SS1'O = )!Jjsto'Ta'1 = SS8JlS J88U,S8Iq!SS!WJ8d 'X8lf\j o8'~Z: = 8N
_)fJ'j1a '= z: = 8 U1?~+8 W) _
( ~) SZZ 0 1JjSt'OT(('1 PJITa,M:Jv-
SS8JlS J88U,S8Iq!SS!WJ8d WnW!X8lf\j OSV = 8 lV'
:SMOIIO~S8 inc
p8)jJOM aq U88 816u8 inns 8U,l '8 W81qOJd U8i\!6 8 JOj 'u,6!u, aq II!M OSI8 lU8W8J!nb8J
drums J88U,S 8U,l pUB u,6!u, 8q II!M AlP8d88 jnns 8LH '8 ~O 8P!S J8u,6!u, 84l JO.:l 'MOl
aq OSI8 II!M lU8W8J!nb8J dnuus 8U,l pU8 MOl 8q II!M inns ~OAlP8d88 84+ '8nlei\ 8 J8MOI
lV 'P8S!i\8J 8q oi Sp88U UO!P8S 84l U8U,l 'Je84S paudde 84l lS!S8J oi 81qe lOU S! (oSV
= 8) 816u8 uinunxeui jo UO!ldwnSS8 8U,l ~I 'P8l8n18i\8 aq II!M lU8W8J!nb8J druius 84l
pue LO ~ uouenbs U! poimusqns 8Q 111M 816u8 p8WnSS8 8U,l 'U8U,l psusues S! Al!8ed88
inns 8l8J8U08 8U,l }I 'J88U,S paudde 8U,l ueui 8JOW JO oi 18nb8 8Q pinous Alped88
inns 8U,l '8'!'8'0 ~ UO!l8nb8 J8d S8 Alpede8 J88U,S 8U,l A~S!leS oi 8i\eu, II!M 816ue
inns paumsse 8U,1
~z: pUB oSV U88Ml8Q p8WnSS8 8Q oi S! 8 w81QOJd U6!S8P 8 UI
'08'
 IRC:SP:I05-2015

Flow Diagran: I'OJ RCC Beams

Determine the applied shear stress v r,J V b l

I Esurnatc the maximum allowable shear stress 0225 \' r "for strut angle corresponding 10 (F45"

Is
No ••I Redesign
The \ (I 225 v r ,k
the seCll(JI1

Is :\0
I'hc v 0 155 v f; ------.,

lake 0
Determined
\'cs TaI"c
0-218'

Calculate area of reinforcement:

!S= Shear stress x b e

16.5
Ensure spacmg Lmutanon for vertical shear reinforcement Fq 16,6

Note. v IS 0 () (l-f ,j 310) and f,wit () 87 f

Fig.l 0.9- Flow Diagram for design shear reinforcement in RCC Beam

82
 IRC:SP: 105-20 15

8.3.2.2 CI. 10.3.3.3(7) & (8)

When the loads are placed closer to the support, the part of the load will be carried to
the support directly by the arch action and part by truss action, involving bending and
shear. Closer the load to the support, greater is the portion of load which will be
carried to the support directly. Hence a reduction factor is given in the Code to
account for the reduction of this load for the direct transmission of shear while
designing the shear reinforcement. In case of bridge superstructures, as the loads
are moving loads, this provision may not be much useful. However this reduction is
not applicable for verifying the concrete capacity as per Eq. 10.5. This clause is really
applicable for single static load as explained before. While verifying the reinforcement
requirement for resisting shear, only the shear reinforcement within central 0.75a,
shall be considered. This limitation is made because tests carried out indicated that
the links adjacent to both load and support do not fully yield. The procedure of
considering only the links between the load and the support works only for single
loads. Where the structure is subjected to series of loads beyond '2d' and contribute
to the shear, then the shear design for these loads should be carried out as outlined
in earlier clauses for loads beyond '2d'. The link requirement from both the analysis
should be added and provided. Similarly shear should be added from both the
systems for checking the crushing. As pointed out earlier this reduction factor is not
applicable while checking the capacity of strut (concrete crushing). For a, less '0.5d'.
then a, shall be taken as '0.5d' as minimum.

Following procedure may be adopted for sections within '2d':

a. Choose sections between 'O.5d' and '2d' starting from 0.5d, 'd' and '1.5d'.

b. For explanation purpose it is assumed that there are three concentratec

loads viz w1, w2 and w3 occurring between '0.5d' and 'Zd', at distances of
av1, av2 and a., at '0.5d', 'd' and '1.7d', respectively from the support.
Reduction factors to be used for these loads are /31 = =
(0.5d / 2d 0.25); f3z (d
/ 2d = 0.5) and /33 = ("i .7d / 2d = 0.85), respectively. The reduction factor is
not applicable if loads are not acting from upper side of member, like
suspended loads. The term "load acting from upper side" the intended load is
one causing an additive support shear. A relieving load shall be considerec
as a suspended load.

c. Place W1 at av1 and arrive at the shear at support and the reinforcernen:
between support and av1 using Eq. 10.17. This reinforcement is to be
provided within a distance of 0.75 av1 between the load and the support. For
convenience if the reinforcement is divided by 0.75, then the tot a
reinforcement in the zone av1 can be obtained.

d. Reduction factor shall be used to reduce the shear reinforcement. Let this be
Asw1.

84
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

Estimate the shear force VEDl due to loads placed within 2d without
1) VED1
applying the reduction tactorf and the shear stress bwd.

Estimate the shear force VED2 due to loads placed beyond 2d and the
2)
VED2
shear stress .
bwz

3) Estimate the shear force VEDL due to dead load = VEDL.

bwz

4) Add the shear stress arrived in step 1,2 and 3.

Combined shear stress = VEDl + VED2 + VEDL which should be less than 0.51,
bwd bwz bwz

fed·

In case if one wants to simplify the calculation for checking the crushing of
concrete calculate the total shear force and calculate the allowable shear
force by adopting 0.5 bwz v fedby substituting the d, by z in Eq. 10.5 anc
compare. This will simplify the elaborate calculation. It shall be kept in minc
that for loads beyond 2d, the angle 8 has been assumed as 45°. Under this
condition only both struts effects can be superposed. Hence while arriving at
shear reinforcement for loads beyond 2d in using equation 10.7, 8 to be taker
as 45°.

k. For sections beyond '2d', Eq. 10.7 and 10.8 of the Code, shall be used and
the sections shall be designed.

I. If there is a reduction in cross section anywhere within the structure, the

reduced section shall also be checked.

The method of transmission load is explained in the following diagram.

I I
I
1

Fig. C10.11 (a) Force Transfer by "direct arch action"

86
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

RCC girder M35 Grade concrete Span = 21.0M Girder cross

section as shown.
Cross section of girder

1400

1---->7--.---

r/ 300
150

1700
- 2S0 ~li

'150 -'c,,:I .~
2bO

Summary of Ultimate Shear Force (Value in kN)

Section Distance 1M 2M 5M 6.71M 10.0M
from
Support
Shear Force in kN 1234 1020 856 759 544

Width of Web in MM 650 250 250 250 250

Now Proceed to Flow Chart

Shear stress in
N/mm2=~
0.9 dxb
1.34 2.88 2.42 2.15 1.54
d = 1570mm
b = 250mm

Max Allowable shear stress 0.225 x 0.6 [1 -~] x 35 = 4.19 N [mm?

310
As the shear stresses at the various sections are less than 4.19 N/mm2 no redesign is
required
Allowable shear stress corresponding o = 21.8° = 0.155 x 0.6 [1 -~]
310
x 35 =
2.89 Njmm2
As the shear stress at various sections are less than 2.89 N/mm2
8 to be taken as 21.8° and Cot e = 2.50
Working out of shear reinforcement:

88
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

The addition longitudinal tensile steel required at various sections for the original
calculation.

Using the Eq. 10.16,

b.Ftd = 0.5 VED (cote - cota),e =21.8°, a = 90
1.25 VED _ -3
b.Ftd = 0.5 VED(2.5 - 0) = 1.25 VEDAstrequired = 415/1.15 - 3.46 x 10 VED

Section 1M 2M 5M 6.71M 10M

Addition steel 4.269 3.529 2.961 2.626 1.882
mm2

Additional longitudinal steel over and above that required to resist the moment has to
be provided. It is to be noted that as e becomes shallower, the longitudinal steel
increases but the shear steel reduces. If e increases, the additional longitudinal steel
will reduce and shear steel will increase. Alternatively shift rule may be followed
instead of providing additional longitudinal reinforcement.

90
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r
-

IRC:SP: 105-20 15
I
r
I
I
Average I
3012 3049 3101 4059 4307 4318
I I
compressive stress
PIA in kN/m2
f-- i

Ztm3 4.16 4.16

I
4.16 3.99 3.96 3.96
3
Zb m .
3.5 3.5 3.5 2.68 2.52 2.52
P Pe 1.41 0.52 -0.09 -0.48 -0.72
-+-
I
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A Zt
I
I
Top fiber stress due
to prestress in MPa

.:..
+Pe 4.91 6.05 6.89 10.82
A Zb
12.21 12.3:
I
Bottom fiber I

stress due to
prestress in MPa

I = Moment of 3.80 3.80 3.80 3.21 3.08 3.0E

Inertia in m" I
Ultimate shear 5640 5000 4100 3150 1750 62C
[force in kN
I
!

vertical component 1825 1472 898 365 0 0

of prestress force in I I
kN
Nei shear force in 3815 3528 3202 2785 1750 62C
kN
Ultimate moment in 0 9400 18606 31720 38700 4114-
kNm
Stress at bottom 0 2685 5316 11836 15357 1632:
due to moment
kN/m2 I
In MPa 2.69 5.32 11.84 15.4 16.32

Resultant Stress 4.91 3.36 1.57 -1.02 -3.19 -3.9~

due to
prestresseffect and
applied moment in
MPa

92
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

To calculate the shear reinforcement the most important parameter required is lever
arm Z which is obtained from bending analysis.

Analyzing Section 4 - 4

Assuming the stress in the cable corresponding to the yield strain (Assumption steel
yields)

Force in 10 cables of 19T13 = 0.87 x 3492 x 10 = 30380 kN

02 cables of 12T13 = 0.87 x 2205 x 2 = 3837 kN
Total Tensile force = 34217 kN

To balance this tensile force, the neutral axis will occur at 0.18M for top
Lever arm = 0.80 + 0.83 - .09 = 1.54M. Note: all cables are provided in one row.

Moment this force can resist = 34217 x 1.54 = 52694kNm> 31720kNm.

Z = 1.6 M for ease of calculations

Mean compressive stress at section 4 - 4 4059 kN/m2.

Max allowable stress
0.67 x 40000 = 17866 KNjm2
1.5
a = (1 + 4059) = 1.227 a
• cw 17866 cw
= 1.23 e =450
e
Capacity at = 450= 1.23 x 0.118 x 40000 x 2 x 0.293 x 1.6 = 5443kNand with
e= 21.8 capacity= 3736kN. Actual shear force at section 4-4 is 2785 kN

Shear stress
2 x
2785
0.293 x 1.6
= 29702'mkN. : Taking cot e = 2.5, . As
mln~
s
x 293
= 0.872.97x 415 x 2.5
=
0.964mm2 jmm, 10 @ 150 will give = 1.048mm2/mm
For section 5.5 mean compressive stress = 4307 kN/m2
Allowable compressive stress = fcd= 17866 kN/m2(o.67 x 40000)
1.5

(Jcp < 0.25 fcd. acm = (1 + 0.24) ;::::1.25

Max allowable shear force = 1.25 x 0.118 x 40000 x 2 x 0.30 x 1.6 = 5664kN if e = 45°
And with = 21.8 e = 1.25 x 0.081 x 40000 x 2 x 0.3 x 1.6 = 3888kN
Shear force at the section = 1750 kN

Shear stress = 2 x 0.3 x 1.6

1750 = 1823 kN 1m2

ASH 1.823 x300 7

Area of shear reinforcement = -s-- 0.87 x415 x 2.5 .0 .66mm~/mm

94
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 IRC:SP:l05-20l:

The above formula can be derived as follows:

Lenzrh of
Flallz.::

Horizontal Representing Reinforcement

Fig: Cl 0.16 Plan of Flange

Longitudinal shear force at the interface = F

x = L cot 8 F = VEd X hr
=
F VEd L cot 8hr where VEd is the shear stress:

L
Force along the diagonal _F_ = VEd cot8hf = VEdLhf _ (1)
cos 8 cos 8 sin 8

,
Fig: CI0.17Force in the Compression Strut of Flange

The diagonal compressive strut represents the compressive force in one panel as
shown.

Length of the plane Y-Y over which the compressive force is acting = x cos (90 - 8)

Force this plane can support

= Vfcd X cos (90 - 8) b,

100
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

Calculate, the Longitudinal shear stress \ED=""Fdihr6,or ~ x Ratio effective width of flanges

Estimate the maximum shear stress vRdmax=0.135 Jek(l - fCk)

310
1 1
(0.6 x 0.67 x 0.67 x--;:::x--=)
\'2 -i:
= 0.135

No
Redesign the section

+ Yes
Is
No Min strut capacity 8f = 38.6
The length of flange
VRdmin = 0.130 fck (1- fckl 310:
nder consideration is in
compression 0.6 x 0.67 x 0.67 xO. 782 x 0.624= 0.13(1

Yes Yes

Min strut capacity

8f= 26.50
VRdmin = 0.l07 fcll1- fck/ 310)
No
0.6 x 0.67 x 0.67 x 0.895 x 0.446= 0.107

Determine 8f from
No 8f = 0.5 sin-lvEd/0.135 fck (1 - fckl 310)

Take 8f y=

Yes Take 8f= 26.50 or Cot 81'= 2 e· =

Calculate Transverse Reinforcement ASf
Sf
= VEdX hf
fydcot8f

Note: The term 'VEd' shall be taken as 'X.VEd', in case the neutral axis lies in web.
Fig C10.18 Flow Diagram for the design of flange of T beam and Box girders
102
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 IRC:SP:I05-20IS

The Reason for calculating at the face of the load area is to ensure that concrete strut
does not get crushed. If the section is unable to salsify the shear capacity then one or
more of the following actions are to be taken.

i. Increase the depth of slab.

ii. Increase the perimeter of the loaded area.
iii. Increase the grade of concrete

The reason for checking at the control perimeter is to check whether the section can
carry the load without of punching shear reinforcement.

8.4.3 Checking of punching shear stress at the control perimeter CI. 10.4.3

(1) General

The punching shear stress generated on any control perimeter can be

calculated using the following expression
'/ _ !1VEd
'Ed ---
Uid

VEd = Applied shear force

u, = Control Perimeter
d = depth of element
f3 = Factor for Accounting Bending Moment
f3 = 1 for axial load with no bending moment
f3 = 1+ k(MEd)
VEd
(~)for
Wi
axial load and bending moment
MEd is the ultimate moment and VEd is the ultimate shear force on the
perimeter.

W1 is the property which corresponds to a distribution of shear as shown

in Fig 10.12 of code and is a function of basic control perimeter U1 and axis
about which the moment acts. Theoretically, If the control perimeter
changes or the axis about which the moment is acting changes, then the
value of W1 will have to be derived for the respective perimeter and
direction. However, except for the foundation slabs, the value for W1 and
U1, derived for the basic control perimeter can be used for any other
perimeter. For foundation slabs, W1 and U1 shall be derived for each
respective perimeters.
/I

W 1 is defended as WI = fl e I dl
(I

dl is the length increment of the perimeter

"e" is the distance of dl from the axis about which the moment MEd acts. k
is the constant depending the value of C1 and C2. C1 is the dimension of
the cross section perpendicular to the axis of bending and C2 is the
dimension parallel to the axis of bending.
104
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W
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 IRC:SP:] 05-20] 5

-'.1]
-'.

. ----,x

2d
-<4--. •••.
C I----:-~-:-.l-I
_\...-1-

Fig C10.19 Showing Control Perimeter

Taking moment about xx axis as the moment is acting about x - x axis.

