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Contents
[hide]
• 1 Measures of effectiveness
○ 1.1 Distribution ratio
○ 1.2 Separation factors
○ 1.3 Decontamination factor
○ 1.4 Slopes of graphs
• 2 Techniques
○ 2.1 Batchwise single stage extractions
○ 2.2 Multistage countercurrent continuous
processes
○ 2.3 Extraction without chemical change
○ 2.4 Solvation mechanism
○ 2.5 Ion exchange mechanism
○ 2.6 Ion pair extraction
○ 2.7 Aqueous two phase extraction
• 3 Kinetics of extraction
• 4 Aqueous complexing agents
• 5 Industrial process design
• 6 Equipment
• 7 Extraction of metals
• 8 See also
• 9 References
An organic MTBE solution is extracted with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. This base
removes benzoic acid as benzoate but leaves non-acidic benzil (yellow) behind in the upper
organic phase.
While solvent extraction is often done on a small scale by synthetic lab chemists using a
separatory funnel, it is normally done on the industrial scale using machines that bring the two
liquid phases into contact with each other. Such machines include centrifugal contactors, thin
layer extractors, spray columns, pulsed columns, and mixer-settlers.
[edit] Extraction of metals
The extraction methods for a range of metals include:[3]
• Cobalt - The extraction of cobalt from hydrochloric acid using alamine 336 in meta-
xylene.[4] Cobalt can be extracted also using Cyanex 272 {bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)
phosphinic acid}.
• Copper - Copper can be extracted using hydroxyoximes as extractants, a recent paper
describes an extractant that has a good selectivity for copper over cobalt and nickel.[5]
• Neodymium - This rare earth is extracted by di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phosphoric acid into
hexane by an ion exchange mechanism.[6]
• Nickel - Nickel can be extracted using di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phosphoric acid and tributyl
phosphate in a hydrocarbon diluent (Shellsol).[7]
• Palladium and platinum - Dialkyl sulfides, tributyl phosphate and alkyl amines have been
used for extracting these metals.[8][9]
• Zinc and cadmium - The zinc and cadmium are both extracted by an ion exchange
process, the N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) acts as a
masking agent for the zinc and an extractant for the cadmium.[10] In the modified Zincex
process, zinc is separated from most divalent ions by solvent extraction. D2EHPA (Di (2)
ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid) is used for this. A zinc ion replaces the proton from two
D2EHPA molecules. To strip the zinc from the D2EHPA, sulfuric acid is used, at a
concentration of above 170g/l (typically 240-265g/l).
[edit] See also
• Acid-base extraction
• Multiphasic liquid
• Separatory funnel
• Work-up
• ITIES
[edit] References
1. ^ Scholz, F.; S. Komorsky-Lovric, M. Lovric (February 2000). "A new access to Gibbs energies
of transfer of ions across liquid". Electrochemistry Communications (Elsevier) 2 (2): 112–118.
doi:10.1016/S1388-2481(99)00156-3.
2. ^ Danil de Namor, A.F.; T. Hill (1983). Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions:
2713.
3. ^ Mackenzie, Murdoch. "The Solvent Extraction of Some Major Metals". Cognis GmbH.
http://www.cognis.com/NR/rdonlyres/62A4BDA0-2B5F-4579-9761-
968114B57A2A/0/thesolve.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
4. ^ M. Filiz, N.A. Sayar and A.A. Sayar, Hydrometallurgy, 2006, 81, 167-173.
5. ^ Yoshinari Baba, Minako Iwakuma and Hideto Nagami, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 2002, 41, 5835-
5841.
6. ^ J. M. Sánchez, M. Hidalgo, M. Valiente and V. Salvadó, Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange,
1999, 17, 455-474.
7. ^ Lee W. John. "A Potential Nickel / Cobalt Recovery Process". BioMetallurgical Pty Ltd.
http://www.biomet.com.au/Extract/NiCoFS.htm.
8. ^ "Precious Metals Refining By Solvent Extraction". Halwachs Edelmetallchemie und
Verfahrenstechnik. http://www.halwachs.de/solvent-extraction.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
9. ^ P. Giridhar, K.A. Venkatesan, T.G. Srinivasan and P.R. Vasudeva Rao, Hydrometallurgy,
2006, 81, 30-39.
10.^ K. Takeshita, K. Watanabe, Y. Nakano, M. Watanabe (2003). "Solvent extraction separation of
Cd(II) and Zn(II) with the organophosphorus extractant D2EHPA and the aqueous nitrogen-donor
ligand TPEN". Hydrometallurgy 70: 63–71.
[show]
v•d•e
Separation processes
D
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v API oil-water separator · Belt filter · Centrifuge · Depth filter · Electrostatic precipitator ·
i Evaporator · Filter press · Fractionating column · Mixer-settler · Protein skimmer · Rotary
c vacuum-drum filter · Scrubber · Spinning cone · Still · Sublimation apparatus
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e Aqueous two phase system · Azeotrope · Eutectic
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C Unit operation
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction"
Categories: Unit operations | Laboratory techniques | Separation processes | Flavor technology
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