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Key words and phrases : g-closed sets; g*-closed sets; g*-continuous maps; g*-
irresolute maps; T1/2* spaces; *T1/2 spaces; aTc spaces and Tc spaces.
In this paper we introduce a new class of sets namely, g*-closed sets, which
settled properly in between the class of closed sets and the class of generalized closed
sets. Applying these sets, the author introduced four new class of spaces, namely
T1/2 * spaces, *T1/2 spaces (both classes contain the class of T1/2 spaces), aTc spaces
and Tc spaces. The class of Tc spaces is properly placed in between the class of Tb
spaces and the class of Td spaces. It is shown that dual of the class of T1/2* spaces to
the class of aTb spaces is the class of aTc spaces and the dual of the class of *T1/2
spaces to the class of T1/2 spaces is the class of T1/2* spaces and also that the dual of
the class of Td spaces to the class of Tc spaces is the class of aTc spaces. Further we
§1. INTRODUCTION
Levine [16] introduced the class of g-closed sets, a super class of closed sets in
and q-closed sets in 1968. Maki et.al. [18] defined ag-closed sets and a**g-closed
sets in 1994. S.P.Arya and T.Nour [4] defined gs-closed sets in 1990, which were
used for characterizing s-normal spaces. Dontchev [11], Gnanambal [15] and
Palaniappan and Rao [24] introduced gsp-closed sets, gpr-closed sets and r-g-
closed sets respectively. We introduce a new class of sets (using new technique)
called g*-closed sets, which is properly placed in between the class of closed sets and
the class of g-closed sets. We also showed that this new class is properly contained in
the class of ag-closed sets, the class of gs-closed sets, the class of gsp-closed sets, the
class of gpr-closed sets, the class of r-g-closed sets and the class of a**g-closed sets
and properly contains the class of d-closed sets and the class of q-closed sets.
Levine [17], Mashhour et.al.[21] Njastad [23] and Abd-El-Monsef et.al. [1]
introduced semi-open sets, preopen sets, a-sets and b-sets respectively. Andrijević
preclosed) set. Maki et.al. [19] and Bhattacharya and Lahiri [6] introduced and
studied ga-closed sets and sg-closed sets respectively. We proved that g*-closedness
Applying g*-closed sets, four new spaces namely, T1/2* spaces, *T1/2 spaces, Tc
spaces and aTc spaces are introduced. Levine [16], Devi et.al.[8] and Devi et.al.[7]
introduced T1/2 spaces, Tb (Td) spaces, and aTb( aTd) spaces respectively. Tc(aTc) is
properly placed in between Tb( aTb) and Td(aTd). It is shown that T1/2* (*T1/2) is
strictly weaker than Tb, aTb and T1/2 ( aTc) and T1/2. We also found that aTc ness is the
dual of T1/2* ness to aTb ness and *T1/2 ness is the dual of T1/2* ness to T1/2 ness. We
Throughout this paper (X, t), (Y, s) and (Z, h) represent non-empty topological
spaces on which no separation axioms are assumed unless otherwise mentioned. For
a subset A of a space (X, t), cl(A) and int(A) denote the closure and the interior of A
(2) a semi-open set [17] if A Í cl(int(A)) and a semi-closed set if int (cl(A)) Í A.
(int(cl(A))) Í A.
(6) a q-closed set [26] if A = clq(A), where clq(A) = {xÎX : cl(U)ÇA ¹ f, UÎt
and x ÎU}.
closed, semi-preclosed and a-closed) sets containing a subset A of (X,t) is called the
(X, t).
The class of all g-closed sets (gsp-closed sets) of a space (X, t) is denoted by
(1) a semi-continuous [17] if f -1(V) is a semi-open set of (X, t) for every open set V
of (Y, s).
(2) a pre-continuous [21] if f -1(V) is a preclosed set of (X, t) for every closed set V
of (Y, s).
(3) an a-continuous [22] if f -1(V) is an a-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V
of (Y, s).
(4) a b-continuous [1] if f -1(V) is a semi-preclosed set of (X, t) for every open set V
of (Y, s).
(5) a g-continuous [5] if f -1(V) is a g-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V of
(Y, s).
(6) an ag-continuous [15] if f -1(V) is an ag-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V
of (Y, s).
(7) a gs-continuous [9] if f -1(V) is a gs-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V of
(Y, s).
(8) a gsp-continuous [11] if f -1(V) is a gsp-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V
of (Y, s).
(9) a rg-continuous [24] if f -1(V) is a rg-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V of
(Y, s).
(10) a gp-continuous [3] if f -1(V) is a gp-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V of
(Y, s).