The moment contribution due to shear distributed on the length 1 for C1

c] c] c/
= 4x -x-=
2 4
-
2
for length C
1

The moment contribution due to shear distributed on the length 2 for C2

-- 2 (C1 + 2 d) = -2
X C2"2 2 C2C1
- + 4C
d = C C + 4C d
2 2 1 2

The moment contribution due to shear distributed on four quadrants on

length 3

=
f 2dxded 2d sin e 2d Jo I1 2
/ sin e de
f 2dde

_ 2d[-cosel~/2 _ 2d 2dx1x2 4d
- [el~!2 I1/2 I1 I1

= CG from axis = (~1+ ::)

Length = --
I1x2d
2
= lld

= 4 (~1+ ::) xlld = 4lld [~1+ ::J

106
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Z(i) + z(~) 8·1+1=9
Z
luawow le!xe-!q oi papafqns suurnjoo Jeln5uepaJ JO::!
TJZJ + z'.J = ~M uaq; a::>eJuiuruoo aLH le pa>j::>all::>S! Jealls alll J! esaouj
Z
zP91 + TJPllZ + pZJt + TJZJ + T = (8) + (G) + (~) =~M
z.J
T _ II Z
zP91 + JP llZ - zP1l9T + '.JPll t =
 IRC:SP: 105-2015
Derivation W1 for Circular column

Fig:C10.21 Control Perimeter for Circular Column

UI = Il (D + 4d)

= Splitting into two halves.

fon (D ~ 4d) (2d + D/2) sin e

CG = e = ---'----=_"--- _
fon (D ~ 4d) d e
(D + 4d)
2 (2d+D/2)(-cose)~ (2d+D/2)[+1+1]
=
(D ~ 4d) [e]~ IT

2(2d+D/2) _
CG =e =--
n
neD + 4d) 2 (2d + D)] D
WI = 2 [ 2 n 2 = 2 (D + 4d)(2d + 2)
UI n (D + 4d) n n
WI
---------=
2(D+4d)(2d+D/2)
-----
2(2d+D/2) (D+4d)

f3 = 1 + 0,6e D : 4d = 1 + 0.6n (D : 4d)

(4) For edge columns, when there is no eccentricity the basic control perimeter
as shown shall be used.

108
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pIn
P3f1 = P3a.SSaJlS
reaqs 6u!48und oui iueuroui ou S! aJa4l ua4M (e)
 IRC:SP: 105-2015

U2 is the reduced basic control perimeter

k may be determined from table with C11C2 replaced by C 12C

1 2

W1 is the calculated for the basic control perimeter U1

epar= eccentricity parallel to slab edge causing moment about on axis

per perpendicular to the slab edge. For rectangular columns

W1 can be calculated as follows.

Derivation of W1 for Edge Column

The shear will be distributed along the periphery due to moment and
control perimeter is '2d' away from column face.

Taking moment about xx axis as the moment is acting about xx axis.

The moment contributed due to shear distributed on the length 1

Co C C~ 1
= 2x-- x--= _-
244
The moment contributed due to shear distributed on the length 2
(~2
= 2 XCI + 2d) = C1C2 + 4C1d
The moment concentrated due to shear distributed on the quadrants of
length 3

I 2d

I .1

,·····-t-"----:jm/;--'I:--- ,
I ~ ( .!
~., I

Fig C10.24 Control Perimeter for Edge Column

16 d2 +
50% of central column value =__ 2DdC
---..2
2 2

110
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 IRC:SP:105-2015

NEdy, NEdy are the longitudinal forces. The force may be either due to prestressing or
axial force.

Acy, Acz are the corresponding cross sectional areas of concrete resisting the axial
forces.

8.4.5 Punching Shear for Foundation Slab and Pile Caps: CI. 10.4.5

The punching resistance of column bases for open foundations and pile caps shall be
verified at control perimeters within 2d from the periphery of columns.

This is because the angle of punching cone will be steeper due to the favorable
reaction from the soil. Checking the punching shear for open foundation with the
basic control perimeter, ignoring the favorable reaction from the soil will lead to
conservative assumption. When the foundation is subjected vertical loads only, the
net shear force causing punching is calculated by subtracting the net relief offered by
soil.

VEd is the applied shear force

Ll VEd is the net upward force within the control perimeter considered i.e. upward
pressure from soil which shall be reduced by self-weight of the foundation.

The allowable shear stress in concrete VRdc without any punching shear reinforcement
_ 1/3 2d 2d
VRdc - 0.12k (80 Pl!Ck) x - 2: vminx-
a a
k = 1+ J2~O2: 2.0 and d in mm .

P1 and Vrnfn are as defined before.

a is the distance from the periphery of column to the control perimete
considered.
The shear stress at the control perimeter
VEdred
ud
VEd =
For eccentric loading or subjected to moment

Where k is defined in Eq. 10.25 or 10.30 of the Code as appropriate and W is simile"
to Wi for the chosen control perimeter u.

For checking of punching shear in pile caps without shear reinforcement, no specific
guidance is provided in the Code and the general rule as specified can be applie:
112
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 IRC:SP:105-20l5

L START
+
Determine the value of ~

Determine the value of VEd.max punching shear stress at column face =B VEd
uode!!

Where Uo the perimeter at column face and d effective depth

+
Determine the value of VRd.max

VRd.max =

O.134fck( 1- ~~~)

No
Is VRd.max>VEd.max
'----. Redesign the section

Yes

Deterrni
ermlnevEd = fJ -- VEd
u1de!!
For control perimeter varying between d and 2d

Allowable shear stress

VRd = 0.12k (80 pdCk)1/3 2d ~ vmin 2d
a a

No Redesign the section

>-_~ * Increasing the thickness of 5
* Increase grade of concrete
* Increase reinforcement

Yes

No shear reinforcement requirement

Fig: C10.25 Flowchart for checking Punching Shear

114
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'suouosnp
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uu NJfl£z1Uj NJf61Z = SL'£6 + SZI =
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----=-
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uo amssard eS88
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 IRC:SP:I05-: ~

2d
= 2 (C1 +C2) + 4 x xx 2
= 2 (C1 +C2) + 4 rt xd
= 2 (1.0 + 1.0) + 4 x nx 0.625
= 11.85m
Area within perimeter =(4 xll x 0.6252 +4x 0.625 x 2 x 1.00 x 1.00 x 1.0 = 10.908m=
Relieving Pressure from this area:
on the conservative side

0.251."f 3.5 :vi 0.25 ~f

Base Pressure

187.70+42.7 2
Average pressure = 115.2 kN [m.
2
Total upward force = 10.90 x 115.2 = 1255 kN
Net shear force = V Ed.red = V Ed - fl V Ed
VEd.red= 2000 - 1255 = 745kN

% Steel in longitudinal direction 2450 = 0.00384

637.5 x 1000
% Steel in Transverse direction 2450 = 0.004
612.5 x 1000

PL = -V0.00384 x 0.004 = 0.00392

k = 1+~ = 1.562

0.18 /3
VRdc -5-x1.565
O.
(80xO.00392x35)1 = 0.417MPa

Vmin = 0.031x1.5653/2x351/2 = 0.359 MPa

=
Governing VRdc 0.417 MPa
For an Internal columns subject to moment
(C1)2 2
W1 = -2- + C1C2 + 4C2d + 16d + 2ndC1
= ~2 + 1 + 4 x 1 x 0.625 + 16 x 0.6252 + Zll x 0.625 x 1.0
=0.5 + 1 + 2.5 + 6.25 + 3.92 = 13.17 m2

116
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

When a concrete element is subjected to Torsion the longitudinal fibers are free to
undergo deformation. Torsion can be of classified into Equilibrium Torsion and
Compatibility Torsion. Equilibrium Torsion is that torsional resistance which is
required to keep the structure in equilibrium and is essential for the basic stability of
the element or structure. A few examples are canopy cantilevering off an edge beam,
Beams/ Box girders curved in plan. Element subjected to Equilibrium Torsion has to
be designed for full torsional resistance in the ultimate limit state.

Compatibility torsion arises out of compatibility of displacemenU rotations to be

maintained in the connected elements. Generally it occurs in monolithic construction.
Compatibility torsion can be released without causing collapse. It is not necessary to
consider this torsion at ultimate limit state. At serviceability limit state cracks may
occur in the absence of sufficient reinforcement. The cracked torsional stiffness of
elements subjected to torsion is only about 25% of the uncracked value. Low
torsional stiffness significantly reduces torque resisting ability of the beams. Hence if
the torsional rigidity is ignored in the analysis it would not make much difference. To
limit the crack width under limit state of serviceability, check as per clause 12.3.5 of
the Code shall be carried out and suitable reinforcement as per clause 16.5.3 shall be
provided.

When the longitudinal fibers are restrained against deformation by an external

element warping torsion arises.

The torsional resistance of a closed section may be calculated on the basis of a thin
walled closed section. The equilibrium is satisfied by closed shear flow. Solid sections
can be modeled by equivalent thin walled sections.

In case of complex shapes such as T section, the section shall be divided into series
of subsections. The acting torsional moments on subsections can be distributed in
proportion to the uncracked torsional stiffness. Each of the subsections can be
modeled as thin walled section and the torsional resistance can be computed.

When hollow sections are modeled as thin walled section, the thickness of section
shall be taken as A/u which will neither be less than twice the axis distance of
longitudinal bars from the outer surface nor greater than the actual thickness. For
conversion of solid section to equivalent hollow section Fig. C10. 27shall be referred
to.

In the analysis the torsional stiffness may be based on uncracked sectional stiffness
for equilibrium torsion and 25% of the uncracked sectional stiffness for compatibility
torsion to allow for torsional cracking.

8.5.2 Design Procedures: CI. 10.5.2

118
 IRC:SP: I 05-20 1 ~

A, is the area enclosed by the centerlines of the connection walls, including

inner hollow areas.

tt.i is the torsional shear stress in wall i

tef.i is the effective wall thickness. It may be taken as A/u, but should not be
taken as less than twice the distance between edge and centre of the
longitudinal reinforcement. For hollow sections the real thickness is
an upper limit.

A is the total area of the cross-section within the outer circumference

including inner hollow areas

u is then outer circumference of the cross-section

z, is the side length of wall I defined by the distance between the intersectior
points with the adjacent walls

The shear force generated due to torsion shall be calculated using the following
formula 8 angle shall be same as what has been assumed in shear analysis.
VTorsion = TEd
2 Ak
z, Which can be equated to Ast
St
r.t;« cote (Eq.10.7 of the Code to get
the transverse reinforcement)

. Ast - TED where Ast is area of transverse reinforcement in thickness tefi with
St 2 Aktyd cote
a spacing of St.

The transverse reinforcement required shall be arrived based on clause 10.3.3.2

when vertical strips are provided. It shall be kept in mind that each wall has to be
designed separately. The concrete capacity shall also be checked using the following
equation.

TEd + VNS ~ 1.0

TRdmax (c) v Rdmax (c)

TEdand VNS Design Torsion and Shear forces

VRdmax(c) is the maximum concrete capacity of member in shear as given
in equation 10.8.
TRdmax (e)= 2 v.aewfcdAktefi.sin8.cos8.
TRdmaxis the torsional capacity of concrete

v is the strength reduction factor aew is the coefficient. Both the factors are
as defined in earlier sections.

"8" shall be taken the same value as assumed in shear design.

120
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------------------------- ~illl

IRC:SP: 105-20: ~

Worked Example 10.5-1

The box girder shown in example 10.3.3 is subjected to torsion of 5000 kNm c.
support. Design the shear and longitudinal reinforcement.

A, = (2 - 0.25) x (5.5 - 0.6) = 8.57 m2

Referring Equation 10.46 of the Code

Substituting for Tti in the above equation

V_TEd
Edi---xtefiXZi
_ TEd
- -Zi
t 2Ak eJi 2 Ak

VEdi is the design shear force due to torsion

But TEdZi
2 Ak
= Ast
St
Z·f
t yd
cot e
. Ast _ TEd
'.' St 2 Akf yd cot e
8 should be same as what has been assumed in shear analysis.
e = 21.8° fyk = 0.87 x 415 = 361 N/mm2
Ast 5000 x 106
--------,..---- = 0.32 mm2/mm
5t 2 x 8.57 xl06x 361 x 2.5

Adopting 2L - 10 MM @400 clc will give a reinforcement Of78.5 x 2 = 0.39mm2/mm.

400
Longitudinal Reinforcement
. Asl _ TEd cote
'.' sl 2 Akfyd

ASl 5000 X 106 _ 2

2 57 6 3 1 x 2.5 - 2.02 mm [mm.
51 x 8. xl0 x 6
2 o2
on each face .
2
= 1.1 rnrnvmrn 12 @ 100 mm clc will give 1.13 rnrrr' Imm
Checking for T Rdmax for web capacity
2 xvxacwxfcdxAkxtefi sin e cos e
6
40) 40 8.575 xl0 x 600 x 0.371 x 0.928
2(0.6) ( 1 - 310 x 1.0 x 0.67 x 1.5 x 106 = 33077 kNm
> 5000 kNm.
TEd = 5000 = 0.150
TRdc 33077

15% of allowable torsion the section is carrying. Hence VEd will workout to 0.85.
VRdc
Hence, the section can be subjected 85% allowable shear.
Similar exercise has to be done for other sections.

122
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4
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 IRC:SP: 105-2(1 :

Torsional Inertia of Bottom flange

b = 600mm t = 350mm ~= 1.714 k = 0.207
t
Ixx= 0.207 x 600 x 350 3
= 53.25 x 10 mm4
8

Total Torsional Inertia of Section = 18.3 x 108 + 12.68 x 108 + 63.9 x 108 +53.25 x 10=
= 148.13 x1 08mm8
The torsion will be shared in proportion to their torsional stiffness.

Deck slab TEd ~x

148.13
50 = 6.2 kNm
Top flange TEd 12.68 X 50 = 4.28 kNm
148.13

~
148.13
x 50 = 21.57 kNm

Bottom Flange TEd 53.25 x

148.13
50 = 17.97 kNm

Design of Reinforcements for Torsion:

Deck slab torsion should be combined with Deck slab design.

Effective thickness of the members can be found as follows.
For top flange
t . = ~ = 400 x 250 = 76 9mm
eft W 2(400+250) . .

But this thickness should not be taken less than 2 twice the distance of longitudinal
bar from the surface [effective cover].

Taking cover as 40mmanddia for longitudinal and transverse bars of 10mm,

=
Effective cover 40 + 10 + 5 55m.Twice the 110mm.
As 110 > 76.9mm consider 11Omm.
Ak = (400 - 110) (250 - 110) = 40600mm2

e
The value of will be same as what has been worked out in shear analysis. However
for simplicity assume 8 45° =
Ast TEd 4.28 x106 2
s, = 2 Ak/Yd cote = 2 x 40600 x 361 xl = 0.146 mm jmm

Adopt 8M @ 300 two legged stirrup = Reinforcement provided

= 50/300 = 0.166mm2/mm
Longitudinal reinforcement =ASL
SL
= AkfTEdyd cot e. Since 8 = 45° reinforcement will be
same. Hence provide same reinforcement.

124

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 lRC:SP: 105-2015

nd
The slender piers of the bridges are commonly affected by 2 order analysis
while the provisions related to same are also applicable to other slender
members with significant axial loads like pylons and decks of cable supportcc
bridges.

(3) Where second order effects are significant, these must be taken in to account ir.
the analysis by linear elastic method in conjunction with further magnification
of moments and reduced stiffness properties, accounting for cracking anc
creep.

However, for the analysis at the ultimate limit states, section properties used
shall be similar to that at serviceability limit states as per the clauses 7.2 anc
7.3 of the Code.

(4) This clause clearly defines conditions under which the second order effects are
to be considered. The clause requires that the structural behaviour to be
considered in all directions in which significant second order effects can occur
and bi axial bending to be taken in to account when necessary. Quite often the
deformations in orthogonal directions need to be considered in bridge design
though some times, one direction moment is negligible.

The distinction between long and short columns is made on the basis of 10°
difference criteria as given in the clause (5) below.

