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3a
F r e e C o nv e c ti o n in Porou s Med i a
Introduction
This example describes subsurface flow in porous media driven by density variations
that result from temperature changes. The model comes from Hossain and Wilson
(Ref. 1) who use a specialized in-house code to solve this free-convection problem.
This COMSOL Multiphysics example reproduces their work using the Brinkman
Equations interface and the Heat Transfer in Porous Media interface. The results of
this model match those of the published study.
Model Definition
The following figure gives the model geometry. Water in a porous medium layer can
move within the layer but not exit from it. Temperatures vary from high to low along
the outer edges. Initially the water is stagnant, but temperature gradients alter the fluid
density to the degree that buoyant flow occurs. The problem statement specifies that
the flow is steady state.
Figure 1: Domain geometry and boundary conditions for the heat balance in the
free-convection problem. Th is a higher temperature than Tc, while s is a variable that
represents the relative length of a boundary segment and goes from 0 to 1 along the
segment.
The Boussinesq buoyancy term that appears on the right-hand-side of the momentum
equation accounts for the lifting force due to thermal expansion
μ
--- u + ∇p – ∇ ⋅ μ
T
--- ( ∇u + ( ∇u ) ) = ρgβ ( T – T c ) (1)
κ ε
∇⋅u = 0.
ρC L u ⋅ ∇T – ∇ ⋅ ( k eq ∇T ) = 0 (2)
where keq denotes the effective thermal conductivity of the fluid-solid mixture, and CL
is the fluid’s heat capacity at constant pressure.
The boundary conditions for the Brinkman equations are all no-slip conditions. Using
only velocity boundaries gives no information on the pressure within the domain,
which means that the model produces estimates of the pressure change instead of the
pressure field. However, without any seed information on pressure, the problem is
unlikely to converge. The remedy is to arbitrarily fix the pressure at a point in the
model using point settings. The boundary conditions for the Heat Transfer interface
are the series of fixed temperatures shown in Figure 1.
Results
This example reproduces a model reported by Hossain and Wilson (Ref. 1). After
extracting the input data from the paper, the author constructed the model in less than
an hour, including all the steps from geometry input to postprocessing of the results.
Figure 2 shows the temperature distribution throughout the porous slice.
Figure 3 gives the COMSOL Multiphysics solution for the flow field.
Figure 3: Temperature contours and velocity arrows for a Rayleigh number of Ra=105.
Reference
1. M. Anwar Hossain and M. Wilson, “Natural Convection Flow in a Fluid-saturated
Porous Medium Enclosed by Non-isothermal Walls with Heat Generation,” Int. J.
Therm. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 447–454, 2002.
Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
1 Go to the Model Wizard window.
2 Click the 2D button.
3 Click Next.
4 In the Add physics tree, select Fluid Flow>Porous Media and Subsurface Flow>Brinkman
Equations (br).
5 Click Add Selected.
6 In the Add physics tree, select Heat Transfer>Heat Transfer in Porous Media (ht).
7 Click Add Selected.
8 Click Next.
9 Find the Studies subsection. In the tree, select Preset Studies for Selected
Physics>Stationary.
10 Click Finish.
GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
GEOMETRY 1
Square 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose
Square.
2 In the Square settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Side length edit field, type L.
4 Click the Build Selected button.
Point 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Point.
2 In the Point settings window, locate the Point section.
3 In the x edit field, type L.
4 In the y edit field, type 0.01.
5 Click the Build All button.
BRINKMAN EQUATIONS
Initial Values 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Brinkman Equations click Initial Values 1.
2 In the Initial Values settings window, locate the Initial Values section.
3 In the p edit field, type p0.
Volume Force 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Brinkman Equations and choose Volume
Force.
2 In the Volume Force settings window, locate the Domain Selection section.
0 x
rho*g_const*beta*(T-Tc) y
H E A T TR A N S F E R I N PO RO U S M E D I A
1 In the Model Builder window’s toolbar, click the Show button and select Discretization
in the menu.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 click Heat Transfer in Porous Media.
3 In the Heat Transfer in Porous Media settings window, click to expand the
Discretization section.
4 From the Temperature list, choose Quadratic.
5 Click to collapse the Discretization section.
Porous Matrix 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Heat Transfer in Porous Media click
Porous Matrix 1.
2 In the Porous Matrix settings window, locate the Immobile Solids section.
3 In the θp edit field, type 1-epsilon.
4 Locate the Heat Conduction section. From the kp list, choose User defined. Locate the
Thermodynamics section. From the ρp list, choose User defined. From the Cp,p list,
choose User defined.
Initial Values 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Heat Transfer in Porous Media click
Initial Values 1.
2 In the Initial Values settings window, locate the Initial Values section.
3 In the T edit field, type Tc.
Temperature 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Heat Transfer in Porous Media and choose
Temperature.
2 Select Boundary 2 only.
3 In the Temperature settings window, locate the Temperature section.
4 In the T0 edit field, type Th.
Temperature 2
1 Right-click Heat Transfer in Porous Media and choose Temperature.
2 Select Boundaries 3 and 5 only.
3 In the Temperature settings window, locate the Temperature section.
4 In the T0 edit field, type Tc.
Temperature 3
1 Right-click Heat Transfer in Porous Media and choose Temperature.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
3 In the Temperature settings window, locate the Temperature section.
4 In the T0 edit field, type Th-(Th-Tc)*s.
Temperature 4
1 Right-click Heat Transfer in Porous Media and choose Temperature.
2 Select Boundary 4 only.
3 In the Temperature settings window, locate the Temperature section.
STUDY 1
Parametric Sweep
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Parametric Sweep.
2 In the Parametric Sweep settings window, locate the Study Settings section.
3 Click Add.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Solver 1
1 Right-click Study 1 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Dependent Variables settings window, locate the Scaling section.
3 From the Method list, choose Initial value based.
4 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Stationary Solver 1 click Fully Coupled 1.
5 In the Fully Coupled settings window, locate the Method and Termination section.
6 From the Nonlinear method list, choose Double dogleg.
7 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
RESULTS
Velocity (br)
The first default plot group shows the velocity magnitude. Add an arrow plot to see
the flow direction.
Pressure (br)
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Velocity (br) node.
Because the cavity is closed, the pressure distribution is solely due to gravity.
Temperature
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Pressure (br) node.
The third default plot group shows the temperature field as a surface plot.
2 Click the Plot button.