(11) a gpr-continuous [15] if f -1(V) is a gpr-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V
of (Y, s).
(12) a gc-irresolute [5] if f -1(V) is a g-closed set of (X, t) for every g-closed set V of
(Y, s).
(13) a gs-irresolute [9] if f –1(V) is a gs-closed set of (X, t) for every gs-closed set V
of (Y, s).
(14) a ag-irresolute [7] if f -1(V) is a ag-closed set of (X, t) for every ag-closed set V
of (Y, s).
The class of g*-closed subsets of (X, t). is denoted by G*C (X, t).
THEOREM 3.2 - Every closed set is a g*-closed set.
The following example supports that a g*-closed set need not be closed in general.
EXAMPLE 3.3 - Let X = {a, b, c} and t = {f, X, {a}, {a,c}}. Let A = {a, b}. A is
So the class of g*-closed sets properly contains the class of closed sets. Next we
show that the class of g*-closed sets is properly contained in the class of g-closed sets.
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as it can be seen from the
following example.
EXAMPLE 3.5 - Let X = {a, b, c}, t = {f, X, {a}, {b, c}} and B = {b}. B is not a
g*-closed set since {b} is a g-open set of (X, t) such that B Í {b} but cl(B) = cl({b})
The following theorem shows that the class of g*-closed sets is properly contained
in the class of ag-closed sets, the class of gs-closed sets, the class of gsp-closed sets,
the class of gp-closed sets, the class of gpr-closed sets, the class of a**g-closed, the
THEOREM 3.6 - Every g*-closed set is an ag-closed set and hence gs-closed,
gsp-closed, gp-closed, gpr-closed set and also a**g-closed set and r-g-closed set but
not conversely.
PROOF: Let A be a g*-closed set of (X, t). By the theorem 3.4, A is g-closed. By the
investigations of Dontchev [11] and Gnanambal [15], we know that every g-closed set
Theorem 3.4, every g*-closed set is gs-closed, gsp-closed, gp-closed, gpr-closed and
r-g-closed. The set B = {b} in the example 3.05, is ag-closed, gs-closed, gp-closed,
EXAMPLE 3.8 - Let X = {a, b, c}, t = {f, X, {a, b}} and D = {a, c}. D is not a d-
So the class of g*-closed sets not only contains the class of closed sets properly but
also properly contains the class of d-closed sets. Next we see that the class of g*-
The following example shows that the converse of the above theorem is not true in
general.
EXAMPLE 3.10 - Let X = {a, b, c}, t = {f, X, {a}, {a, b}, {a, c}} and E = {c}.
closedness.
PROOF : Let (X, t) be as in the example 3.3. Let B = {a, b} and D = {c}. B is g*-
set. Also C is not preclosed. D is a-closed and hence semi-closed, preclosed and
semi-preclosed but it is not a g*-closed set. Also D is sg-closed, ga-closed and ga*-
REMARK 3.12 - If A and B are g*-closed sets, then A B is also a g*-closed set.
THEOREM 3.13 - If A is both g-open and g*-closed set of (X, t), then A is
closed.
THEOREM 3.14 - A is a g*-closed set of (X, t) if and only if cl(A)-A does not
X-F. Since A is g*-closed and X-F is g-open, then cl(A) Í X-F. This implies F Í X-
Sufficiency- Suppose A is a subset of (X, t) such that cl(A)-A does not contain any
non-empty g-closed set. Let U be a g-open set of (X, t) such that A Í U. If cl(A) Í U,
then cl(A) Ç C(U) = f . Since cl(A) is a closed set, then by the Corollary 2.7 of [16],
f = cl(A) Ç C(U) is a g-closed set of (X, t). Then f = cl(A) Ç C(U) Í cl(A)-A. So
The converse of the above theorem is not true as we see the following
example.
, where A®B (resp.A«B) represents A implies B but not conversely (resp.A and B
are independent).
closed.
Levine [16] introduced T1/2 spaces as an application of g-closed sets. Dunham [14]
proved that a space (X, t) is T1/2 if and only if for each x Î X, {x} is either open or
closed. R.Devi et.al. [8] proved that a space (X, t) is T1/2 if and only if for each x Î
X, {x} is either closed or semi-open and in a T 1/2space, every gs-closed set is semi-
closed.Dontchev and Maki [13] proved that in a T1/2 space, every q-g-closed set is
closed.
We prove that the class of T1/2* spaces properly contains the class of T1/2 spaces.
A T1/2*space need not be T1/2 in general as it can be seen from the following
example.