(5) This clause permits second order effects to be ignored if the same are less thar.
10% of the corresponding first order effects. When column is within range of
short column parameters the effects are deemed to be within 10%. For all other
cases the effects will need to be analysed to determine their magnitude.

(6) For the analysis, if the column length is modified to effective length as per the
criteria for stiffness at column ends, column is also deemed as short column
Second order effects can be ignored in this case. Specific second order analysis
is not necessary as well. The clause 11.2.1 provides a simplified criterion for
isolated members with uniform cross sections based on limiting slenderness for
the same.

(7) Second order effects apply to both 'isolated' members as well as 'group 0:
components', which can sway involving several members. Piers with variable
cross section and piers located in river and creeks where substructure is
supported by pile foundations with free length due to the scouring action wil.
128
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 '~. !I_'IIi
iii

IRC:SP: 105-2015

MoEqp= First order B.M. in quasi-permanent load combination in

SLS.
MoEd = First order B.M. in design load combination in U.L.S.

I Value of rpc/ is not explicitly defined in the Code. Simplified value of 'A'0.7, which
corresponds to rpeF 2.0 would be typical of concrete loaded at relatively young age with a
loading being entirely quasi permanent. Using the default value of A = 0.7 is reasonably
conservative as the same in any case is not sensitive to realistic variation of rpef

B = -Jl + 20)

I Where OJ = AS/l'd I(Acfcd ) is the mechanical reinforcement ratio. If the same is not known,
'B' is recommended as 1.1 for first iteration, that is equivalent to OJ = 0.1. This value would
usually be achieved in a slender column; however this is generous in comparison to minimum
reinforcement clause 16.2.2. As such refining the design with actual value is imperative.

I
I
¥
Where rm
C = l.7-rm

= MOl I M01; moment ratio. A1;)pA~)2arethe first order end moments at two
ends of member as calculated from the analysis of structure, where IMo11 ~ IMoi l.If the end
moments MOl &Mo2give tension on the same side, r111 should be taken as positive (i.e. C ~1.7),
otherwise negative (i.e. C >l.7).

If'rm' is not known, C may be taken as 0.7 which corresponds to uniform moment throughout
the member. C also should be taken as 0.7 where there is transverse loading, where first order
moments are predominantly due to imperfections and where the members are not braced. As
such refining the design with actual value is imperative.

Before carrying out the nonlinear analysis as per clause 11.3 and simplified method as per
clause 11.3.2, it is usual to check whether such effects can be ignored by achieving Abelow
the limiting value as A/1m.

The clause 11.2.1 (3) permits the independent verification in each direction for slendemess
criteria. On the basis of limiting )l value, further exploration of requirement of second order
effects can be decided. Depending upon the value of )l for each of the directions the
slenderness effects can be neglected respectively i.e. if within individual values of A/im.

For bending in two orthogonal directions, the use of simplified interaction diagram may be
adopted as shown below:

,\I,t! .. I :\1..;1 :
---!~
1\L, .. I 1\ I :..'.
130
 IRC:SP: 105-2015

Restraints in Plane of Buckling Effective

Case Idealised column
Position Rotation Length,ie
and buckling I Location
mode
7. , , Top None None
1 I 2.310
lo
, lo
Bottom
\
Full Full*

* Positional restraints are given/or directions at right angles to the member.

Parameters for calculating effective lengths for isolated members are available in this clause.
Multiplication factors for calculating effective lengths are given on the basis of end conditions
in Table 11.1 of the Code which has been reproduced here above for the purpose of
illustration.

For the cases from (2) to (6) assumption is that the restraint at one or both ends are infinitely
stiff for determining rotational stiffness. It is difficult to achieve this boundary condition in
reality. As such the effective lengths for the rigid restraints will always be somewhat greater.

Mathematical approach for determination of the rotational flexibility by equations 11.2 and
11.3 are available in clause11.2.2 (1) of the Code, which are reproduced here below.

For compression members in regular frames, the effective length Ie is determined in the

following way:

Braced Members:

Ie = 0.5/0
(
1+ kl
0.45 + kl
J * ( 1+ 0.45i,....
+ k2
J

Unbraced members:

Where,

k: andk: are the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at ends 1

and 2 respectively.
k=(B).EI
M 10
132
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 lRC:SP: 105-20 I ~

In this method an estimate of the maximum possible curvature is used to calculate the second-
order moment. The clause specifies the limitation that the method is applicable for isolated
members of the bridge with constant normal force and the defined effective lengths of the
members that will depend upon the boundary conditions. The first-order moment, including
that from initial imperfections, is added to the moment from the additional maximum
deflection according to the expression in 11.3.2.2 (1) for design moment value.

Cl. 11.3.:':
9.3.2.2 Design Bending Moments

The Design moment MEd = MOEd + M]

Where:

MOEd is the first-order moment, including the effect of imperfections

M2 is the second-order moment with actual boundary condition duly accounting

for effective length, especially for indeterminate structures.

The note (2) of this clause gives method to evaluate equivalent 1st order end moment Moefor
differing end moments. Moe for differing end moments can be

Moe=O.6 M02 +0.4Mo120.4 M02

Sign convention is important here for the moments. If the moments are giving tensions on the
same side they have to be given the same sign, otherwise opposite signs shall be assigned. It is
to be noted, however that this note does not apply to bridge piers having bearings on top of the
piers as the system is not braced system.

The nominal second-order moment is given under the note (3) of the clause which IS as
follows:

M2 is determined by calculating e2 from the estimated curvature at failure, 11r, according to

the formula, e2 = (lIr)P 0 I c. c depends on the distribution of curvature in the column. The
definition of c depends on the shape of the total curvature, not just the curvature from first-
order moment. For sinusoidal curvature, c = 'and for constant curvature, c = 8.

The latter value of c is best illustrated by considering a free-standing pier of length L with
rigid foundations and hence to = 2L. For constant curvature, 11r, the deflection is obtained by
integration of the curvature as follows:

From the above formula for e2, with c = 8 and 10 = 2L, the deflection is:
136
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 IRC:SP: 105-20 1~

This clause discusses the lateral stability of concrete beams. The concrete girders ar-:
vulnerable to instability due to out of plane bending resulting in lateral and torsiona
displacements. The lateral and torsional instabilities are essentially to be checked durin~
prestressing, side shifting, transportation and erection or launching as the beams are normall
safe once deck slab is in place.

If for any reasons the requirements as specified in 11.4.1 (3) are not met then second-order
analysis needs to be carried out to determine the additional transverse bending and torsiona.
moments developed. Geometric imperfections must be taken into account and the clause
requires a lateral minimum deflection of 1/300 to be accounted as a geometric imperfection
where 1 is the total length of the beam. It is not necessary to include an additional torsiona.
imperfection as well. Irrespective of the method used, the supporting structures and restraints
must be designed for the resulting torsion as per clause 11.4.1 (4)
Cl. 11.-1 :
9.4.2 Slendemess Limits for Beams

nd
This clause gives criteria for ignoring 2 order effects in beams.

The above lateral stability formulae based on numerical study (3) don't cover for lateral
stability of prestressed beams during transportation, handling and even during prestressing.
arising out of casting imperfections, inclinations etc.

For the factor of safeties against lateral buckling of beams during prestressing, transportation
and handling etc., special literature may be referred to and one of the papers could be (41
under references.

References :
1. C R Hendy and D A Smith, Designer's Guide to EN 1992-2, Thomas Telford.
2006

2. CEB-FIP Model code 1990 : Design Code (For concrete structures)

3. Eurocode 2 : Design of Concrete structures: 1992-1-1 :2004

4. V N Heggade, R K Mehta & R Prakash, 'Design & Construction of Pre tensioned

Sutlej Bridge Punjab', Paper no.524, volume 67-2, July-September 2006, Joumal
of the Indian Roads Congress.

5. British Standards Institution (1990), Steel, Concrete and composite Bridges Part
4:Code of practice for the Design of Concrete Bridges, London, BSI 5400.

140
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 IRC:SP: 105-2(i ~~

2. Check for the limiting slenderness:

T~-Ie nndqe pier in \.'\i!]n,:ecj example '1 has concrete '1/1,I'itrl cnaractenstrc strenqtn 6m' v 1F'a and carries an axial
loacl of 1:1'1268 k;f'o,j(741:'jtif':i ~.d'"jL!]n'~l term ann 6:3[12 ~.:;J'"j
short term). Calculate the slencerness about the
lon!~litucJinal axs ancJ deterrrune \l1/~-lett-ler"seccno order effects may be i~lnorecJ. Take the effective length as
'1.2f':i7 trnes tne ~-leil~l~-lt.T~-Ie moment of inertia of the cross-sectmn about the minor axis =39.7535 mfl·4.

T~-Ie reinfor-cement rat.o .s knu",',/n a::; CU:i:35 '}:). Tn.s leans to a

value of

I ,A,!:; ·f.,/d I [1.13]5 t",J

-=1'-- fyd := 4:34.71:1--._,
C.U= ,A,c '1[10
~'e' fcd I mrn"
~;rn := '1.5

I I\·f ck I t",j
fcd:= -- = 2f:i.i:i.--._,
'";t"n mrn"

B := \/ ('1 + 2·,..:) = '1 '1[12

Since the pier i::; free tCI S\I'I/a'y',this i::; an un-nraceu. Hence, C: = 0.7 ( "/'lrlicrl also curresponus to equal
moments at eacJI end of a pier" that i::; r-lelcJ in pnsltlon at notn ends) ,As per" Clau::;e '1'1.2.'1

A= 0.7
1'1 + IJ2 ·4, ef'

~v1oEqp
\)Vrlere, Errective C:r"eep F~atio, {fief fiJI").., tol
~~"1oEd
M(,Eqp rs tne Oua::;i permanent tnad cnrnblnatlon in SLS = DL + SIDL + PS ( in this case)

MoEqp := 4Ei475kt"J· rn

~V1oEdis the Design load comtnnanon in I._.ILS= '1.:35DL + 1 .75SIDL + '1.5PS +'1.5 LL ( in this case)
MoEd := ]9:3Ei:3kt\j· rn

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11 + 0.2 ·<1, ef'
henee
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t~ed
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J...lim:=· r '= 29.6013
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and the effective length Ie = '1.267 ·46rn = 513.2132·m

Ie
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i

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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

The stress in prestressing steel shall not exceed the limits prescribed in clause 7.9.2 after
allowance for losses. If it is ensured that for prestressed concrete structures, under the frequent
combination of action and prestressing force, only compressive stresses occur at the extreme
concrete fibres, under Serviceability Limit State fatigue check is not required ..

10.3 Limit State of Cracking Cl. 12.3

10.3.1 General Cl. 12.3.1

By limiting crack width, the functioning and durability of the structure is ensured. In the
reinforced concrete structures cracks are inevitable due to tension, bending, shear and torsion
which is a result of either direct loading or restraint of imposed deformations. This may not
necessarily impair serviceability or durability.

Cracks may also occur due to other causes like plastic shrinkage or chemical reactions
accompanied by expansion of hardened concrete. The measures to control width of such cracks
are covered in Section 14. Design crack widths are specified to satisfy requirements of
functionality, durability and appearance.

10.3.2 Limiting Crack Width Cl. 12.3.2

(1) This clause requires that the design crack width to be chosen such that cracking
does not impair the functioning of the structure. Cracking normally 'impairs' the
function of the structure by either helping to initiate reinforcement corrosion or
by spoiling its appearance. The size of the cracks also has an influence on the
time to initiation of reinforcement corrosion. Noticeable cracking in structures
causes concern to the public and it is therefore prudent to limit crack widths to a
size that is not readily noticeable. The above considerations have led to the crack
width limitations specified in Table 12.1 (Reproduced for ready reference.).
Crack width is to be generally checked for quasi-permanent load combinations
for reinforced concrete members and prestressed members with unbounded
tendons. For prestressed members with bonded tendons check shall be for
frequent load combinations, unless a different load combination is specified.

Table 12.1 Recommended Values ofwmax

Condition of Exposure I)
As per Clause 14.3.1
Reinforced members and
prestressed members with
un-bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load
combinatiorr" mm
Prestressed members with
bonded tendons
Frequent load combination
Mm

146
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(3) The PSC members with unbounded tendon alone are treated like RCC member
as specified in the clause. However, for prestressed members having combination
of bonded and unbounded tendons, limits of bonded pres stressing apply.

(4) An alternative for crack width calculations out as specified in the clause 12.3.4
or by providing bar spacing and sizes in accordance with the clause 12.3.5 is
available. For latter it is not necessary to calculate the crack widths as crack
control criteria is deemed to be satisfied by adopting this clause.

10.3.3 Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Control Cl. 12.3.3

(I) A minimum amount of untensioned reinforcement is required to control cracking

in areas where tension due to external loadings or external restraints is expected.
The amount of such reinforcement may be estimated from equilibrium between
the tensile force in concrete just before cracking and tensile force in steel at
yielding.

Fundamental principle of crack width calculations and spacing is that the

reinforcement remains elastic. If the steel yields, excessive deformation will occur
at the location of the crack and the formulae used in the calculation would ge:
rendered invalid.

For a section subjected to uniform tension, the force necessary for the member tc
crack is Ncr = AJctm, where Ncr is the cracking load, Ac is the area of concrete ir
tension and fctm is the mean tensile strength of the concrete. The strength of the
reinforcement is As!yk. To ensure that distributed cracking develops, the stee
must not yield when the first crack forms hence:

(2) The above equation needs to be modified for the stresses other than uniforrr.
tension. When the section is subjected flexure for example, the stresses var.
across the depth reducing tension consequently the requirement of reinforcement
Thus a factor k; is introduced in the above equation to account for the same
Another factor k is introduced to account for self equilibrating stresses arising
out of variation in strain along the depth of the member. The shrinkage anc
temperature differences are the common cause of non-linear strain variation. Fo:
instance surface shrinkage occurs faster than interior and similarly the surface
which gets heated up faster also cools faster than interiors. The factor k therefore
reduces the reinforcement necessary where self-equilibriating stresses can occur

148
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1
(Js - O.stetmC p + ae)
csm - Cern =

Neglect ae when compared to lip

O.stctm
(J -
5 P
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O.Sf ctm is tension stiffening.

p

O.lp70) as- -P- (0.5f ctm)]

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C'

s C·5fctm)]
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p [

Taking tctm as 2.8 for M35 Grade

(1'45)]
[3.4C + -'-p-) [
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EsP for bending

And [3.4C + O.3 40) [ as- E:C45)] for axial tension

p

Provided

s
Earlier IRC Code used to give 3.4ea
Es

Cl. 12.3.5
10.3.5 Control of Shear Cracks within Webs

In the prestressed concrete as well as in RCC members where shear cracking has to be checked,
the code specfies the criteria for deciding reinforcement required for crack control.

Cl. 12.3.6
10.3.6 Control of Cracking without Direct Calculation

On the basis of calculations under clause 12.3.4 above, Code includes a tables for different steel
stresses and corresponding spacing or the specified bar diameters for crack widths of 0.2mm and

156
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Excessive sagging deflections under permanent actions can generally be overcome by pre-
cambering. Dynamic considerations are to be given for live load and wind-induced oscillatior..
respectively. Resonance of bridges needs to be checked, especially for pedestrian bridges, whe:'e
frequency of walking personnel can cause high amplitudes of vibrations.

The Code expects acceptable limit values for deflections should be established by owner or t
agreement between the stake holders. In the absence of the same, the following deflection lim'.
under Live Load may be considered for concrete bridges

- Vehicular : Span/800,
- Vehicular and pedestrian or pedestrian alone: Span/1000,
- Vehicular on cantilever: Cantilever Span/300,
Vehicular & pedestrian and pedestrian only on cantilever arms Cantilev c-
Span/375

C1O.4.2 Calculation of Deflection due to Sustained Loads Cl. 12.4.2

In order to ensure a satisfactory behaviour in the serviceability limit state, deformations shou. ~
be calculated as follows:

• The long-term deformations are calculated for the quasi permanent loa;
combinations,
• The instantaneous deformations are calculated for the rare load combinations.

