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Homework 2

Jose Paulo O. Santos

1. Express in the form a + ib

a) cosz, where z = x + iy

cosz = cosxcoshy − isinxsinhy


b) sinhz, where z = x + iy
1 x iy
sinhz = (e e − e−x e−iy )
2
1 x
= (e cosy + ex siny − (e−x cos(−y) + ie−x sin(−y))
2
1 x
= (e cosy + ex siny − e−x cos(−y) − ie−x sin(−y)
2
ex − e−x ex + e−x
= cosy − i siny
2 2
= sinhxcosy − icoshxsiny

c) log(−e2 )

log(−e2 ) = ln(| − e2 | + iarg(−e2 )


= lne2 + i(π + 2kπ)
= 2 + i(π + 2kπ)

d) Log(1 − i 3)
√ p p
Log(1 − i 3) = |1 − i (3)| + iArg(1 − i (3))
p p
= ln( 12 + (−3)2 ) + iArg(1 − i (3))

−1 − 3
= ln2 + itan ( )
1
π
= ln2 − i
3

2. Certify that Log(z) = Log(z̄) except for nonpositive real values of z. What happens to the formula
when z is both real and negative.
Note that z = x + iy. WLOG, suppose y ≥ 0

Log(z) = ln|z| − iArg(z)


y
= ln(x + iy) − itan−1 ( )
x
p
−1 −y
= ln( x2 + y 2 + itan ( )
x
p −1 −y
= ln( x2 + (−y)2 + itan ( )
x
= ln|z̄| + iArg(z̄)
= Log(z̄)
When z is both real and negative. So z = −x + 0i
Log(z) = ln|z| + iArg(z)
= ln|z| + iπ
Log(z̄) = ln|z| + iArg(z̄)
= ln|z̄| − iπ
Thus, the equality does not hold when z is both real and negative

3. a)Determine all zeros in reiθ form of the polynomial z 6 + z 5 + z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z + 1


Note that,
6 5 4 3 2 1 − z7
z +z +z +z +z +z+1=
1−z
To find the roots, we have z 7 = 1. Then
2kπi
wk = e 7 , k = 0, 1, ..., 6
b)Using your answer in (a), prove that
6
2kπi
Y
(1 − e 7 )=7
k=1

6
2kπi
Y
(1 − e 7 ) = (1 − w1 )(1 − w6 )(1 − w2 )(1 − w5 )
k=1
(1 − w3 )(1 − w4 )
2πi 2πi 4πi
= (1 − e 7 )(1 − e− 7 )(1 − e 7 )
− 4πi 6πi
− 6πi
(1 − e 7 )(1 − e 7 )(1 − e 7 )
θ
Note that, (1 − eiθ )(1 − e−iθ ) = 2(1 − cosθ) = 4sin2 ( )
2
π 2π 3π
= 64sin2 ( )sin2 ( )sin2 ( )
7 7 7
=7

c) Establish the identity,


6
Y kπ
64 sin( )=7
k=1
7
From the note of (b), we have
6 6 6
2
Y
2
Y kπ 12
Y
2 kπ
7 = | 1 − wk | = {4sin ( }) = 2 sin2 ( )
k=1 k=1
7 k=1
7
Taking the square root of both sides,
6
6
Y kπ
7 = 2 sin( )
k=1
7
6
Y kπ
= 64 sin( )
k=1
7
4. Let α be a complex number with |α| < 1
Prove that
|z + α| = |1 + z ᾱ| if and only if |z| = 1

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