EXAMPLE 4.3 - Let X = {a, b, c} and t = {f, X, {a}}. G*C(X, t) = {{b, c}, f, X}
= C(X, t). So (X, t) is not a T1/2 space since {b} is a g-closed set but not a closed set
of (X, t).
Bhattacharya and Lahiri [6] introduced semi-T1/2spaces as an application of sg-
closed sets. Sundaram et.al.[25] proved that a space (X, t) is semi-T1/2 if and only if
REMARK 4.4 - T1/2*ness and semi-T1/2ness are independent as it can be seen from
since {a, b} is a g*-closed set but not a closed set of (X, t). However (X, t) is a semi-
T1/2 space.
EXAMPLE 4.6 - Let X and t be as in the example 3.5. (X, t) is not a semi-T1/2
space since {b} is neither a semi-open nor a semi-closed set of (X, t). However (X, t)
is a T1/2* space.
since {a, c} is a g*-closed set but not a closed set of (X, t). (X, t) is a semi-pre-T1/2
space since {a, b} is a gsp-closed set but not a semi-preclosed set of (X, t). However
(X, t) is a T1/2*space.
Devi et.al.[8] and Devi et.al.[7] defined Tb spaces and aTb spaces respectively and
Now we prove that every Tb(aTb) space is an aTb(T1/2) space but the converses are
not true.
PROOF: The first assertion follows from the fact that every ag-closed set is also a gs-
closed set. Let X = {a, b, c} and t = {f, X, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. (X, t) is not a Tb space
The converse of the above theorem is not true in general as the following example
supports.
EXAMPLE 4.14 -Let (X, t) be as in the example 4.3. Already we have seen that
(X, t) is a T1/2 * space. (X, t) is not a Tb space since it is not even a T1/2 space.
THEOREM 4.15 - For a space (X, t), the following conditions are equivalent:
(1) (X, t) is a T1/2* space.
PROOF: (1) Þ (2). Let x Î X and suppose {x} is not a g-closed set of (X, t). Then X
- {x} is not g-open. This implies X is the only g-open set containing X-{x}. So X-{x}
is a g*-closed set of (X, t). Since (X, t) is a T1/2* space, then X-{x} is closed or
closed set {x}. But this is not possible according to the theorem 3.14 as A is a g*
of (X, t) is g*-closed.
We show that the class of aTc spaces properly contains the class of aTb spaces and
is properly contained in the class of aTd spaces. We also show that the class of aTc
spaces is the dual of the class of T 1/2* spaces to the class of aTb spaces. Moreover we
prove that aTc ness and T1/2*ness are independent from each other.
THEOREM 4.17 - Every aTb space is an aTc space but not conversely.
PROOF: Let (X, t) be an aTb space. Let A be an ag-closed set of (X, t). Since (X, t) is
an aTb space, then A is closed. By the theorem 3.2, A is g*-closed. Therefore (X, t) is
an aTc space. The space (X, t) in the example 3.8 is an aTc space but not an aTb space.
THEOREM 4.18 - Every aTc space is an aTd space but not conversely.
PROOF: Let (X, t) be an aTc space. Let A be ag-closed set of (X, t). Then A is g*-
closed. By the theorem 3.4, A is g-closed. Therefore (X, t) is an aTd space. The space
THEOREM 4.19 - A space (X, t) is an aTb space if and only if it is aTc and T1/2*.
Since (X, t) is an aTc space, then A is a closed set of (X, t). Therefore (X, t) is an aTb
space.
REMARK 4.20 - aTcness is independent from T1/2*ness, as we see the next two
examples.
EXAMPLE 4.21 - Let X and t be as in the example 3.8. (X, t) is not a T1/2* space,
as already we have seen in the example 4.08. However (X, t) is an aTc space.
EXAMPLE 4.22 - Let X and t be as in the example 3.5. G*C(X, t) = C(X, t).
So (X, t) is a T1/2 * space. (X, t) is not an aTc space since {b} is an ag-closed set but
closed or g*-open.
PROOF: Let x Î X and suppose that {x} is not an ag-closed set of (X, t). Then {x}
is not a closed set since every closed set is an ag-closed set. So X-{x} is not an open
set. Therefore X-{x} is an ag-closed set since X is the only open set which contains
X-{x}. Since (X, t) is an aTc space, then X-{x} is a g*-closed set or equivalently {x}
is g*-open.
REMARK 4.25 - The converse of the above theorem is not true as it can be seen
EXAMPLE 4.26 - Let X and t be as in the example 3.5. The space (X, t) satisfies
the conclusion of the above theorem 4.24. (X, t) is not an aTc space as already we
THEOREM 4.28 - Every T1/2 space is a *T1/2 space but not conversely.