For the calculation of camber, only the quasi-permanent load combinations are considered. Ir
order to calculate camber, the mean values of the material properties may be used.

The actual deformations may differ considerably from the calculated values; in particular if the
values of the applied moments are close to the cracking moment. The difference will depend on
the dispersion of the material properties, the ambient conditions, the loading conditions, the
previous loading conditions, the restraints at the supports, etc.

Attention must be paid to cases where the basic assumptions of plane sections and uniformly
distributed stresses across the section may not be adequate, such as in the case of shear lag
effects in large prestressed structure.

For prestressed concrete members it may be necessary to control deflections assummg

unfavourable deviations of the prestressing force and the dead load.

In case of cracked sections appropriate moment of inertia should be used. If the accurate
determination of MI is not possible, 70 % of uncracked MI should be used. For Prestressed
Concrete members, generally uncracked MI should be used as the section is under compression.

158
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

Check/or cracking:

Depth to neutral axis h ! 2 = 350/2 = 175mm

9 4
Second moment of area, J = biz) ! 12 = 1000 x 3503 ! 12 = 3.573x 10 mm ! m.

If the section is un-cracked, compressive and tensile stress at the top and bottom of
the section respectively, would be:
6 9
(flOp M *y! I = 144 X 10 x 175! 3.573x 10
= (fbot= = 7.05 MPa
From Table 6.5 for M50 grade of concrete,
fctm = 3.5MPa < Cibot;

Therefore the section is cracked. Stresses therefore will need to be calculatec

ignoring concrete in tension. The relevant modular ratio, Ueff, depends on the
proportion of long-term and short-term loading.

(a) Check for stresses assuming short term creep and elastic modulus:

t: = 200 GPa, and from Table 6.5, Ecm= 35 GPa

Thus
Ec,eff= Ecm= 35 GPa

The depth of concrete in compression from the following equation is:

- AsEs + 'Ii (AsEs) 2 + 2bAsEsEc. end
dc=------~----------------
bli: ell
9 9
-2513x200x109 +~(2513x200xl09)2 +2x1000x2513x200xl0 x35x10 x290
1000x35xl09
--

= 78.02mm
The cracked second moment of area in steel units from following equation is:
I = As(d - de)2 + _!_ Ec.et1 bd3
3 E, c

=2513x(290-78.02)2 +_!_x~xl000x78.023 =140.63xl0omm4 E)C

3 200
Cr
The concrete stress at the top of the section from following equation is: re
MEd Ee.-« _ 144xl_06 35 -1398MP
oc-_ ~--- 6
x~-. a
Ze t: 140.63 X 10 178.02 200

From 12.2/clause 12.2 (2), the compression limit = O.36fck = 0.36 x 50 = 18 MPa
> 13.98 MPa, hence OK.

160
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 IRC:SP: 105-20 I~

12.3.6 (without direct calculation) is used to check crack control and minimum reinforcement j,
checked in accordance with clause 12.3.3.

Table 12.1 requires crack widths to be limited to 0.3mm under the quasi-permanent loac
combination for a moderate exposure class. Thermal actions have 'P2 = 0.5 and so should be
considered. Only the secondary effects of temperature difference, however, need to be
considered; the primary self-equilibriating stresses may be ignored.

For convenience here, the same moments as in Worked example 1 of 144 kNmlm, comprising
22.5% (DL-I-SDL) and 77.55% LL actions will be taken. The make-up would, however, be very
different as discussed above; it is unlikely that temperature difference would produce effect.
anywhere near as severe as those from characteristic traffic actions.

From the above example, the serviceability stress in the reinforcement has already beer
calculated as 220.35 MPa. To comply with clause 12.3.6, either:

(1) The maximum bar size must be limited to 12mm (from Table 12.2); or
(2) The maximum bar spacing must be limited to 225mm (interpolating within Table
12.3).

The provision of 20mm diameter bars at 125mm centres complies with the limit OI~
bar spacing in (2) above (which permits a reinforcement stress of 300 MPa for bars
at 125mm centres) and the design is therefore acceptable. It does not matter that it
does not comply with the limit in (1) as well.
Additionally, it is necessary to check that the reinforcement complies with the
minimum reinforcement area required in accordance with clause 12.3.3. This will
rarely govern at peak moment positions, but may do so near points of contra flexure
if reinforcement is curtailed:

Act is the area of concrete within the tensile zone just before the first crack forms.
The section behaves elastically until the tensile fibre stress reaches I,«; therefore.
for a rectangular section, the area in tension is half the slab depth, thus:

Act = 350 / 2 X 1000 = 175 X 103 mm

= fctm but not less than 2.8 MPa - clause 12.3.3.
fet.eff From Table 6.5
/01' M50 concrete, fctl11 = 3.5 MPa so fCl.eft= 3.5 MPa.

For rectangular sections of less than 300mm depth, k should be taken as 1.0 and can
in general be taken as 1.0 conservatively. For sections with no axial load, i.e. (Jc = 0
MPa, reduces to kc = 0.4 x (1 - 0) = 0.4.

o, may in general be based on the maximum allowable value from either Table 12.2
(222MPa for 20mm diameter bars) or Table 12.3 (300 MPa for 125mm bar centres).

162
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

(It should be noted that the concrete cover term, 3.4c, contributes 170mm of the total 287mm
crack spacing here, so is very significant.)

By CI 12.3.4 (2)/Eq. (12.6):

f~t, eff
as - kt-·· (1 + ae{Jp, eff)
{Jp, en ~ 0.6 as
Es Es

From Worked example above, the reinforcement stress assuming a fully cracked section is 221.1
MPa, so the minimum value of 0.6 (js is 0.6 x 221.0 / (200 x 103) = 0.663 X 10-3
Es
k, = 0.5 from Table 6.5 for M50 concrete, jet,eff = jctm = 3.5 MPa. a;
= 200 / 35 = 5.714.
Therefore:

3.5 (
221.0-0.50x- -_ 1+5.714xO.029) 2210-7034
0.029 = .. =0.753xlO-3
200x 103 200x 103

which is greater than the minimum value of 0.663 x 10-3.

Therefore, maximum crack width, Wk = 287.2 x 0.711 x 10-3 = 0.20mm < 0.3mm limit, hence
OK.

Repeating the above calculation, the reinforcement stress could be increased to 288MPa until .:
crack width of 0.3mm is reached, assuming the same ratio of short-term and long-term moments
as used in this example. This compares with an allowable stress of 300 MPa from Table 12.3 fc'~
bars at 125mm centres as used in Worked 2nd example above. The method without direc:
calculation therefore gives a more economic answer here.

Example 4

Check for compression:

Problem -

A beam has width of 150mm and depth of 300mm. it is partially prestressed with area of steel as
100 mmz Iocated at a depth of230mm from the top of section. Grade of concrete is M40.

a) lfthe stress in steel is 815 MPa, evaluate the depth of neutral axis and maximum
stress and strain values in the beam.
b) Find the force in steel corresponding to decompression limit. Also evaluate the
stresses in concrete.

164
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 IRC:SP: 105-20 l ~

Modulous of elasticity of steel, Es := 195000MPa

Strain at top, E
t := (J"tc = -3.293 X 10-5
Ec

Strain at bottom, Eb := (J"bc = 1.427 X 10-4

Ec

-0.00003293

31TI
0.2

86.08 kN ~-----------i

Stroin pro{i/e olono df'Dth elf oi(ciE't

Neutral axis lies at a distance from top, dNA:= IEtl·Db = 0.056m

IEtl+IEbl

At steel level, compressive strain, Esc:= -Eb.

Db-dNA
(es + Db
2
- dNA) = -1.017 X

Steel strain in prestressing cable, ES2 : = __!l_ = 4.179 x 10-3

AS'Es

Compressive force, Fcbl := -0.50"bc' Bb. (dNA) = 4.584· kN

Tensile force, Ftbl := -0.5 . O"tc.Bb . (dNA) = 4.584· kN

Force in prestressing steel, Ps = 81.5 . kN

Net external axial force in section, Fnetl := Fcbl + Ftbl + Ps = 0 . kN

166
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 IRC:SP: 105-2(1::

Implying

Bottom strain, E2 := E2 (E1) = -4.919 x 10-5

Hence, at decompression level -

Force in steel, Fp = 83.483 . kN

Stress in concrete at top, O't1 := E1 • E; = 5.334· MPa

Stress in concrete at bottom, O'b1 : = E2 • E; = -1.623 . M Pa

Compressive force in section, FSC1 := 0.5 . dNA' Bb . O'tl = 92.006· kN

Tensile force in section, Fst1 := 0.5 . (Db - dNA) . Bb . O'bl = -8.522 . kN

Lever arm between center of compressive and tensile forces, Ll := ~. Db = 0.2m

3

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 IRC:SP: 105-20 I ~

i.e., Mnet = 19.94· kN . m

which is the external moment, hence forces are equilibrium

c) when concrete reaches maximum permissible tensile stress

Allowable tensile stress, (Jep := 3M Pa

(fetmas per Table 6.5, IRe: 112 - 2011

Corresponding strain, ccp := O"cp = 9.091 X 10-5

Ec

Existing tensile strain in bottom fiber, icz/ = 4.919 x 10-5

Additional strain till tensile failure, I1ce := cep - icz/ = 40172 x 10-5

Additional moment in section, I1Mult := I1ce . E; . (~:) = 3.098. kN . m

Hence, total moment at section, MultZ := MUlti + I1MUlt = 17.603 . kN . m

Total compression strain at top, CtZ := cl + I1ce = 2.033 X 10-4

Total tensile strain at bottom, CbZ := Cz - I1ce = -9.091 x 10-5

0.23 m

0.20[1 m (J.3 rn

H----....lIL--:il'>-83.92 kN

-20.86 kN

Stroitl profile afoflC/ depth or qirder

Depth of neutral axis from top, dNA:= IEtsl • Db = 0.2073m

Icb21+IEtzi

170
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 IRC:SP: 105-20::

Prestressing force at decompression, Fp = 83.483 . kN

Moment due to prestress at decompression, Mp (d) : = Fp . ( ds - deg (d) ) Mp (dNA) =

14.722 . kN . m

_Fp _ (Mext-Mp(d))
Stress at Neutral Axis, CJeNA (d) :=
Aer(d) ZNA(d)

As this value is tensile, we have to raise the neutral axis to make it 0

By solving iteratively, the depth of neutral axis can be obtained

Below we solve for depth of uncracked section, taking into account tensile capac it)
concrete.

Maximum tensile capacity of concrete,

CJep = 3· MPa ([ctm as per Table 6.5,IRC: 112 - 2011)

Corrected depth of uncracked concrete, dNA: = root( CJeNA (dNA) + CJep, dNA) =
105.559· mm

Hence, depth below 0 stress where section starts cracking, der : =

17.223 mm

. (Jt3 4
T op strain, Et3 := - = 4.663 x 10-
Ee

Total strain in steel, Es := Esad + Es3 = 5.029 X 10-3

Raise in strain from 0 level, Es3 = 7.477 X 10-4

Force in steel, F;, := Es' Es •As = 98.064· kN

172
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

CHAPTER 11
SECTION 13: PRESTRESSING SYSTEM

Codal Clauses

11.1 General CI-13.1

This section covers requirements of the parts of prestressing systems which are
incorporated in the structure, which include anchoring devices and coupling devices for
application in post tensioned construction. It also covers provision of reinforcement in
anchorage zones in concrete.

11.2 Anchorages for Post Tensioning Systems

11.2.1 Type of Anchorages CI-13.2.1

Both, external and embedded types of anchorage systems are covered in this sub-
clause. Partially or fully embedded anchorages transfer the prestressing force to the
members by combination of bearing, friction and wedge action while the externally
mounted anchorages transfer prestressing force of the tendons to concrete through an
externally mounted bearing plate. Fig. 13.2.1 & Fig.13.2.2 show the typical details of two
types of anchorages.

Figure C13.2.1
Showing Partially or
Fully Embedded
Anchorages

Figure C13.2.2
Showing Externally
Mounted Anchorages

174
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Cli€!~~ctlcm. This reduc~jpn in

ity is acceptable due .:
in actual us

Fig. C13.2.3 Anchor Efficiency Test using specially cast

beam(on 19 strands of 13mm dia. - UTS 350 T)

(2) Dynamic load test:

The aim of dynamic load test is to determine the capacity of the tendor-
anchorage assembly under load fluctuation between specified variation c:
stress of tendons in terms of minimum specified cycles of loading as 8-
indication of the quality and reliability of the assembly. IS: 1343 specifie::
these limits as loading range of 80 Mpa for steel with upper limit of 65% c:
the UTS, and number of cycles as >2.5 million. Not more than 5% of cross
sectional area of tendons are allowed to fail. This test is carried out withe I... ~
using the trumpets, which bring the tendon assembly to a close-
configuration for passing through the duct. If tested with the trumpet, tr~
tendons (strands) fail at much lesser number of cycles (Thousands, rathe-
than millions) by fretting at the points of contact between tendon and tne
trumpet. In this sense, the test does not replicate actual loading conditio-
but is purely a test of the mechanical efficiency of the anchorage bloc-
wedges and tendon assembly in a stressed condition. This is acceptable fc-
grouted tendons where the relative slip between the tendon and trumpet ::
avoided by grouting and ultimate reliance for holding tendons in the stresse:
condition is placed on the grout.

176
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IRC:SP: 105-2015

Fig.C13.3.1A: Fixed Couplers

Fig.C13.3.1 B :Moveable Couplers

Notations Used:

1 - Casting Unit; 2 - Coupling Sleeve; 2' - Stressing Head; 2" - Coupling Head; 3 & 3' _ Cone; 4
- Spiral; 5 - Sheath; 6 - Tube

11.4
End Block Design & Detailing
CI-13.5
In design, attention needs to be given to highly stressed concrete compression zone ir
the immediate vicinity of the anchorages; bursting stresses generated in the localizec
area of the anchorage as complimentary transverse tensile force arise from spread of
load in the mass of concrete, The design of Anchorage zones is an area of dual
responsibility between the supplier of post tensioning system & the design consultant.
The local anchorage zone reinforcement, which may be either spiral or an orthogonal
reinforcement or combination thereof, shall generally be specified by the prestressing
system supplier which has been tested for satisfactory performance in the load transfer
test. The recommendations of the prestressing supplier normally suffice for satisfactory
performance of the local zone behind the anchorage. This however may have to be
modified for a group of anchorages in their specific configuration for a specific design
situation by the design consultant. This is referred as the end block design.
11.4.1
Bursting Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Sections
CI-13.5.1

178
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regions where significant tension is generated at the anchor from other

loads. Wherever practical, blisters should be located in the corner between
flange and web where the compressive stresses atr high or form a
continuous rib, suitably reinforced, extended over the full flange width or web
height, along which the anchorages can be spresd, CIRIA guide
recommends that for the intermediately anchored tendons tie-back
reinforcement into the concrete behind the anchorage point should be
provided to cater for at least 50% of the prestressing force. This is based on
the simplified assumption that in the elastic analysis the in plane force is
resisted equally on both front and back side of anchorage. The contributior
of residual compression at the location to resist the said tension is allowed tc
contribute to get net reinforcement required. This amount of reinforcement
can be reduced, with increasing compressive stress in the region of the
anchorage, produced by other prestressing tendons, for which detailed loca
analysis, using FEM may have to be carried out.

Tendons anchored in blister block usually will have curved profile within the
blister zone, which will give rise to radial component of the load, which rnus:
be resisted by additional radial reinforcement anchoring back into the rnair
body. In addition, high local bending & shear stresses develop in the slabs a:
the location of blister blocks. Fig. C13.5 shows typical reinforcement deta
for blister blocks

AJdittol(!:1 ItI'll-fUIU!fllt'fl: tu take

latefa! comcooeot of o-esteess terce

Fig.C13.5 :Typical reinforcement detail of Blister Block

b) Deviator Blocks

The term 'deviator' refers to discrete structural element which allows change
in profile of an external post tensioning tendonto be deviated from ar
otherwise straight alignment. The protective duct surrounding the tendor
strands is normally continuous through a deviator without direct connectior
to it. The structural unit providing deviation may be concrete or structure
steel.

