Introduction to Chemistry

OBJECTIVES

I. Chemistry
II. Matter
III. Classification of matter
IV. Properties of matter
Chemistry: Definition
• CHEMISTRY – study of matter
(composition, structure, properties,
transformations and energy involved
in the transformations)
Matter: Definition
• Two basic properties:

1. mass - describes quantity of matter

2. volume – amount of space it occupies

Phases of matter
1.Solids - definite shape and volume
2.Liquids – definite volume but not shape
3.Gases – no definite volume and shape
4.Liquid crystals*
5.plasma*
Phases of matter
Classification of Matter:
Classification of Matter:
Substances
Elements: classification
1. Metals – conductivity, luster, malleability,
ductility (majority of the elements are metals)

2. Nonmetals – non-conductivity, reactivity

3. Metalloids – combination of metallic and

nonmetallic properties (semiconductors)
Elements: classification
The Periodic Table
Elements and Allotropes
Elements - simplest type of matter and composed
of only one type of atom

Allotropes – two or more forms of an element in

the same physical state
(Masterton, 2004)

examples:
Carbon – graphite (black solid) and diamond (clear
hard solid)
Oxygen – O2 (elemental oxygen) and O3(ozone)
COMPOUNDS
- combination of different atoms / elements in a
definite ratio
- have unique properties

Examples:
1. Carbon dioxide– represented as CO2
2. Sodium hydroxide – represented as NaOH
3. Water – represented as H2O
Classifications of Matter:
Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures
• also known as SOLUTIONS
examples: air, alloys, rubbing alcohol

Components
1. Solvent – present in greater amount
2. Solute – present in lesser amount

– solute is dissolved in solvent

Heterogeneous Mixtures
• SUSPENSIONS
components of the mixture can be easily
identified since the particles are large enough
(more than 1000nm)
• examples: spaghetti, salads, computer

• COLLOIDS
• they appear homogeneous but have larger
particle sizes
• examples: fog, smoke, gelatin, foam
Colloids
• Unlike in solutions, the components of a
colloid are the following:

1. Dispersed particle
2. Dispersing medium

• dispersion instead of dissolution

• they exhibit Tyndall effect
Separation of component of a mixture
Properties of Matter
• Dependence on amount

1. Extensive or Extrinsic – dependent on the

amount of matter (ex. mass, volume, energy)

2. Intensive or Intrinsic – independent of

amount (ex. density, temperature)
Properties of Matter
• Dependence on chemical reactivity

1. Chemical – dependent on the reactivity of

matter (ex. ability to burn, to be oxidized or
reduced, ability to form ions or precipitates)

2. Physical – independent of reactivity of

matter (ex. mass, volume, density, texture)
Transformation of Matter
1. Chemical change – change in the
composition of matter (formation of a new
compound)
ex. burning, rusting, explosions

2. Physical change – no change in the

composition of matter (the chemical formula
does not change)
ex. change in shape, phase changes
Transformation of Matter
• INDICATORS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

• Evolution of gas
• Heat absorption or release
• Formation of a solid (precipitate)
• Color change
Phase Changes
Composition of Matter
OBJECTIVES
1. Definition of an atom
2. Development of the atomic model
3. Sub-atomic particles
4. Isotopes and the average atomic mass
Atom: Definition
• Atom – smallest particle of an element

Ni4Mo: each dot

represents an atom
using an ion field
micrograph
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Atomic Hypothesis in 1807
1. all matter is composed by atoms
2. atoms are indestructible and unchangeable
3. elements are made up of the same atoms
4. elements combine in simple whole number
ratios
5. a chemical reaction involves rearrangement
of atoms
Subatomic Particles
Subatomic particles of importance to Chemistry:

1. proton – positively charged

2. electron – negatively charged
3. neutron – uncharged

* Protons + neutrons = nucleons

Chemical reactions → electrons are involved
Nuclear reaction → nucleons are involved
Comparison of Subatomic Particles
Discovery of Electrons

• Based on the experiments of Joseph John

Thomson using a cathode ray tube
Discovery of Electrons
• he concluded that cathode rays are stream of
negative charges which came from the atoms

• the charged particles were the same

regardless of the metal he used for the
electrode
Discovery of Electrons

•Robert Millikan was able to

compute the charge of the
electron based on his oil-drop
experiment
Discovery of Electrons
• Based on the experiments of
Thomson and Millikan:

• charge of the electron

= 1.602 x 10-19 C

• mass of the electron

= 9.1 x 10-31 Kg
Discovery of Protons
• Based on the experiments
of Eugen Goldstein in 1886
using gas discharge tubes
that had perforated
cathodes
Plum-pudding model of an atom
• Developed by J.J.
Thomson in 1904

• Sphere of positive
charge where negative
charges are embedded
Discovery of Nucleus
• Based on the experiments
of Ernest Rutherford using
alpha particles (which are
positively charged) on a
thin gold foil
Discovery of neutrons
• James Chadwick
discovered a particle with
the same mass of a proton
but with no electrical charge
Atomic Numbers
• determined by Henry
Moseley using cathode rays

• different elements
bombarded with cathode
rays emit x-rays which
properties vary dependent
on the atomic number (Z)
Nuclear Model of an Atom

Atomic number (Z) =

number of protons

Mass number (A) =

number of protons +
number of neutrons
Representing Neutral Elements
Exercises:
Representing Elemental Ions
• Ions are charged atoms or molecules
Cations are positively charged species
Anions are negatively charged species

Examples of Cations
• sodium cation – Na+ or Na1+
• calcium cation – Ca++ or Ca2+
• aluminum cation – Al+++ or Al3+
Representing Elemental Ions
Examples of Anions
• chloride anion – Cl- or Cl1-
• oxide anion – O-- or O2-
• nitride anion – N--- or N3-
Cations
Computing for the charge
Anions
Exercises:
Isotopes
• same elements that have different mass
numbers due to difference in the number of
neutrons

Examples:
Carbon Isotopes
Atomic mass vs mass number
• Mass number = (# of protons) + (# of neutrons)
Mass number varies for an element
due to existence of isotopes

• Average Atomic Mass = weighted average of the

masses of different isotopes
The average atomic mass is the mass
value found in the periodic table

i.e. for Carbon is 12.011 amu

Atomic mass
• 1 amu is defined as exactly 1/12 of the mass
of carbon-12 which is assigned as 12 amu

• Atomic mass is expressed in terms of amu

(atomic mass units)
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g
Average Atomic Mass

= weighted average of the masses of

different isotopes
Example
Example
• Find the average atomic mass of Chlorine
based on the given data of its two isotopes:

Cl-35 34.97 amu 75.53%

Cl-37 36.97 amu 24.47%
Average atomic mass
Next Meeting:
• NUCLEAR CHEM