PROOF: Let (X, t) be a T1/2 space. Let A be a g-closed set of (X, t). Since (X, t) is a
T1/2 space, then A is closed. By the theorem 3.2, A is a g*-closed set of (X, t).
Therefore (X, t) is a *T1/2 space. The space (X, t) in the example 3.3 is a *T 1/2 space
PROOF: Let (X, t) be an aTc space. Let A be a g-closed set of (X, t). Then A is also
an ag-closed set. Since (X, t) is an aTc space, then A is a g*-closed set of (X, t).
Therefore (X, t) is also a *T1/2 space. The space in the example 3.3 is a *T 1/2 space but
Thus the class of *T1/2 spaces is the dual of the class of T1/2* spaces to the class of
T1/2 spaces. Now we show that *T 1/2ness and T1/2*ness are independent from each
other.
THEOREM 4.30 - A space (X, t) is a T1/2 space if and only if it is *T1/2 and T1/2*.
Since (X, t) is *T1/2, then A is g*-closed. Since (X, t) is a T1/2* space, then A is a
REMARK 4.31 - T1/2*ness and *T1/2ness are independent as we see the next two
examples.
EXAMPLE 4.32 - Let X and t be as in the example 3.5. (X, t) is not a *T1/2 space
since {b} is a g-closed set but not a g*-closed set of (X, t). However (X, t) is a T1/2*
space.
EXAMPLE 4.33 - Let X and t be as in the example 3.3. (X, t) is not a T1/2* space
closed or g*-open.
PROOF: Suppose (X, t) is a *T1/2space. Let x ÎX and assume that {x} is not a closed
set. Then X-{x} is not an open set. This implies X-{x} is a g-closed set since X is the
only open set which contains X-{x}. Since (X, t) is a *T1/2 space, then X-{x} is a g*-
(X, t) is g*-closed.
We show that the class of Tc spaces properly contains the class of Tb spaces, the
class of aTb spaces and is properly contained in the class of T1/2 spaces, the class of aTc
PROOF: Let (X, t) be a Tb space. Let A be a gs-closed set of (X, t). Since (X, t) is
Tb, then A is closed set. By the theorem 3.2, A is also a g*-closed set. Therefore
(X, t) is a Tc space. The space (X, t) in the example 3. 8 is a Tc space but not a Tb
space.
PROOF: Let (X, t) be a Tcspace. Let A be a gs-closed set of (X, t). Since (X, t) is Tc,
then A is g*-closed. By the theorem 3.4, A is also a g-closed set. Therefore (X, t) is
also a Tdspace. The space (X, t) in the example 3.5 supports the second assertion.
PROOF: Let (X, t) be a Tc space. Let A be an g-closed set of (X, t). Then A is also
gs-closed set. Since (X, t) is Tc, then A is a g*-closed set of (X, t). Therefore (X, t) is
an aTc space.
The converse of the above theorem is not true as can be seen from the following
example.
EXAMPLE 4.39 - Let X = {a, b, c} and t = {f, X, {a}, {b},{a, b}}. (X, t) is not a
Tc space since {b} a gs-closed set but not a g*-closed set of (X, t). However (X, t) is
an aTc space.
X. Then by the proposition 6.4(ii) of [8], X-{x} is a sg-closed set. By (2.5) of [8], X-
{x} is gs-closed. Since (X, t) is a Tc space, then X-{x} is g*-closed or equivalently,
{x} is g*-open.
REMARK 4.41 - The following example shows that the converse of the above
EXAMPLE 4.42 - Let X and t be as in the example 4.39. Each singleton {x} of
X is semi-closed. Already we have seen that (X, t) is not a Tc space.
Next we prove that the dual of the class of T d spaces to the class of Tc spaces is the
Sufficiency - Suppose (X, t) is both Td and aTc. Let A be a gs-closed set of (X, t).
Since (X, t) is Td, then A is g-closed. Then A is also an ag-closed set of (X, t). Since
(X, t) is an aTc, then A is a g*-closed set of (X, t). Therefore (X, t) is a Tc space.
The following theorem shows that the dual of the class of Tc spaces to the class of
space.
Since (X, t) is a Tc space, then A is a g*-closed set. Since (X, t) is a T1/2* space, then A
By considering three classes, namely the class of aTc spaces, the class of Td spaces
and the class of T1/2* spaces, in the next theorem we have that the intersection of any
two of these three classes is the dual of the other class to the class of Tb spaces.
THEOREM 4.45 - A space (X, t) is a Tb space if and only if it is aTc, Td and T1/2*.
aTd
Td Tc
semi-T1/2
*T1/2
are independent).
THEOREM 4.47 - For a topological space (X, t), the following conditions are
equivalent.