180
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 IRC:SP:I05-2015
DESIGN EXAMPLE 1

This example of a Post Tensioned PSC Girder with internally embedded anchorage is
provided to understand tile design process by which reinforcement of an end block is
calculated.

1.0 Salient Details of Seam & Cables

a Number of Tendons =
b Nos of Strands per Tendon =
c Area of Strands = S'rm
d Breaking strenqth of Strands = Mj:J
-,- --e
e Dimension of Anchorage. Ypo = mm
Overall Depth. D
;; Width of Flange. b
h Depth of Flanqe. hf
=
=
m
m • -e-:l:r .2

= til
Width of Web. bw = rn '-'(~ ,fI
Area of Beam. A = S·:llil
l'--_--.4
Cg of Beam from bottom. If = m
III Moment of Inertia of Beam. I = rn
4
bo, T E ~JD B L c(:K
n Zt. T op Sectional Modulus of Bearr = m'
~. Zb, Bottom Sectional Modulus of B = Ii1
P Cg of Tendon 1 from bottom = rn
q Cg of Tendon 2 from bottom = III
I' C9 of Tendon 3 from bottom = III
s Concrete Grade. = rCube Strengtrl:
Min. strength at the time of stressing MpJ

a. The t-dgt-Ily stressed compression in concrete in the unmedete vlciruty of tI:e

b. Bursting st'essgeneratecln the locallsec area of tile Ancnoraqe
C. Spallinr,1at tne loaoeo face
d. Transverse tensire forces anslnq from any turtner scread ouoao outstoe thisocansed area

2.0 Design of Local Zone behind Anchorage:

As ciause 1:351 2 of I FtC 112 - F!.ecommenoation of The Ancnoraoe system Suppler snan IJe touoweo if'
case of Internal Anchorages for Ancnoraee Dlmenson. rvlinimurn Spacinf,1 h,'1niI1lUIT;CcncreteCrade am!
Reinforcement for Burstinq. There is no neeo fo, any addtnona: calcutaticn iYy'the Desiqner. Hie anchorage
omenstons. spaclnqs, edqe distances. rn.nlrnurn concrete qrade aile! the bursnnq reinforcement cetails snan t-
obtamec rrom tile system supplier

2.1 Calculation of stress behind Anchorage as per Annex J of EC2·2:

Since IRe 2 do not qrve any guideline on metnod of ct"lecl<TQof concrete bearing stresses behino
anchoraqe, reference be made to EufCI COGe Ee2 - Annex J for Cileckint;j of concrete stresses. Tile
relevant part of H-Iecode is reproduced below :

182
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2,3 Calculation of Spalling Reinforcement (As per Annal( J of EC2-2)

CJus.t 13 ::.2 cescnues ne 'IEeCj tor sPGllin9 rein~Cne'1le'It. however the quantum Of reilforcenler-'
required is no: 8Gcci"'ic.j i') tnc C.JX tor P:)3t t::r~3ionc.j bcarr s In a!:>:,cncc of ccccmc provision in
IRe 112 reference r-n;:r...IJe maoe to Euro C:}c:e EC:2,2 .. As Annex ,' Of EC:2,2. Area of such
reinforcement shJII not be less than =.:J3 -: Fn'3 :' 1:":1 X'I:,llf.w in eacn cLrection This remrorcement 'le:- :s'
Ie: be eJis:ri:Juteci n each ::Jirec:i::nove :tle le'V;!t'! cr ue rectan;;ular prism To Jvoi(j crack 'yvicltll
calculations, f"d '11 be consldereo as 250 f:1pa

Provide 2 Nos, ~16 bars in each dlrection.

1500 NOMINAL REINF.

(3 NOS 2L,16 DIA)
I
200 I
I

SPALLING REINF.
(2 NOS 20 DIA)
Tendon 3
0
500 0 BURSTING REINF.
co
.-;
(6 TURN 16 DIA
Tendon 2 SPIRAL)
500
3 NOS 2L,20 DIA
I

200 I
Tendon 1
I

- 600
450

Ah

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 IRC:SP: 105-21' :

• Frost attack: concrete has to be above a critical range of water saturatic

for the damage due to freezing and thawing to take place.

• For alkali silica reaction (ASR) water is required to produce the expansr. ~
gel and therefore, depends upon the rate of water penetration into tr·~
concrete.

It is quite apparent that transport of fluids - both liquids and gases - into concrete _
important consideration. The various processes can be summarized as follows;

• Flow of water due to application of a hydrostatic head, characterized t.

water permeability coefficient.

• Water absorption and uptake of water resulting from capillary forces

characterized by a sorptivity coefficient.

• Ion diffusion: movement of ions as a result of concentration gradien:

characterized by ion diffusion coefficient.

• Other processes like gas diffusion, water vapour diffusion, pressure

induced gas flow etc.

In view of so many possible modes, one should really be concerned with a notion 0:
collective 'penetrability' of fluids.; Nevertheless, the commonly accepted term is
'permeability', which is mostly adopted to describe transport of fluids through concrete
(Neville, 2000).

Fluid transport depends mainly upon the structure of hydrated cement paste. The
microstructure that forms upon hydration of cement consists of solids having pores o·
various sizes in addition to the spaces originally occupied by the water. The porosity
depends upon the age, the degree of hydration, the water/ cement ratio and the type of
binders. The primary influence is of water /cement ratio, as depicted in Figure C14.1.

186
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12.2 Common Mechanisms leading to Deterioration of Concrete Structures

CI. 14.2

Salient description of the mechanisms of deteriorations is included in Annexure B- 2.

The basic mechanism of corrosion of steel, as an electro-chemical phenomenon, can t~

summarized in terms of an anode process and a cathode process;

• Anode: Fe ----> 2 e + Fe2+

(Metallic iron)

• Cathode:

In addition, the corrosion undergone by steel is due to combination of iror

and (OH-) ions;

• Fe + ;;2 O2 + H20 ----> Fe2+ + 2(OH) ----> iron hydroxide (rust).

The process is schematically depicted in the Figure C14.2.1. It shows tha:

ingress of chloride ions is facilitated by presence of cracks.

For transformation of metallic iron to rust, the requirements are;

1. Iron must be available in a metallic (Fe) state at the surface of the

reinforcing steel;

2. Oxygen and moisture must be available for the cathode process;

3. The electrical resistivity of concrete must be low to facilitate the electror

flow in the metal from anodic to cathodic areas.

From engineering stand point; two types of situations are necessary to be considered.
The steel reinforcement, being well protected in the alkaline medium in concrete, can
withstand a certain amount of chloride ions to be present before corrosion can take
place. On the other hand, if the passivity is destroyed because of one reason or the
other and the pH of concrete is below a certain threshold value, only oxygen and water
are needed for corrosion to take place. Presence of chlorides is not necessary.

188
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 IRC:SP: 105-20 1~

aspects include factors such as cladding to structure, or ponding due to

poor detailing etc.

20 ~--------------- ...•.•

o
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10 11 1
pH VALUE OF CONCRETE

Figure C.14.2.2
Interaction of chloride content and pH value of corrosion-
damaged concrete structures in India

Carbonation is not significant when the pores of concrete are saturated, because of
slow rate of diffusion of CO2 in water compared to that in air. On the other hand, if there
is insufficient water in the pores, CO2 remains in gaseous form and does not react with
the hydrated cement. The highest rate of carbonation occurs at a relative humidity of 50
to 70 percent (Neville, 2000).

'Moderate' category is for situations where the chances of carbonation are insignificant
because the pores of concrete are either saturated or dry. No ingress of chloride from
external sources is anticipated. Inadequate workmanship can lead to corrosion of steel.
Provision is also made against attack by other deleterious chemical agents, which are
facilitated by the presence of moisture.

'Severe' category is for situations, where presence of moisture (wet, rarely dry) and
some carbonation under humid conditions can lead to corrosion of steel. Wet, rarely dry
condition includes concrete surfaces subject to long term water contact and many
foundations. Concrete exposed to coastal environment can have access to chloride ions
increasing the risk of chloride-induced corrosion. Concrete components exposed to
industrial waters containing chloride will be included in this category. In spite of
presence of significant amount of chloride ions in sea water, risk of corrosion of
concrete completely submerged in sea water below mid-tide level is comparatively less
because of paucity of oxygen.

'Very severe' category is for situations where exposure to air-borne chloride ions in
marine environment adds significantly to the risk of chloride-induced corrosion.

190
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specified time interval (6 hours) through a concrete disc specimen placed between
solutions of sodium chloride (NaCI) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is measured, when a
potential difference of 60 V d.c. is maintained. The charge passed is related to the
penetrability of concrete to chloride ions, charge being greater, the larger the amount of
chloride ions penetrated. Guidelines relating chloride permeability of concrete to the
charge passed (Coulombs) during the test aregiven in ASTM C1202.

The following upper limits for RCPT values at 56 days are suggested for different
exposure conditions;

• Severe - 1500 Coulombs,

• Very severe - 1200 Coulombs, and
• Extreme - 800 Coulombs.

Apart from water - cement ratio and cover, Table 14.2 of the Code also lists two other
parameters - minimum cement content and minimum grade of concrete. Minimum
cement content specified is to ensure adequate workability of concrete. For a given
water-cement ratio, a given cement content corresponds to a particular water content.
which may result in high, medium or low workability. An appropriate value has to be
chosen keeping in view the placing conditions, cover thickness, and concentration of
reinforcement. For the values of water-cement ratio and cement content shown in the
Table 14.2, the water content in the concrete mix works out to 140 to 160 liters 1m2.
which will generally result in low workability (0 - 50 mm slump). For higher workability.
higher cement content (and higher water content, maintaining the water-cement ratio)
will have to be adopted or chemical admixtures used. Minimum cement content, along
with the water-cement ratio, is also required to result in sufficient volume of cement
paste to overfill the voids in compacted aggregates. For crushed aggregate of 20 mm
size, on which the Table 14.2 is based, the voids content is about 25 - 27 percent. The
values of water-cement ratio and cement content specified correspond to paste volume
of about 27 - 28 percent, equaling the voids content of the aggregate. A fuller
description is available in IS: SP-23.

The Note(5) below Table 14.2 clarifies that minimum cement content should include ali
cementitious materials inclusive of additions mentioned in CI. 18.4, as all these binders
comprise the paste volume with the water. Similarly, the water-cement ratio is water-
binder ratio when mineral admixtures are added, which control the chloride diffusion
coefficient.

The strength grade of concrete will be chosen from structural design considerations.
Concrete mix design should be based on that strength grade (see CI.18.5.3). Water-
cement ratio and cement content arrived at the mix design for that grade should be
checked with the provisions of Table 14.2. Lower water-cement ratio and higher cement
content between the two should be adopted. Compressive strength of concrete alone
does not guarantee durability under service conditions. The values of minimum strength
grade in Table 14.2 are those which can be generally expected with the corresponding

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If aggregate of larger size than 20 mm, is used, the requirement of water in the mix for a
particular workability is reduced; so the cement content can also be reduced (to
maintain the water-cement ratio).

12,3.2.2 Chloride Content

CI. 14.3.2.3
The strategy to guard against onset of corrosion is to ensure that the amount of chloride
at the level of reinforcement after the design service life is less than the threshold level
of chloride permitted.

The threshold is best considered in terms of corrosion risk associated with different
amounts of chloride ions present in the structures. The following risk classification has
been proposed (Browne, 1982) and commonly accepted,

Chloride Risk of
(% by wt of cement) corrosion
< 0.4 Negligible
l__-- 0_.4
__to__1_.0 ~----P-O_S_s_ib_l_e _
I 1.0 to 2.0 Probable
I
I > 20. Certain

The values in Figure C.14.2.2 incorporating data of corrosion- damaged concrete

structures in India are of similar magnitude. Since the bridges will be designed for a
service life of 100 years, a conservative value of 0.30 percent for RCC in 'moderate'
exposure condition is specified as against 0.40 percent in many other Codes. For RCC
in other exposure conditions which are more stringent and for prestressed concrete, still
lower values are specified. It may be noted that the amount of chloride ion specified is
on 'acid soluble' basis, indicating the total chloride ion content in the concrete. Part of
the chloride ions get bound in the cement hydration products; this is called 'chloride
binding'. Only the reminder is the free chloride, which is available for causing corrosion.
This is expressed as 'water soluble' chloride and, as a very general guide, can be half of
the total chloride content. Total acid soluble chloride is specified for ease of
measurement.

12.3.2.3 Sulphate content

CI. 14.3.2.4
Cements contain sulphate added during manufacture. More sulphate ions may come
from soil, sub-soil water and ground water, sea water and effluents from industrial
sources. Excessive sulphate ions will lead to sulphate attack in concrete. Code
therefore specifies the limit in terms of water soluble sulphate content.

12.3.2.4 Maximum cement content

CI. 14.3.2.5
The limit of maximum cement content is essentially from considerations of heat of
hydration and thermal cracks.

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sandstone, when containing 'strained quartz' have been found to be reactive (Mullick,
1992). Need of appropriate methods of evaluation of potential reactivity have been
emphasized.

12.4.4. Frost attack

CI. 14.4.4

Freezing of water inside concrete due to low temperature is accompanied by 9 percent

increase in volume (ice has specific gravity of 0.91). Repeated cycles of freezing and
thawing have a cumulative effect. In hardened concrete, there has to be space to
accommodate this increase in volume, otherwise cracking will Occur. Air entraining
admixtures create a system of small, discrete, nearly spherical air bubbles inside
concrete, typically about 50 1-1 in diameter, i.e. much smaller than accidentally entrapped
air due to inadequate compaction. These air bubbles provide the extra space needed,
Obviously, if concrete is relatively dry, the problem of freezing of water is minimized:
therefore, concrete is required to be protected from saturation. Lower water-cement
ratio minimizes the volume of capillary pores inside concrete and ensures strength of
concrete such that it can better resist the damaging forces induced by freezing (Neville,
2000). In case of severe freezing, restriction of water-cement ratio to about 0.45 and
minimum strength of 45 MPais recommended.

12.4.5. Abrasion

The compressive strength of concrete is the principal factor controlling the resistance to
abrasion (Neville, 2000). The minimum strength required depends on the severity of
abrasion expected. For members in contact with water having high velocity of flow and
carrying abrasive bed material, concrete of higher grade may be necessary.

12.5 Example for Environmental Classification

To decide the exposure condition (Table 14.1) applicable to a bridge structure or its
components, the chances of carbonation and availability of chloride ions should be
taken into account. A bridge structure in dry climate or its parts constantly immersed in
water will have less probability of carbonation corrosion. If no ingress of chloride ions or
other harmful chemicals are anticipated, such components can be classified in
'moderate' category. If the ambient conditions are likely to cause carbonation and
ingress of chloride ions or other harmful chemicals are expected, the classification can
be 'severe' to 'very severe', depending upon the relative humidity and level of chloride
ions, as described in Table 14.1. Classification under 'extreme' category is self-
explanatory from Table 14.1.

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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

CHAPTER 13
SECTION 15: DETAILING: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

C13.1 General Code Clause

C1.15.1
This Section pertains to general rules for detailing of reinforcement and prestressing, in
particular. Modifications for coated steels are included in a separate clause. These rules
are to be read along with the provisions of Section 16 and Section 17, which cover
detailing for specific structural members and ductile detailing for bridges under seismic
zone III, IV & V, respectively. The rules are for normal weight concrete only.

C13.2 Reinforcing Steel

CI. 15.2
C13.2.1 Spacing of bars
CI.15.2.1
The minimum limits are specified to permit concrete to flow readily into the spaces
between bars and between bars and forms, without honeycomb and enabling adequate
bond strength to be developed along the full length of the bar.

C13.2.2 Permissible mandrel diameter for bending of rebars

CI. 15.2.2
The recommended diameters for bars are given in Table 15.1 and 15.2 for avoidance of
bending cracks and of splitting / crushing the concrete inside the bend. The diameters
are higher for smaller values of concrete cover as well as higher grade of reinforcing
bars. Table 15.1 is applicable for bent-up and curved bars - as applicable say for portal
frames continuous beams or bent-up shear reinforcement in beams. This Table is not
applicable for stirrups, link bars, loop bars ...etc., for which Table 15.2 is applicable.
C13.2.3 Bond
CI. 15.2.3
C13.2.3.1 Bond Conditions
CI. 15.2.3.1
The code describes the bond condition as "favorable" or "unfavorable" depending upon
the depth of the member & inclination of the reinforcement with respect to direction of
concreting. For "unfavorable" bond condition, the allowable bond stress is taken as 70%
of allowable stress under "favorable" condition. The bond condition is to be always
considered as 'favorable' for bars having an inclination of 45° to 90° to the horizontal.
For bars which are horizontal or have inclination up to 45° to the horizontal, the bond
condition depends upon depth of the member as indicated in the Fig 15.1.b, Fig
15.1.cand Fig 15.1.d.

C13.2.3.2 Ultimate bond stress

CI. 15.2.3.2
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C13.2.4.3 Design anchorage length CI.1S.2.4.3

The design anchorage length is obtained by allowing for the beneficial effects of actual
cover, confinement by transverse reinforcement, transverse clamping pressure, shape
of bent up bars besides the actual force in bar, expressed as ratio of required area to
actual provided (normally less than 1.0). Anchorages of shear reinforcements or links
are normally to be achieved by using bends, hooks or by welded transverse
reinforcements as in Fig. 15.3 of the Code.

Use of welded bar for stirrup is a new addition in the Code. Also there is a change in the
dimension of bends and hooks compared to previous practice.

C13.2.5 Laps or Splices CI. 1S.2.5

As the length of reinforcement bars is restricted and in many

situations, likely to be less than the required length, splicing of
bars will be necessary in most structural elements. Code
recommends splicing by lapping of bars, welding and
mechanical devices. At laps, forces are transmitted from one
bar to another through the concrete surrounding the lapped
bars while others have a direct force transfer.

C13.2.5.1 Splices of bars by laps CI.1S.2.S.1

The rules are splicing of bars by lapping are detailed in this sub clause. Lapping of
100% of bars is permitted with restrictions specified therein. The increased lap lengths
are specified for various quantum of the bars to be lapped at a section, including 100%
lapping. Reinforcement requirement across the lap is specified for various situations.

C13.2.5.2 Splicing by welding CI.1S.2.S.2

For HYSD bars, welding should be proposed only in special cases, when other
alternative methods of splicing are not feasible. Bars of diameter greater than or equal
to 20mm must be butt welded. Welded splices have to comply with the rigorous
requirements of the Code.

C13.2.5.3 Splicing by mechanical devices CI. 1S.2.5.3

A mechanical splice including its connecting element shall develop at least 125% of the
characteristic strength, 't,'. This has been regarded as a minimum safety requirement
for safety to prevent brittle failures. Field tests of samples from actual site supply are
recommended. Reduced cover to concrete at the location of mechanical splice is
permitted subject to a minimum cover of 30mm.

200
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C13.3.1.1 Post-tensioning systems

CI. 15.3.2.2
Rules for use of couplers are now available in this sub clause besides requirements of
at end anchorages, intermediate anchorages and blister blocks. The requirements Of
residual compression at location of intermediate anchorages or additional reinforcement
in lieu of it and cover to anchorages of 200mm at local thickening or blister blocks are
some major requirements. The guidelines for external tendons are not included in the
Code. For this specialist literature may be referred.

C13.3.1.2 Pre-tensioning systems

CI. 15.3.2.2
The code draws distinction between the transmission length (over which the
prestressing force is fully transmitted to the concrete), the dispersion length (over which
the concrete stress gradually disperse to a distribution which is compatible with
assumption of plane sections remaining plane) and the anchorage length (over which
the tendon force at the ultimate limit state is fully transmitted to the concrete). The
design rules for these are included in the Code. Complete detailing of the anchorage
zone is possible with these. Basic requirements for deviators for pre-tensioning systems
are now available in the Code.

C13.4 Coated Steels

C1.15.4
In case of fusion bonded epoxy coated bars the permissible bond stress shall be
considered as 80% of the value given in the Code for uncoated bars while anchorage
and lap lengths are 1.25 times. The galvanized and stainless steel bars treated same as
normal reinforcement bars.

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to prevent cracking from excessive intemal restraints to concrete shrinkage caused by the
reinforcement.

Salient detailing features of longitudinal reinforcement in "other columns" are as under:

• Minimum diameter, ¢min~ l2mm

• Minimum area, As,min= O.lO.NEd / jyd, but ~ 0.002 Ac
• Maximum area, As,max = 0.04 Ac (= 0.08 Ac at laps)
• Minimum number of bars in a circular section is 6.
• For regular polygons, at least one bar is to be placed at each junction of two
surfaces.

C 14.2.3 Transverse reinforcement Cl. 16.2.3

All longitudinal comer bars in compression should be enclosed within lateral ties to hold them in
place and avoid its buckling. No longitudinal bar in a compression zone should be further than
150mm away from a restrained bar. Transverse reinforcement is also required in columns to
provide adequate shear resistance. Combination of various forms of ties / links, loops or spiral is
allowed, as per choice of designer. Salient detailing features of transverse reinforcement in
column areas under:

• All transverse reinforcement must be adequately anchored.

• Minimum Diameter, ¢min~max [8mm ; ¢Iong/4]
• Maximum Spacing, ScI,max = min [12'<Plong,min;
h; 200mm]

C14.3 R.C. Walls and Wall Type Piers Cl. 16.3

Wall is defined as vertical load bearing member whose larger lateral dimension is more than 4
times its least lateral dimension (clause 7.6.4.1). In case a wall is subjected to predominantly out
of plane bending (e.g. retaining wall, solid abutment or vertical of box structure), the provisions
for slab are applicable for the said wall. In situations where a wall is also subjected to high
concentrated load (e.g. plate type pier), the design and detailing may be based on strut-and-tie
model or an appropriate FEM model.

C14.3.1 Vertical Reinforcement Cl. 16.3.1

Salient detailing features of vertical reinforcement in wall are as under:

• Minimum diameter, ¢min~ l2mm

• Minimum area, As,vmin = 0.0024 Ac (minimum half at each face)
• Maximum area, As,vmax = 0.04 Ac (At lap location specific percentage is not
indicated in the Code but 0.08 Ac may be permitted at laps with a cue from
provision for column).
• Maximum spacing, Sv,max = 200mm

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CI4.5.l.3 Curtailment Rules for Longitudinal Reinforcement Cl. 16.5.1.:

This clause provides altogether different shift rules for curtailment compared to earlier practice
for the length of the longitudinal tension reinforcement and anchorage in tension. Salient feature'
of shift rule are as under:

• Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the

envelope of the acting tensile forces, including the effect of inclined cracks ir
webs and flanges.
• For members with shear reinforcement, the additional tensile force, I:::.F::
should be calculated according to clause 16.5.1.3 (2).
• For members without shear reinforcement I:::.Ftd, may be estimated by shifting
the moment curve by a distance a/ = d according to clause 16.5.1.3 (3). This shift
rule may also be applied as an alternative for members with shea-
reinforcement, where a/ = z (cot () - cot a) / 2 = 0.5 zcot () for vertical shea-
links.
• Depending upon the angle of strut considered in design, the value of '0/ car
vary from 0.45 d (for B=45°) to 1.125 d (for B= 21.8°).
• For reinforcement in the flange, placed outside the web, '0/ should be
increased by a distance equal to the distance of bar from web face.
• The curtailed reinforcement should be provided with an anchorage length h,ne:
but not less than 'd', effective depth from the point where it is no longs-
needed. The diagram of the resisting tensile force should always lie outside the
envelop line of the acting tensile force, displaced as described above.

Fig. 16.2 of the code should be referred, which clearly explains the shift rule
philosophy.

C 14.5.l.4 Anchorage of Span Reinforcement at an End Support Cl. 16.5.1....:

• Ab,sup bottom steel at support ~ 0.25 times Asb,span, steel provided in the span.
The code recommends that the bottom reinforcement should be anchored to
resist a force of VEd x (a/I d) + NEd, as defined in clause 16.5.1.4 (2).
• The anchorage length is required to be measured from the line of contact of the
direct support. Minimum length should be = 2/3rdhnet.
• For indirect support, it is measured from a distance ofl/3rdwidth of support
from the face of support, beyond which a minimum length of Ibnet should be
provided.

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C14.5.4 Surface Reinforcement

CI. 16.5.4

Skin reinforcement (or surface reinforcement) may be provided to control cracking and to ensure
adequate resistance to spalling of the cover as in members with depth more than Im or in
situations where cover to reinforcement provided is more than the minimum cover required as
per section 14 of the code. This is also required in situations where bundled bars or bars of size
greater than 32mm have been used (refer 15.2.6 (10). In case of deep beams this reinforcement
generally comprises of smaller diameter bars placed in the tension zone within the links. Other
requirements are:

• Maximum spacing of the bars = 200mm

• Minimum area of surface reinforcement, As,surf ~ O.OlAct,ext, where Act,ext is the
area of cover portion outside the stirrups / links.
• The surface reinforcement may be taken into consideration as a part of the
longitudinal bending steel or as link. Then it shall satisfy for the same saw well.

C14.6 Solid Slabs

CI. 16.6

The clause applies for members defined as slab i.e. span to thickness ration is equal to more than
5.

C14.6.1 Flexural Reinforcement

CI. 16.6.1

• Primary reinforcement - minimum and maximum areas as per provisions for

beam.
• Curtailment, shear, torsion - as per provisions for beam, except that for the
shift rule, Of = d may be used.
• Secondary transverse reinforcement ~20% of the main reinforcement.
• Maximum spacing of primary reinforcement - minimum of [2h, 250mm], where
'h' is the overall depth of slab.
• Maximum spacing of secondary reinforcement: minimum of [3h, 400mm].
• For slab that is part of flange of a beam, if primary slab reinforcement is parallel
to the beam, 60% of span reinforcement in slab shall be provided at top over
continuous support, unless quantum is specifically calculated. The detailing shall
be as in fig. 16.5.

CI4.6.1.2 Anchorage of bottom main steel at intermediate support

CI. 16.6.1.2
Provisions for beam are applicable for slab also.

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b) oe>0.5 x he

In addition to the main tension reinforcement, vertical links / stin'ups are re,,,imi
where the shear force exceeds the concrete shear. Same shall be such that
Ass'irrup?:O.5
Code. X .f'j /;d Reinforcement shall be detailed as in Fig. 17. (b) of the

C14.8
Articulations (Half Joints)
CI. 16.8
Articulation (or half Joint) is usually provided in bridges at a connection where the construction
depth is limited or in case of suspended span resting on tip of a cantilever. The treatment of
articulation shall be similar to a corbel or a nib. The Code cautions to avoid edge stress
concentration and to ensure rotation capacity.
CI4.9 Deep Beams
Cl. 16.9
A deep beam is a member whose span is less than 3 times the overall section depth. In bridge
design, this will most frequently apply to diaphragms in box girder, cross girders between bridge
beams etc. Specific detailing rules are included in the Code.
C 14.10
Members with un bonded tendons
Cl. 16.10
For the purpose of detailing. members with only unbonded tendons shall be treatcd the same way
as reinforced concrete members. In case members are with a combination of bonded and
un bonded tendons, requirements of bonded tendons will apply.

C 14.11 Concentrated Forces

Cl. 16.1 I
C 14.11. 1 General
Cl. 16.1 1. 1
The rules in this sub clause apply to zoncs where concentrated load acts in superstructures or
substructurcs. The eqn. 16.13 is derived from the confinement provided to the core by the
surrounding concretc& supplemcntary reinforccment, Whose perimeter is defined by 'b,' and 'd/
in Fig. 16.9. The surrounding area resists transverse expansion of the core by acting in ring
teosion prior to spalling. The distribution of load should be such that adjacent areas do not
overlap and the slope should not exceed I H :2Y.

The value of rR.d" should be rcduced if the load is not unitonnly distributed on the loaded area
Am. Though no guidance is given in the code, the bearing pressure check could be based on the
peak prcssurc in case it is not uniform. Also in case shear force is less it can be ignored. For
higher shear, the code recommends adoption of 3D _ FEM analysis.

210
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

CHAPTER 15
SECTION 17: DUCTILE DETAILING FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE

Codal
Clause
C1S.1 GENERAL C1.17.1

These provisions are based on the current national and international practices. Seismic
design and detailing are still evolving globally, making its codification an ongoing
process. The bridge designers are therefore encouraged to refer to specialist literatures
wherever required to augment the design and detailing practices.

The purpose of these design requirements for bridges in seismic zone III, IV & V are to
ensure that the bridge substructures are provided with adequate ductility to ensure that
the required overall global ductility of the structure is met and the plastic hinge formation
is preferably within the substructure rather than at foundations, which is difficult to
inspect and repair.

In order to ensure that plastic hinge is formed at pre-determined location in pier

(generally at pier base), the Code allows curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement only
in case of tall piers only after the designer ensures that the potential of formation of
plastic hinge just beyond the point of curtailment is avoided. The Code however is
silent on the definition of 'tall pier' for the purpose of this clause and reference may be
made to other national/international standards / literature for the definition of tall pier in
this regard.

C1S.2 Concrete Piers/Columns CI. 17.2

C15.2.1 Confinement CI. 17.2.1

Requirements of this section are concerned with confining the concrete and providing
increased lateral support to the longitudinal reinforcement in plastic hinge zone. The
main function of the transverse reinforcement for confinement is to ensure that the axial
load carried by the bridge pier after spalling of the concrete cover will at least be equal
to the load carried before spalling & to ensure that buckling of the longitudinal
reinforcement is prevented. Thus, the spacing of the confining reinforcement is also
important.

C15.2.1.1 General Requirements CI.17.2.1.1

• Eq.17.1 gives the minimum axial stress in piers beyond which the
confinement of the compression zone is required. The lightly loaded
bridge piers having normalized axial force less than 0.08 times the
capacity of concrete section (calculated without reinforcement)will not
require confinement reinforcement.

212
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Worked Examples:

Example 15.1 Confinement reinforcement for Rectangular Piers

Width of Pier, B 2 m
Depth of the Pier, D 2.5
fck 35 Mpa fcd 15.63Mpa

500 Mpa fYd 434.78Mpa

Long. Reinforcement ratio 0.02
Clear cover 50 mm
Designed axial load, NED 1600 Tonnes
Dia of tie, d 12 mm Asw, 8 1356.48 sqmm
No. of legs along width 12 Asw, D 1808.64 sqmm
No. of legs along depth 16
Spacing of ties 150 mm
Gross area of concrete 5 sqm
section Ac
Confined concrete area, Ace 4.56 sqm
Normalized axial force, 17k 0.0914 (Confinement is required)

Volumetric ratio, Pw (B) 0.0045

Volumetric ratio, Pw(O) 0.0048
Wwd,B 0.1258 (O.K.)
WWd,D 0.1341 (O.K.)

Ww,req 0.0732

WW,min 0.12

Designed Wwd 0.12

Example 15.2 Confinement reinforcement for circular Piers

Dia of Pier, D 2.2 m

fck 35 Mpa fCd 15.63Mpa

500 mpa fyd 434.78Mpa

Long. Reinforcement ratio 0.02
Clear cover 50 mm
Designed axial load, NED 1200 t
dia of hoop/spiral, d 20mm Asp 314 sqmm

214
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lapping at the base is likely to stiffen the base and shift up the plastic hinge beyond the
lapping region, thereby increasing the seismic demand.

C15.2.4 Hollow Piers

.h CI. 17.2.4

• Dimension b/h as shown above for rectangular hollow pier shall no:
exceed 8 in the plastic hinge region. In case of hollow circular piers, the
ratio d/h shall not exceed 8, where 'd,' is the inner diameter of the nouov
pier.