(1) (X, t) is a T1/2 space.
[8], we have (1) Û (3) Û (5). By the theorem 2.3 of [10], we have (1) Û (4).
By the theorem 4.30, we have (1) Û (8). (1) Û (6) follows from [13].
f -1(V) is a g*-closed set of (X, t) for every closed set V of (Y, s).
The following example supports that the converse of the above theorem is not true
in general.
EXAMPLE 5.3 - Let X = Y = {a, b, c}, t = {f, X, {a}, {a, c}} and s = {f, X, {a},
{b}, {a, b}}. Define f :(X, t) ® (Y, s) by f(a) = a, f(b) = c and f(c) = b. f is not
continuous since {a, c} is a closed set of (Y, s) but f -1({a, c}) = {a, b} is not a closed
Thus the class of all g*-continuous maps properly contains the class of all
continuous maps. Next we will observe that the class of all g*-continuous maps is
theorem 3.4 and 3.6, f -1(V) is g-closed, ag-closed, a**g-closed, gs-closed, gsp-
The following example supports that the converse of the above theorem is not ture
in general.
EXAMPLE 5.5 - Let X = {a, b, c} and t = {f, X, {a}, {b, c}}. Define g :(X,t) ®
continuous.
REMARK 5.6 - g*-continuity and b-continuity are independent as the next two
examples show.
{f, Y, {c}, {a, c},{b, c}}. G*C(X, t) = {f, X, {b}, {a, b},{b, c}}. f is not b-continuous
since {a, c} is a closed set of (Y, s) but f -1 ({a, c}) = {a, b} is not a b-closed set of
EXAMPLE 5.8 - Let X = Y = {a, b, c}, t = {f, X, {b}, {a, c}} and s = {f, Y, {a},
{a, b}, {a, c}}. Let i : (X, t) ® (Y, s) be the identity map. C(Y, s) = {f, Y, {b}, {c},
{b, c}} = SPC(X, t). i is not a g*-continuous map since {c} is a closed set of
(Y, s) but i -1({c}) = {c} is not a g*-closed set of (X, t). However i is b-continuous.
and pre-continuity.
the example 5.8 is a-continuous and hence it is both semi-continuous and pre-
EXAMPLE 5.10 - Let X = Y = Z = {a, b, c}, t = {f, X, {a}, {b}, {a, b}, {a, c}}, s
= {f, Y, {a}, {a, c}} and h = {f, X, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. Let f be the identity map from
(X, t) onto (Y, s). Define g :(Y, s) ® (Z, h) by g(a) = a, g(b) = c and g(c) = b .
Clearly f and g are g*-continuous. {a, c} is a closed set of (Z, h) but (f o g) -1 ({a, c})
= f -1 (g -1 ({a, c})) = f -1 ({a, b}) = {a, b} is not a g*-closed set of (X, t). Therefore f o g
f -1(V) is a g*-closed set of (X, t) for every g*-closed set of (Y, s).
The following example supports that the converse of the above theorem is not true.
EXAMPLE 5.13 - Let X = Y = {a, b, c}, t = {f, X, {a}, {b}, {a, b}, {a, c}} and s
= {f, Y, {a, b}}. Define h : (X, t) ® (Y, s) by h(a) = b, h(b) = c and h(c) = a. h is not
a g*-irresolute map since {b, c} is a g*-closed set of (Y, s) but h-1 ({b, c}) = {a, b} is
THEOREM 5.14 - Let f : (X, t) ® (Y, s) and g :(Y, s) ® (Z, h) be any two
functions. Then
a
Te, then f is g*-continuous.
then f is g*-continuous.
THEOREM 5.18 - Let f : (X, t) ® (Y, s) be a gs-continuous map. If (X, t) is Tc,
then f is g*-continuous.
Then f(A) is a g*-closed set of (Y, s) for every g*-closed set A of (X, t).
PROOF: Let A be a g*-closed set of (X, t), Let U be a g-open set of (Y, s) such that
f(A) Í U. Since f is gc-irresolute, then f -1 (U) is a g-open set of (X, t). Since A Í f-1
(U) and A is a g*-closed set of (X, t), then cl(A) Í f-1 (U).
Then f(cl(A)) Í f (f-1 (U)) Í U. Since f is closed, then f(cl(A) = cl(f(cl(A)). This
(Y, s).
THEOREM 5.20 - Let f : (X, t) ® (Y, s) be onto, g*-irresolute and closed. If (X,
t) is T1/2*, then (Y, s) is also a T1/2* space.
f(A) is a g*-closed set of (Y, s) for every g*-closed set of (X, t).
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