• No confinement is necessary in case the normalized axial force, lJk:5 0.2

However the requirement of controlling buckling as per clause 17.2.2 is
required to be met.

C15.3 Foundations
CI. 17.3
C15.3.1 General
CI.17.3.1

It is desirable that inelastic response in strong ground shaking occurs above the
foundations, as repairs to foundations can be extremely difficult and expensive. Code
does not allow foundations to enter within plastic range under design seismic action
except for pile foundation in unavoidable circumstances. This is generally ensured by:

a) Designing the foundation for 25% additional base shear on account 0:

seismic action (as specified in IRC:6 - 2010), so that the weakest link is
within the pier or at the pier base (capacity protection).

b) Ensuring adequate ductility at the plastic hinge location by proper

detailing and confinement for pile foundations as hinge formation is
allowed if unavoidable.

C15.3.2 Pile Foundation

CI. 17.3.2

In situations where it is not possible to ensure hinge formation at the pier base in an)
direction (e.g. in case of plate type piers), it may not be possible to avoid localized hinge
formation in the pile foundation due to seismic loads. In such cases, ductile behavior 0:
the piles shall be ensured by following measures:

• Treat the following locations in pile for potential plastic hinge:

216
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

CHAPTER 16
SECTION 18: MATERIALS, QUALITY CONTROL AND WORKMANSHIP

Codal
Clause

C16.1 General C1.18.1

This section deals with the material properties and specifications for procurement of
Reinforcement, Prestressing Steel and Concrete.

It is important to note that although, primarily these are specified in terms of the Indian
Standards governing these materials, they are not limited to the same. If the materials
used in the design conform to other countries' codes, they can be used as long as they
meet the minimum specifications of the SIS codes. For materials where SIS codes are
not available, other codes are specified.

The Code makes it clear that for assessment of properties of materials in existing
bridges, the standards and specifications prevailing at the time of construction of the
bridge only are to be considered.

In the following explanatory part only the noteworthy points are discussed, since the
Code is very clear on the aspects of specifications for procurement. For items which
involve site fabrication or design and making and placing concrete, detailed guidelines
are given.

CI. 16.2 Untensioned Steel CI. 18.2

C16.2.1 Products with improved corrosion resistance CI. 18.2.3

There are many methods in use for providing additional protection against corrosion.
The acceptable methods to the code are:

a) Using galvanized steel.

b) Using stainless steel.
c) Using epoxy-coated re-bars.

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Suitability or otherwise of
these methods in a particular case is not commented upon by the Code. Discretion of
the user is implied for adopting.

Other available techniques such as Cathodic Protection are outside the scope of the
Code.

218
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CI. 16.5 Grouting CI. 18.7

C 16.5.1 Properties of the grout CI. 18.7.4

The main properties considered relevant for the performance of grouts in post tensioned
concrete structures are:

a) The flowability of grout: This is considered important to ensure complete filling

of the tendon duct.

b) Volume change of grout: This is considered important to be maintained within

a specified range around zero to compietely fill the tendon duct.

c) Bleed of grout: It is considered important to limit free water inside the tendor
duct, and any bleed water to be reabsorbed by the grout within a specifiec
time.

d) Strength of grout: This is considered to provide an indication of the grout

quality with respect to its bond and shear strength.

e) Resistance of grout to freezing: This is considered important for applications in

cold climates. Since there is no mention of this in the Code, special is:
literature may be followed in situations where such condition exists.

C16.5.2 Load tests of structures

The situations under which load testing of flexural members of abridge structure would
be resorted to are -

a) Structures which are substandard due to quality of design or construction.

b) Deterioration of structures, due to material degradation or physical damage.

c) Non-standard design methods which may cause the designer, authorities or

other stake holders to have proof of the concept used.

For members other than flexural members (e,g. Corbels, Deep Beams ... etc.), where
stress - strain relationship is not linear, the acceptance should preferably be based on
analytical investigation.

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Direct and indirect actions can be further classified as permanent and variable actions.
Direct actions which are always present in the structure are termed as permanent
action, e.g. Self-weight, Superimposed dead load, Back fill weight, Earth pressure,
Prestress effects etc. Actions, which vary with respect to time are treated as variable
actions e.g. Carriageway live load, Footpath live load, Wind, Thermal action etc. Snow
load, even though it varies with respect to time, is treated as direct permanent action.
Settlement effect, which falls under the category of indirect action, is termed as
permanent action as the settlement effect becomes permanent, once the settlement
takes place. Thermal effect which also falls under the category of indirect action will be
termed as variable action as it can vary with respect to time. Thus it can be seen that
some indirect actions fall under the category of permanent action and some under the
category of variable action. Semi-permanent (Quasi permanent) actions are certain
fractions of variable actions which are likely to be present in the structure at all the time,
e.g. some fraction of thermal effect.

In addition, there are two more variable actions viz. Accidental action and Seismic
action. Accidental actions are those actions, of which the occurrences themselves and
their periodicity cannot be predicted. These are actions which the structure mayor may
not be subjected to during its life time, exemplified by barge impact and vehicle collision
with the parts of the bridge. Accidental action is direct variable action. Accidental actions
caused by explosions are special cases, which is not covered by IRC: 6, hence not
included in the Code.

The seismic action shall be considered as an indirect variable action as the forces are
generated in the structure due to ground acceleration.

Representative Values of Actions CI3.1.3

Values of actions used within a particular combination of actions take account of low
probability of more than one action having their characteristic values at the same time
for determining the representative value. It also takes account of reduction in likely
maximum value of an action, if considered over periods of less than the design life

Characteristic value of actions CIS.4.2

Characteristic value of an action is based on nature of load and statistical distribution of

magnitudes of action. It could be mean value, upper fractional or lower fractional value
or a nominal value. Upper and lower characteristic values commonly correspond to 95th
and 5th percentiles. When statistical distribution is not adhered to, a nominal value is
specified which is treated as characteristic value. For permanent action which varies
very little about its mean value, the characteristic value corresponds to the mean value,
which is a single value. In cases where the design is expected to be sensitive with
respect to variations in the density or thickness or time dependent losses in case of
prestressed concrete, then the values are defined as lower case and upper case values,
referred as 'inferior' and 'superior' values. The 'inferior' and 'superior' values of actions

222
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which is considered as 1.15 for permanent actions and 1.1 for variable actions. YD is the
partial factor for taking in to account the possibility of unfavorable deviation of action,
which is considered as 1.17 for permanent actions (load) and 1.36 for variable actions
(load). Hence the partial factor for a permanent action (load) will work out to 1.15 x 1.17
= 1.35 and for a variable action. 1.1 x 1.36 = 1.50.
A word of caution, that enhancing the permanent loads is to be done only when it
causes unfavorable effect (adding to the effects of variable action). In case it causes
favorable effect (opposing the effects of variable action) then the permanent action shall
not be enhanced by partial factor. For example, this situation will happen in continuous
structure or while establishing factor of safety.

For the verification of serviceability limit state and accidental combination, the partial
factor on actions shall be taken as 1.0 onlyi.e. the actions shall not be enhanced. For
prestressing action, the partial factor will vary under different conditions, for which
clause no. 7.9.5 of the Code shall be referred to. The factors Ys and YD are from other
International codes as there are no data available for these factors.

Combinations of Actions and Combination factors

As explained earlier, the variable actions and permanent actions acting simultaneously
are to be combined in to order to carry out the verification of limit states. When actions
are to be combined, the reduced values of variable actions are to be used in order to
arrive at the probable severity of the effects as all the variable actions do not act at their
peak values at the same time. Combination factors are to be used on the variable
actions in order to arrive at the characteristic combination (basic combination) value or
infrequent combination value (rare combination) or frequent combination value or quasi
permanent combination value of variable actions from the nominal values.

Partial Factor for Actions given in IRe 6: A1-1

The partial factor for actions given in Annex B of IRC 6: 2010 includes both the
combination factor and partial factor for variable actions. This means that partial factor
given in the code for variable action = Partial factor for variable actions x Combination
factor for variable actions i.e.y, x (410 or 411 or 412)' Hence, the partial factor as specified
in the code only needs to be applied. The philosophy of combination factor is given
herein only for the understanding of the engineers. As the combination factor is not
applicable for permanent actions the partial factor for permanent action does not include
the combination factor. The use of these partial factors given in the code is explained in
the worked out examples where they are shown in the brackets.

224
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Verification of Limit States:

CI A1-4
The variable actions are to be combined with permanent actions keeping in mind that all
variable actions do not attain their peak values simultaneously at the same time and are
to be combined appropriately to verify.

(1) The static equilibrium; overturning, sliding, uplift for Basic, Accidental
and Seismic combinations.

(2) The structural strength under ultimate state for Basic, Accidental and
Seismic combinations.

(3) The serviceability limit states for Rare combination, Frequent

combination and Quasi permanent combination.

Thus 9 primary combinations of actions have to be checked to complete the design.

There can be several sub combinations. The necessary checks required to be carried
out under ultimate limit state and serviceability limit states are detailed under relevant
chapters.

Worked Examples

Partial factors are taken from IRC 6: 2010. The examples will illustrate the methods to
carry out the stability checks and to work out the disturbing and stabilizing forces I
moments for the various combinations.

8.1 Stability Check: To Check the Stability of the Structure: Example 1:

Overhang Beam - Stability Check
Self-weight of member g = 15kN/m
Concentrated Dead Load G = 6Kn
Live Load = 9kN/m

FiJ: 1 Lc.adhg. Diagram

The Structure can overturn with respect to B

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Total Restoring moment = 108.3 + 37 + 408.9 = 554.2 kNm

Reduced moment = (0.95) x 554.2 = 526.49 kNm
526.49 kNm> 177.11 kNm

Hence the structure does not overturn.

(2) Sliding Check

Sliding check (for unit length)
Horizontal force due to Earth pressure = (1.50) x ~ x 0.33 x 17 x 4.32 = 78.00 kN

Horizontal force due to Surcharge = (1.2) x 10 x 0.33 x 4.3 = 17.00 kN

Total Horizontal force = 78.00 + 17.00= 95.00 kN
Vertical Force:

Self-weight = 2.5 x 3.8 x 0.6 + 25 x 3.7 x 0.4 = 94 kN

Soil Load = 17 x 3.7 x 2.6 = 163.4 kN

Total Vertical Load Per Unit Length = 94 + 163.4 = 257.4 kN

Taking friction coefficient as 0.5

Resisting forces = (0.95) x 257.5 x 0.5 = 122.3 kN

As 122.3 kN> 95 kN

Hence the structure will not slide.

8.2 Calculation of Design Bending Moments:

Example 1:

(1) Moments under ultimate limit state

Taking the same example of overhanging beam

(3) Moment due to concentrated Load

6kN
I 4.5m I 3.0m
I 1

-9kNm
c
-18kNm
A B
Fig: 3 -Moment due to Concentrated Dead Load

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+ Moment at Mid-Point span of AB = {1.0 (-9 + 4.2) + 1.0 x 22.78} = 17.98 kNm
Maximum (-) moment at Mid-Point of span AB = -{1.0 (-9 + 4.21) - 1.0 x 20.25} =
-25.04kNm
(b) Frequent Combination

Maximum moment at B = -{1.0 (18 + 67.5) + 0.75 x 40.5} =- 115.87 kNm

Max (+) moment at Mid-Point of AB = 1.0 (-9 + 4.2) + 0.75 x 22.78 = 12.25 kNm
Max (-) moment at Mid-Point of AB = 1.0 (-9 +4.2) - 0.75 x 20.25 = -19.98 kNm
(c) Quasi Permanent Combination

Maximum moment at B = -{1.0 (18 + 67.5)} = - 85.5 kNm

Moment of Mid-Point of Span AB = 1.0(-9 +4.2) = -4.8 kNm
Thus it can be seen that at first the bending moment has to be calculated with the
actions and then the partial factors to be chosen to arrive at the moment for the
different combinations.

8.3 Calculation of Design Bending Moments in a Continuous Beam:

Example 1:

5m 5m 5m
f
A
f B
fC f D
Fig: 7 Continuity Beam

Dead Load = 30 kN/m Live Load = 18 kN/m

For Basic Loads

(a) Dead Load moment in Mid span AB 0.08 X 52x 30

= = + 60 kNm
(b) Dead Load moment at support B = -{0.1 X 52 X 30} = - 75 kNm
(c) Dead Load moment at Mid span BC = 0.025 X 52x 30 = + 18.75
kNm

(d) Live Load + moment in Mid span AB = 0.100 x 52x 18 = + 45 kNm

(e) Live Load - moment at Mid span AB = - 0.025 X 52x 18 = 11.25

230
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= 8 uoddns le luewow - peo t eA!l (1)
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

Moment at Support B
(-) Moment = -(1.0) x 75 - (1.0) x 52.65 = - 127.65 kNm
+ Moment = - (1.0) x 75 + (1.0) x 6.75 = - 68.25 kNm

Moment at Mid Span BC

+ Moment = (1.0) x 18.75 + (1.0) x 33.75= + 52.5 kNm
(-) Moment = (1.0) x 18.75 - (1.0) x 23.4 = - 4.65 kNm

(b) Frequent Combination:

i. Moment at Mid Span AB
+ Moment = (1.0) x 60 + (0.75) x 45 = 94 kNm
(-) Moment = (1.0) x 60 - (0.75) x 11.25 = + 51.56 kNm

ii. Moment at Support B

(-) Moment at support = - (1.0) x 75 - (0.75) x 52.65 = - 114.48 kNm

iii. Moment at Mid Span BC

+ Moment = (1.0) x 18.75 + (0.75) x 33.75 = + 44.06 kNm
(-) Moment = (1.0) x 18.75 - (0.75) x 23.4 = + 1.2 kNm

(c) Quasi permanent combination:

Only Dead Load will act
Moment at Mid span of AB (1.0) x 60 = + 60 kNm
Moment at Support B (1.0) x -75 = -75 kNm
Moment at Mid span BC (1.0) x 18.75 = +18.75 kNm

232
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

= 5273.0 kNm
Moment for Rare combination check, including temperature gradient effect =
5273.0 + 0.6 times the moment due to temperature gradient effect.

e) Moment for Frequent Combination check = 3483.0 + 687.0 + 190+ 913 x 0.75
= 5044.7 kNm
Moment for frequent combination check, including temperature gradient effect =
5044.7 + 0.5 times the moment due to temperature gradient effect.

f) Moment for Quasi permanent combination check = 3483 + 687 + 190

= 4360 kNm
Moment for Quasi permanent combination check, including temperature gradient
effect = 4360 + 0.5 times the moment due to temperature gradient effect

234
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 IRC:SP:I05-2015

After determining the in-plane forces in the outer layers as per theSection-9, verification
at ULS is to be performed adopting the sandwich model for shell elements. The
procedure is demonstrated with the help of worked example.

Worked example C-B-1-1

Design of Shell Element as per Annexure B-1

o esrqn Ota a:
Geometry Material Data
Thickness 300mm Concrete Grade M 30
Clear cover 40 mm fem 40 MPa
fetm 2.5 MPa
fek 30 MPa
fed 13.4 MPa
Steel Grade Fe 500
fYk 500 MPa
fYd 435 MPa

Reinforcement details'
Top Layer Bottom Layer
Bar & Area 1m Bar& Area/m
spacing spacing
X dir" 16 @ 100 2009.6 16 @ 100 2009.6
Y dir" 16 @ 100 2009.6 16 @ 100 2009.6

Sumrnarv o fF orces on Sh e II EIement

Load nEdx nEdy nEdxv mEdx mEdv mEdxv VEdx VEdy
Case kN/m kN/m kN/m kN-m/m kN-m/m kN-m/m kN/m kN/m
1 -177.1 3.46 26.23 34.981 2.047 -0.961 21.18 1.68
2 75.12 -36.53 5.32 -17.43 15.32 1.3 16.1 0.53

*Negative values of n Edx& n Edxare compressive forces

Check for cracked section

Summar of Stresses on Shell Element

1 2.55 1.28 1.0633

*The above stresses have been obtained from finite element

analysis for shell element subjected to forces as per Load
case I

236
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

b
l~c_~:~~:

Fig.C-B. 1.2 Layers as per Sandwich Model

~E:Ii~ '21)18
2 'Je:$j

+
z z

';'] EC!('t' ."': Eo:r.tr'

~
l Z

Check for requirement of shear reinforcement

238
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=
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 IRC:SP:I05-2015

= a Edx + TEdxy cots = -0.799 MPa

= ftdx I fYd = 0.0018
= 0.0067

Since, PXpro>pxreq ,Reinforcement provided in X-dirn is sufficient.

ftdy = (JEdy + TEdxy tans = -0.041 MPa

PYreq = ftdy I fyd = 0.0001
PYpro = 0.0067

Since, PYpro > PYreq , Reinforcement provided in X-dirn is sufficient.

Check for compressive stress

TEdxy <=fcdsin8 cos8 <= 13.4 X 0.707 X 0.707 = 6.698 MPa

Since, TEdxy < fcdsin8 cos8 , Section is safe in compression

Case /I Stresses in X and Y direction are Compressive

Considering the membrane forces in the top layer for Load Case I

nEdxi = 274.64kN/m
nEdyi = 9.1583kN/m
nEdxyi = 18.227kN/m

Corresponding stresses

(JEdx = 2.4521 MPa

(JEdy = 0.0818MPa
TEdxy = 0.1627MPa

Principal stresses

=
((J'Edx+ (J'Edy ) C((J'EdX+ (J'Edy)2 + T )
(Jl
2
+ 4 Edxy2
= 2.5443MPa

(J2 =
((J'Edx+ (J'Edy) C((J'EdX+ (J'Edy)2 + T )
2 4 Edxy2
= -0.01 MPa

Check for requirement of reinforcement as per clause 9.4.1 subclause (3)

240
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L900"0 = oldAd
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(Jed = (JEdx (1 + [;:::] 2)

= 0.5073MPa

The above stress shall not exceed v.fed

V.fed = 0.6 [1 - ~]x

310
=
fed 0.5419 X 13.4 = 7.261 MPa

Since, (Jed <V.fed, Section is safe in compression

242
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 IRC:SP: 105-2015

describing the response of the structure subjected to loads.

• Finding exact or approximate mathematical solutions of these general equations, which in
tum allow computation of reactions, deformed shape and internal stresses and strains.
Many of the real life materials and structures do not fully comply with the simplified
assumptions made in the classical solutions. However, till recently the limitations of the hand
calculations hampered use of more realistic structural models.
A.2.2 Use of Mathematical Analysis

The application of mathematical methods to solve engineering problems is developed in the last
180 years. Some of the basic laws, such as the Hook's laws of linear elasticity, (AD 1660), were
established earlier. However, the beam theory of Euler-Bernoulli, developed in AD 1750, can be
considered as the beginning of the present day mathematical analysis of structures. Methods of
the science of 'Strength of Materials', and 'Applied Mechanics', developed based on the
growing knowledge about the laws of equilibrium of forces acting on bodies as a whole (rigid
bodies) and elastic behaviour of linear members like columns and beams subjected to axial,
bending and torsional forces, together with the laws describing behaviour of structural materials.
These methods were suitable for hand analysis. Many of these are still being regularly used by
bridge engineers, as exemplified by the techniques of 'equilibrium of joints' and 'method-of-
section' used in design of trusses.
qx r.fx=t~~1'!
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II II•••

(aj EleamBandng."r r••••.

_la ••_ (SIn"
[).~IIMrT)'

Fig.A.l: Euler Bernoulli's Beam Theory

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 IRC:SP:I05-2015

ow
ax
ex
~-
CENTERLINE

\ AFTER LOADING

CENTERLINE
w
BEFORE LOADING
x
y
/Uy
I
ux(X,y, z)= -ze(x },uy(x,y,z)= O;uz(x,y)= w{x)

For a point, ( x, y, z ) on the centreline of beam, U x' U y ,u z are the components of

the displacement vector in the three co-ordinate directions, () is the angle of
rotation of the normal to the mid-surface of the beam, and w is the displacement
of mix-surface in the z-direction and L is the length of the beam.
The governing equations are the following uncoupled differential equations:
2
0 (E1 dB) = q(x,t)
ox 2 dx

ow = B __ 1_~(E1 dB]
ox kAG dx dx
The Timoshenko beam theory is equivalent to the Euler-Bernoulli theory when
E1
the last term above is negligible. This is valid when << 1
kL2AG
Combining the two equations gives, for a homogeneous beam of constant cross-
4 2
. d w
section, E1 -- = q ()X E1 d q
- ----
dx4 kAG dx2

Fig. A.2: Timoshenko's Beam Theory

A.2.3 Saint- Venant's Principle

One of the most significant finding known as St. Venant's principle made it possible to apply the

246
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elasticity is shown in Fig.A.3.

z·
laz

• Fz,w I Tyz

Mzx;
(8y)

/
8zx
~

4
__
Myz:
(8x)

Fy;v
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..
Mzx
dz ax
~
I rxz
•. TXy 0
~ TyX
•. ay

Mxy
// Fx;u
dx
X
/
Myz,
(8x)
8yz x dy

Note: Stresses at the Other Parallel Surfaces at

(a) Positive Direction of Forces and
Stresses Displacements
Distances dx, dy & dz .together with all Stresses
increased by infinitesimal component denoted by
'0' are not shown for clarity
(b) Stress Components

Fig.A.3: 3-Dimensional Orthogonal Co-ordinate System following Right

Hand Rule

A.2.4.3 Conventions used in tH'Odimensional and three dimensional plates and shells

The Plates and Shells are three dimensional structures. In the theory of elasticity, some of the
commonly met shapes like domes (surfaces of revolution) have exact solutions available for
some simple loading conditions. Many other shapes, like cylindrical shells, have approximate
solutions which can be accepted and safe structures can be designed using engineering
judgement and experience. For applications where such structures are required (e.g. fish belly
type cross section for superstructure) the Code has suggested a general method in the Informative
Annexure B 1: Concrete Shell Structures. For such applications this or other specialised text
books or literature may be referred to. Strict adherence to the sign convention is vitally important
in such analyses.

A.2.4.4 Use of Varying Sign Conventions and Precautions

Mathematical methods require use of internally consistent sign conventions within the analysis,
but these conventions are not necessarily the same in different methods of analysis. The designer
must be wary of what these signs represent in the analysis in relation to the signs being followed
in his design process. The best precaution to avoid blunders is to try and understand the overall
deformations of the structure and the deflected shapes of the members obtained in the analysis
and compare the same with individual's own perceptions.
A.2.4.5 Further Developments in Methods of analysis

Classical methods of static and dynamic analysis have developed over large number of years.

248
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stochastic analysis.

A.2.4. 6.4 Simplification of dynamic effects

Use of Impact Factor to increase the static value of traffic load to produce equivalent dynamic
loading of vehicles travelling at high speed is the well known example. Also use of static wind
pressure steadily applied on the structure in place of real life dynamically applied time-varying
wind pressures for bridges which are not dynamically sensitive to wind loading, is also common.
A.2.4.6.5 Seismic Effects

The Indian Standards are using simplified static inertial loads to calculate dynamic effects of
Design Basis Earthquake, (DBE). Static 'Equivalent Forces' based on ground acceleration and
natural period of vibration of the structure are used together with static linear elastic analysis in
place of dynamic non linear analysis by reducing inertial forces by response reduction factor.
A.3 Modern Methods of Analysis
A.3.t General

It may be understood that the theory of elasticity does not properly predict the behaviour of
reinforced concrete structures near their ultimate state of strength. This is due to the prominent
non linear behaviour of concrete in compression, effects of cracking and plasticity of steel.

New methods are developed in the last 60 years or so, based on the knowledge about the plastic
behaviour of materials and resulting ductility of structural elements. These methods require more
complex mathematical methods of analysis. However, their application in practice is simplified
by tools like design charts and computerised algorithms.

A.3.2 Classification of Methods of Analyses

The different types of analyses are classified as per the constitutive laws of materials used in the
analysis and whether the equilibrium of the structure is evaluated based on the original geometry
of the structure (first order analysis) or based on the deformed geometry (second order analysis I.
Variously used idealised constitutive laws for stress-strain and moment curvature relations for
uniaxial relationships are shown in Fig A.4. This usage has led to the following self-descriptive
definitions:

(1) First order linear-elastic analysis without redistribution

Elastic structural analysis based on linear stress/strain or moment/curvature laws anc

performed on the initial geometry of the structure.

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deformed structure.

(4) First order non-linear analysis

Structural analysis, performed on the initial geometry, that takes account of the non-linear
deformation properties of materials

This type includes different types of non-linearity such as a continuously varying stress-
strain relation, bi-linear stress-strain relation with elastic branch followed by second
linear branch with strain hardening or having perfect plasticity (e.g. reinforcing and
prestressing steels). These are shown in Fig.A.4.

(5) Second order non-linear analvsis

Structural analysis, performed on the geometry of the deformed structure that takes
account of the non-linear deformation properties of materials as listed in type (4) above.

(6) Rigid, fully plastic analysis, first or second order

In the ultimate state of some of the materials (e.g. steel) the contribution of elastic phase
to the total deformations is small and can be neglected for simplifying the calculated
response in the analysis as shown in Fig.A.4. This method is not applicable for concrete
structures.

A.3.3 Applicability of modern non-linear and plastic methods in bridges

The present trend in bridge design is to use different types of analyses for calculating different
types of responses for different design situations (load combinations), even for the same bridge
elements. For example, while overall analysis of an element is elastic, the sectional design is
based on elasto-plastic methods. The use of various methods is described in Table A.I Design
Situations and Types of Analyses.

Table A.I Design Situations and Tvpes

. .
of Analvses
No. Type of Analysis Design situation
I First order linear-elastic analysis Global analysis for stability of bridge
without redistribution structure and its components.
2 First order linear-elastic analysis with Calculation of load effects to be considered in
redistribution ULS and SLS analyses of bridge as a whole
for integral bridges and for superstructure
only for continuous bridges, with limitation
of 10% on redistribution.
3 Second order linear-elastic analysis Analysis for imposed deformations (e.g.

252
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A.4 Combination of Global and Local Effects

A.4.l Global Analysis

This method is used for the overall analysis of the bridge structure. It consists of determining, in
a structure, a consistent set of either internal forces and moments or stresses that are in
equilibrium with a particular defined set of actions on the structure. The internal sets of forces
depend on geometrical, structural and material properties. One of the commonly used
applications is box girder superstructure, where the box cross section may be treated as a line
member.

A.4.2 Local analyses

Results of global analysis are valid in all parts of structure, except in local zones such as points
of application of concentrated loads including support reactions, areas of discontinuity like
openings in structural members and joints / connections of members at locations other than
geometrically smooth transitions where sharp changes in the flow of stresses are involved. The
Saint- V enant' s Principle described earlier assures that the effects of these disturbances in the
structure are strictly local and limited in their extent. The stresses at some distance away from
these disturbances get back to the original state without vitiating the global analysis.

This principle allows considering equilibrium of a small pali of the structure considering the
equilibrium of a free body containing the disturbance, but having its boundaries sufficiently
away at locations where the original stress distribution is as by the global analysis. In hand
analysis this distance is taken as the depth of the element. A generalised method of analysis for
such cases is to use the computerised analysis. Alternatively, other types of local analyses based
on non-elastic methods or those using theorems of plastic analysis like strut and tie method are
used where the normal elastic methods become unusable. One of the examples of such local
analysis is idealisation of box girder superstructure into a transverse slice of unit width for load
effects in the transverse direction.

A.4.3 Combined global and local analysis

In global FEM analysis the local disturbances can be included as a part of global geometry with
refined finite element mesh surrounding the disturbance to yield distribution of rapidly changing
local stresses as a part of global analysis. Similarly, in the case of box girder superstructure
results of global analysis and local (transverse direction) analysis are algebraically added to get
the total design forces.

A.S Computerised Analysis and Computerisation of Design Process

A.S.l Development of digital computers and use of numerical solutions,
Matrix Algebra and applications to Dynamics

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by the computer programme.

Furthermore, computers are also being used to make design choices in addition to analysing the
structure. However, indiscriminate use of automated procedures, both for analysis and design has
a few major flaws, including amongst others;

(1) Creation of false sense of accuracy. Since the computer can calculate with equal
accuracy solutions based on correct models as well as those based on the unrealistic
models, the accuracy of solution depends on the use of correct model.

(2) It is not possible to improve the characteristics and behaviour of basic element (liner
or multi dimensional) to take into account more refined properties of the same than
the constitutive relations built-in in the programme.
(3) The mechanical use of software to obtain black- box solutions is not conducive for
imbibing in the designers a physical feel of the behaviour of structures and structural
materials, unless special efforts are taken to understand the same.
(4) In the computerised analysis large amount of data is required to be prepared as input
data and the mistakes are difficult to detect.
(5) The process of carrying analysis is totally programme-driven and mechanical. The
results are arrived at without the computer having any intelligent understanding of
what it is doing and why. Whether the results look reliable or appear to be not- so-
right in an engineering sense is to be judged by the user.

All this is known, but in spite of the difficulties and risks, computerised analysis is a very useful
tool, if properly deployed and properly interpreted. The most important care to be taken in the
analysis is the totally correct use of the signs in input data and the correct interpretation of the
output. Since these sign conventions are programme - specific it is essential for the user to
become fully familiar with the same before starting their use. This is specially required for using
programmes originally developed for primary use in mechanical engineering applications for the
civil engineering applications. Usually these are very advanced programmes and through
familiarity with the methods, limitations as well as sign conventions is a pre requisite.
A.S.3 Use of Finite Element Methods

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(FEM). The assembly of finite elements should be examined visually or plotted as a hard copy
for all structures to insure correct assembly of the elements. However, it should be remembered
that the apparently identical looking twin- image shown by the assembly of Finite Elements does
not correctly represent all properties and all behaviours of the structure of whose mathematical
model it represents. The validity and accuracy of any output is decided by the properties of the
finite element (i.e. shape functions) used and their suitability to represent the primary and
secondary structural behaviour. For example, a 3-D solid element using compatibility of

256
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cable of the suspension bridges can only be analysed based on its deflected shape. The stiffening
girders carrying load may be designed on the basis of the theory of small deflections, but the
overall stability under localised live loads also has to be based on the large deflections.

The cables of cable-stayed bridges and the cables of extra-dosed bridges belong to an
intermediate category depending on their geometry and length. However, at least for the
construction stage analysis they have to be treated as highly flexible elements.

The lRC: 112 on its own does not cover all design requirements of such elements. However, the
Code can be used for such designs in combination with the help from specialised literature
and/or international codes.

A.7 Prestressed Members and Structures

IRC: 112 has covered prestressing in six sections. The global effects of prestressing on structures
including its time dependent variations are covered in Section: 7 'Analysis'; the design
properties are covered in Section: 6 'Material Properties and their Design Values'; the local
effects, such as spalling and bursting behind anchorages and the technological aspects are
covered in Section: 13 'Prestressing Systems'; Sections: IS and 16 cover detailing and Section:
18 covers 'Materials, Quality Controls and Workmanship'.

Although various methods of considering prestressing in the analysis and design have been used
in the past, the Code requires in Clause 7.9.2 that:
"General

(1) Prestressing is considered as an action and its effect should be included in the
forces / moments and applied to the structure.

(2) Prestressingforce is time-dependent. Its magnitude also varies from the intended
value due to technological reasons. Both the effects should be considered in
selection ofdesign prestressingforce.

(3) The contribution 0/ prestressing tendons to the resistance developed by the

member shall be limited to the additional forces mobilised by their further
deformations, consistent with the ultimate de/ormation of the member. "

In view of the above, discussion in this Chapter is restricted to the evaluation of 'Prestressing
Action' as a load due to prestressing. The appropriate methods of analyses are to be used for
obtaining the action effects.

A.7.1 Concept of Prestressing as a load

Historically, prestressing was developed 111 era of the 'working load / allowable stress'
philosophy of design. Its target was to increase the capacity of concrete members to carry tensile

258
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